微功率无线自动抄表系统设计新方法及其应用研究
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摘要
无线自动抄表系统已成为我国最具发展潜力的现代应用技术之一,其通信技术的设计方法研究业已成为智能抄表领域的热门前沿研究课题。无线自动抄表通信技术的研究主要存在三个核心问题：一是低成本问题,由于无线自动抄表系统涉及到千家万户,其本身的成本直接影响用户的接受程度；其次是低功耗问题,绝大部分用户侧表计是电池供电,网络通信技术和协议的设计都必须要以节能为前提；最后是自组网问题,为了保证表计用量数据和控制中心命令及时准确的传输,可靠性和自愈能力也是无线自动抄表网络的重要要求。本论文以一个层次化的无线自动抄表系统体系结构为研究对象,针对这三个核心问题对通信方法进行研究。
(1)针对由集中器、采集器和表计三类通信节点组成的抄表体系结构和以无线通信方式完成用户指定抄表任务的网络特点,本文建立了无线自动抄表系统的网络通信模型,包括：物理层、MAC层、网络层和应用层。
(2)为了摆脱对国外高价芯片的依赖以及降低节点的实现成本,微功率无线自动抄表网络的物理层主要关心数字调制解调信号处理的算法及实现方法,使之具有简单、低成本的特性。本文以降低信号处理算法的复杂度为着重点,研究简单易实现的调制解调算法,为设计低成本、低功耗的通信芯片提供理论依据。通过分析半正弦波成型的OQPSK调制机制,提出调制算法的简化方法,用来降低调制器的实现成本；为补偿噪声干扰引起的信道畸变影响,消除时间弥散效应产生的码间干扰,提出一种可变步长自适应LMS均衡技术来改善通讯的品质；根据数据辅助式LS算法准则,推导出一种适合多径干扰信道的频偏估计算法,通过查表的方式求得频偏的估算值；根据半正弦波成型的OQPSK信号码元之间的相位特性,提出一种具有一位码元纠错能力的差分解调方法；为了使基带处理器省电,提出帧检测方法来启动基带中其它部分信号处理功能块的工作。
(3)MAC协议主要是调整各节点接入共享信道的时间,减小报文碰撞发生机率来降低功耗。本文借鉴IEEE802.15.4标准的载波侦听多路访问/冲突避免算法竞争信道使用权的思路,分析信道空闲评估失败所隐含的信息,提出一种能有效避免碰撞发生或降低碰撞发生概率的CSMA/CA改进机制,用来改善系统的吞吐量、能量消耗等性能。
(4)网络层路由算法的主要任务是保证节点高效通信和维护节点数据传输路径的连通性。微功率无线自动抄表系统集中器与绝大多数节点之间往往无法直接通信,需要借助中间节点以多跳路由的方式将数据转发至集中器。如果中继转发节点的选择策略不当,易导致少数节点因使用过度和能量消耗过快而失效。针对降低节点能耗和均衡节点能耗的问题,本文提出能量均衡消耗的多层分簇路由算法,建立数学模型推导各层最优簇头数和簇内节点单/多跳通信的概率。根据最优簇头数目确定采集器数量,可以节约系统的实施成本。同时,采用单/多跳混合的通信方式把数据传送至簇头,提出以树状结构为基础的路由实现方法。该方法能有效分散节点的能量消耗,从而延长网络的生存周期。
(5)针对点对点通信能力和系统的验证难度,本文分别给出一次通信成功率和自动组网能力两个方面的详细验证方法,并对结果进行了细致分析。同时,依托本文通信方法而研制的微功率自动抄表系统的现场应用效果验证了该抄表系统是稳定可靠的。
针对微功率无线自动抄表网络特点,本文对物理层、MAC层及网络层的通信方法进行研究,致力解决微功率无线自动抄表系统的开发和产业化过程中的技术难题。项目研究成果完善和丰富了自动抄表理论体系,为设计开发微功率自动抄表系统提供了重要的理论依据和有效的实现途径。
Wireless automatic meter reading (AMR) system has become one of the most potential applications of modern technologies. And its communication technologies and methods are becoming a hot reseach subject in smart meter reading field. There are three core issues on communication technologies of wireless AMR. The first issue is the low cost. Because the wireless meter reading system involves thousands of users, its own cost directly affects the user's acceptance. The following one is low power consumption. The power of most meters is supplied from batteries. So energy-saving is a precondition for designing the network communication technologies and protocols. The last one is self-organizing network. To ensure that measured data of meter and commands of control center are transfered in time and accurately, the reliablility and self-healing capability are important requirements for wireless AMR network. Regarding a hierarchical architechure of wireless AMR as the research object, the dissertation focused on the communication methods for the three core issuses.
(1) according to the meter reading architechure consisting of concentrators, collectors and meters, and the network characteristics completing the user specified meter reading tasks by wireless communication, the dissertation established a wireless meter reading network communication model including physical layer, MAC layer, network layer and application layer.
(2) In order to get rid of dependence on foreign high-priced chips and reduce the cost of implementation of communication nodes, the physical layer of micro-power wireless network concentrated on algorithms and their implementations of digital signal modulation and demodulation, which were aimed for simple and low-cost characteristics. The dissertation studied on the modulation and demodulation algorithms which were realized simply and easily, and it would provide theoretical basis for the design of low-cost and low-power communication chips. The dissertation analyzed the OQPSK modulation scheme with half-sine shape, put forward a simplified method of modulation algorithm, which could reduce the realization cost of the modulator. To compensate for channel distortion by noise disturbance and eliminate inter-symbol interference by time dispersion, a variable step adaptive equalization technology was proposed to improve the communication quality. According to the data-aided LS algorithm citeria, a frequency offset estimator was derived to adapt multipath interference channel. And frequency offset could be obtained by lookup table. According to the phase characteristics between adjacent codes of OQPSK with half-sine shape, the differential detection method for demodulation with one bit correction capability was proposed. In order to save energy for the baseband processor, the frame detection mothod was put fowoad to start other signal processing work of the baseband.
(3) The main task of MAC protocol is to adjust the access time of sharing channels among the various nodes, and reduce the probability of packets collision to decrease power consumption. According to the carrier sense multiple access with collision advoidance (CSMA/CA) which obtains the right to use communication channel in a competitive way in IEEE802.15.4, the dissertation proposed a CSMA/CA modified scheme that could effectively avoid collision or reduce the probability by analyzing the underlying information of clear channel accessment. The modified scheme could improve system throughput, energy consumption etc.
(4) The routing algorithms of network layer are mainly to ensure nodes' effetive communication and maintain the connectivity between nodes' transportation path. The majority of nodes do not communicate directly with cencentrators, so they need forward data to concentrator with the help of intermediant nodes by means of multi-hop route. If the selection strategy for relaying nodes is unsuitable, it will lead to excessive use of a small number of nodes which will result fast energy consumption, then the nodes will break down finally. For reducing enery consumption and energy balance, an energy-efficient multi-level clustering algorithm was proposed. A mathematical model was set up to deduce optimal clusters among tiers and probablity of single-hop or multi-hop in cluster's nodes. According to the optimal number of cluster heads to determine the number of collecctors, the cost of system implementation could be saved. At the same time, adopting single-hop and multi-hop hybrid communication method to transit data to cluster heads, the dissertation proposed routing implementation based on tree structure. The method could effectively disperse the energy consumption of nodes and extend the network lifetime.
(5) For the verification difficulty of point-to-point communication capability and system performance, the dissertation gived a detailed verification method for the success rate of once communication and self-organizing capability. And the verification results were carefully analyzed. Furthermore, field results of the micro-power wireless AMR system relying on design methods have shown that the meter reading system was stable and reliable.
For network characterics of micro-power wireless AMR network, the dissertation researched the communication methods of physical layer, MAC layer and network layer. And it effectively solved some issuses in micro-power wieless AMR system and process in industrialization. The results perfected and enriched the theory of AMR, and provide the theoretical basis and realization means for the design and development of micro-power wireless AMR.
(1)针对由集中器、采集器和表计三类通信节点组成的抄表体系结构和以无线通信方式完成用户指定抄表任务的网络特点,本文建立了无线自动抄表系统的网络通信模型,包括：物理层、MAC层、网络层和应用层。
(2)为了摆脱对国外高价芯片的依赖以及降低节点的实现成本,微功率无线自动抄表网络的物理层主要关心数字调制解调信号处理的算法及实现方法,使之具有简单、低成本的特性。本文以降低信号处理算法的复杂度为着重点,研究简单易实现的调制解调算法,为设计低成本、低功耗的通信芯片提供理论依据。通过分析半正弦波成型的OQPSK调制机制,提出调制算法的简化方法,用来降低调制器的实现成本；为补偿噪声干扰引起的信道畸变影响,消除时间弥散效应产生的码间干扰,提出一种可变步长自适应LMS均衡技术来改善通讯的品质；根据数据辅助式LS算法准则,推导出一种适合多径干扰信道的频偏估计算法,通过查表的方式求得频偏的估算值；根据半正弦波成型的OQPSK信号码元之间的相位特性,提出一种具有一位码元纠错能力的差分解调方法；为了使基带处理器省电,提出帧检测方法来启动基带中其它部分信号处理功能块的工作。
(3)MAC协议主要是调整各节点接入共享信道的时间,减小报文碰撞发生机率来降低功耗。本文借鉴IEEE802.15.4标准的载波侦听多路访问/冲突避免算法竞争信道使用权的思路,分析信道空闲评估失败所隐含的信息,提出一种能有效避免碰撞发生或降低碰撞发生概率的CSMA/CA改进机制,用来改善系统的吞吐量、能量消耗等性能。
(4)网络层路由算法的主要任务是保证节点高效通信和维护节点数据传输路径的连通性。微功率无线自动抄表系统集中器与绝大多数节点之间往往无法直接通信,需要借助中间节点以多跳路由的方式将数据转发至集中器。如果中继转发节点的选择策略不当,易导致少数节点因使用过度和能量消耗过快而失效。针对降低节点能耗和均衡节点能耗的问题,本文提出能量均衡消耗的多层分簇路由算法,建立数学模型推导各层最优簇头数和簇内节点单/多跳通信的概率。根据最优簇头数目确定采集器数量,可以节约系统的实施成本。同时,采用单/多跳混合的通信方式把数据传送至簇头,提出以树状结构为基础的路由实现方法。该方法能有效分散节点的能量消耗,从而延长网络的生存周期。
(5)针对点对点通信能力和系统的验证难度,本文分别给出一次通信成功率和自动组网能力两个方面的详细验证方法,并对结果进行了细致分析。同时,依托本文通信方法而研制的微功率自动抄表系统的现场应用效果验证了该抄表系统是稳定可靠的。
针对微功率无线自动抄表网络特点,本文对物理层、MAC层及网络层的通信方法进行研究,致力解决微功率无线自动抄表系统的开发和产业化过程中的技术难题。项目研究成果完善和丰富了自动抄表理论体系,为设计开发微功率自动抄表系统提供了重要的理论依据和有效的实现途径。
Wireless automatic meter reading (AMR) system has become one of the most potential applications of modern technologies. And its communication technologies and methods are becoming a hot reseach subject in smart meter reading field. There are three core issues on communication technologies of wireless AMR. The first issue is the low cost. Because the wireless meter reading system involves thousands of users, its own cost directly affects the user's acceptance. The following one is low power consumption. The power of most meters is supplied from batteries. So energy-saving is a precondition for designing the network communication technologies and protocols. The last one is self-organizing network. To ensure that measured data of meter and commands of control center are transfered in time and accurately, the reliablility and self-healing capability are important requirements for wireless AMR network. Regarding a hierarchical architechure of wireless AMR as the research object, the dissertation focused on the communication methods for the three core issuses.
(1) according to the meter reading architechure consisting of concentrators, collectors and meters, and the network characteristics completing the user specified meter reading tasks by wireless communication, the dissertation established a wireless meter reading network communication model including physical layer, MAC layer, network layer and application layer.
(2) In order to get rid of dependence on foreign high-priced chips and reduce the cost of implementation of communication nodes, the physical layer of micro-power wireless network concentrated on algorithms and their implementations of digital signal modulation and demodulation, which were aimed for simple and low-cost characteristics. The dissertation studied on the modulation and demodulation algorithms which were realized simply and easily, and it would provide theoretical basis for the design of low-cost and low-power communication chips. The dissertation analyzed the OQPSK modulation scheme with half-sine shape, put forward a simplified method of modulation algorithm, which could reduce the realization cost of the modulator. To compensate for channel distortion by noise disturbance and eliminate inter-symbol interference by time dispersion, a variable step adaptive equalization technology was proposed to improve the communication quality. According to the data-aided LS algorithm citeria, a frequency offset estimator was derived to adapt multipath interference channel. And frequency offset could be obtained by lookup table. According to the phase characteristics between adjacent codes of OQPSK with half-sine shape, the differential detection method for demodulation with one bit correction capability was proposed. In order to save energy for the baseband processor, the frame detection mothod was put fowoad to start other signal processing work of the baseband.
(3) The main task of MAC protocol is to adjust the access time of sharing channels among the various nodes, and reduce the probability of packets collision to decrease power consumption. According to the carrier sense multiple access with collision advoidance (CSMA/CA) which obtains the right to use communication channel in a competitive way in IEEE802.15.4, the dissertation proposed a CSMA/CA modified scheme that could effectively avoid collision or reduce the probability by analyzing the underlying information of clear channel accessment. The modified scheme could improve system throughput, energy consumption etc.
(4) The routing algorithms of network layer are mainly to ensure nodes' effetive communication and maintain the connectivity between nodes' transportation path. The majority of nodes do not communicate directly with cencentrators, so they need forward data to concentrator with the help of intermediant nodes by means of multi-hop route. If the selection strategy for relaying nodes is unsuitable, it will lead to excessive use of a small number of nodes which will result fast energy consumption, then the nodes will break down finally. For reducing enery consumption and energy balance, an energy-efficient multi-level clustering algorithm was proposed. A mathematical model was set up to deduce optimal clusters among tiers and probablity of single-hop or multi-hop in cluster's nodes. According to the optimal number of cluster heads to determine the number of collecctors, the cost of system implementation could be saved. At the same time, adopting single-hop and multi-hop hybrid communication method to transit data to cluster heads, the dissertation proposed routing implementation based on tree structure. The method could effectively disperse the energy consumption of nodes and extend the network lifetime.
(5) For the verification difficulty of point-to-point communication capability and system performance, the dissertation gived a detailed verification method for the success rate of once communication and self-organizing capability. And the verification results were carefully analyzed. Furthermore, field results of the micro-power wireless AMR system relying on design methods have shown that the meter reading system was stable and reliable.
For network characterics of micro-power wireless AMR network, the dissertation researched the communication methods of physical layer, MAC layer and network layer. And it effectively solved some issuses in micro-power wieless AMR system and process in industrialization. The results perfected and enriched the theory of AMR, and provide the theoretical basis and realization means for the design and development of micro-power wireless AMR.
引文
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