企业并购中的知识转移与知识整合研究
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摘要
知识经济时代,知识成为企业最具战略价值的核心资源。随着技术变革加快和市场竞争加剧,企业不可能拥有保持竞争优势所需的一切知识资源,也不可能完全依靠自身知识积累实现企业内部成长。在此背景下,并购成为企业获取外部知识资源和实现企业外部成长的重要途径。然而产权的刚性转移仅仅是并购的开始,并不意味着各种知识资源的有效转移,有形资源的刚性整合也并不代表知识资源的有机整合。企业如何通过知识的有效转移与有机整合创造并购价值,成为研究者和管理者共同关注的焦点。
本文采用文献研究法、比较研究法和实证研究法对企业并购中的知识转移与知识整合行为展开研究。主要内容安排如下：
首先阐明企业获取竞争所需的核心知识资源成为战略并购的主要驱动力。这种类型的并购既不是为了获得规模经济,也不是为了降低交易成本,因此其获利机理不同于传统的横向并购与纵向并购。本文尝试引入知识治理阐释基于知识的并购获利机理：并购双方企业之间通过知识的有效转移与有机整合实现协同效应和创造并购价值,从而使双方企业获利。
其次探讨企业并购中的知识转移行为。在总结企业并购中知识转移的主要特征与实现路径基础上,分析了企业并购不同阶段和不同层面的知识转移行为。企业并购的不同阶段分为前期的并购战略制定与尽职调查、中期的交易谈判和定价,以及后期的并购整合管理三个阶段。企业并购的不同层面包括组织层面、群体层面和个体层面。组织层面的知识转移从组织结构与组织文化角度展开讨论,群体层面的知识转移从群体结构关系与群体交互记忆角度展开讨论,个体层面的知识转移从个体信任关系和个体认知资本角度展开讨论。
本文第五章实证分析了企业并购中知识转移效能的影响因素。基于第四章的理论分析,本文初步构建了影响并购中知识转移效能的多因素模型。该模型以知识转移效能为反应变量,知识本体特性、知识源特性、接收方特性、并购双方比较为解释变量,并购整合实施为中介变量。本文通过问卷调查和深度访谈,同时运用结构方程模型等方法对概念模型及相关假设进行了实证检验。实证结果显示,企业并购中的知识转移效能与知识内隐性、并购双方的知识距离和关系距离呈显著负相关,与知识源的发送能力、接收方的吸收意愿与吸收能力、留住核心人员呈显著正相关。并购整合速度在知识发送意愿对知识转移效能的影响中产生完全中介作用；相对自治程度在文化差异对知识转移效能的影响中产生完全中介作用；留住核心人员在知识复杂性对知识转移效能的影响中产生完全中介作用。
第六章对企业并购中的知识整合过程与模式进行划分。首先将企业并购中的知识整合过程划分为知识聚类、分解、重构和激活四个阶段,然后对知识整合过程进行熵流分析。根据企业并购类型和并购双方的知识距离,本文划分了知识移植、知识引进、知识融合、知识拼接和知识独立五种整合模式。随着知识整合程度加深,并购双方引发知识冲突的可能性也随之增大。第七章探讨了企业并购中的知识整合机制,包括针对知识源的“知识隐藏”行为与接收方的“知识拒绝”行为提出的知识共享机制,针对并购后知识资本流失现象提出的知识保护机制；根据并购双方企业的知识特性与知识距离提出的知识互补机制；针对知识异质性等原因引发的知识冲突提出的知识冲突调节机制。
本研究的主要创新点体现为以下三个方面：
1.构建了知识治理视角下的企业并购获利机理模型,以阐明并购双方企业通过知识的有效转移与有机整合,可以实现协同效应和创造并购价值。该模型同时反映了知识转移与知识整合之间紧密衔接和循环往复的内在联系。
2.以提高知识转移效能为导向,将多个影响因素综合在一个模型框架下,通过结构方程模型(SEM)等统计方法验证了各变量对知识转移效能的直接效应以及由中介变量引起的间接效应,同时分析了主要影响因素内部的交互关系。
3.根据并购双方的特点,探讨了企业并购中的知识整合机制,包括知识共享、知识保护、知识互补和知识冲突调节机制,同时对各种机制进行了细分。知识共享细分为组织学习、相互信任和任务导向三种机制；知识保护细分为边界渗透、危机管理和知识最优配置三种机制；知识互补包括面向附加型知识互补的系统化整合机制、面向序列型知识互补的程序化整合机制和面向交互型知识互补的协作化整合机制；知识冲突调节机制包括知识扩展、统一协调和激活竞争三种机制。
In the era of knowledge economy, knowledge becomes the core resources which have the most strategic value in enterprises. With the increasing development of technological change and market competition, enterprises can not have all the necessary knowledge resources to maintain a competitive edge and can not completely rely on their accumulated knowledge to achieve internal growth. In this context, mergers and acquisitions become an important way to gaining access to external knowledge resources and external growth of enterprises. However, the transfer of property rights is only the beginning of acquisition, does not mean the effective transfer of knowledge resources, and the integration of physical resources does not represent the organic integration of knowledge resources. So many researchers and administrators focus on how to create value in M&A through the effective knowledge transfer and organic knowledge integration.
In this paper, the method of literature research,comparative research and empirical research have been adopted to analyze the knowledge transfer and knowledge integration in M&A. Mainly as follows:
First of all, enterprises gain the core knowledge resources needed to competitive become a key driver of strategic acquisitions. Neither to achieve economies of scale, nor to reduce transaction costs, the profit mechanism of this type of M&A is different from the horizontal and vertical M&A. This paper attempts to explain the problem from the perspective of knowledge governance. The profit mechanism of M&A based on knowledge can be interpreted as achieving synergies and creating value through the effective knowledge transfer and organic knowledge integration.
Secondly, the knowledge transfer in M&A has been discussed. This paper summarize the main features and implementation path of knowledge transfer in M&A, then analyze knowledge transfer in different stages which is divided into pre-acquisition including the strategy development and due diligence, mid-acquisition including transaction negotiation and post-acquisition integration management. Finally analyze the knowledge transfer in M&A from the organizational level including organizational structure and enterprise culture and individual level including the structure perspective, relations perspective and cognitive perspective.
This paper empirically analyzes the influence factors on the performance of knowledge transfer in M&A in chapter V. Based on theoretical analysis of Chapter IV, the paper constructs an initial multi-factor model of knowledge transfer in M&A. The model consists of knowledge ontological characteristics, knowledge sender characteristics, knowledge receiver characteristics, acquiring company and acquired company compare context and merger integration implementation as intermediary variables. the assumptions of the models are tested by statistical methods such as structural equation mode. The empirical results show that the knowledge transfer performance are negatively correlated with tacit knowledge, knowledge distance, relationship distance and are positively correlated with Knowledge sending capacity, knowledge absorption capacity, retaining the core staff. Merger integration speed can full mediate Knowledge send will; the relative degree of autonomy can full mediate cultural differences; retaining the core staff can full mediate complex knowledge.
The knowledge integration process and modes in M&A are divided in chapter VI. Firstly, The knowledge integration process are divided into four stages including knowledge clustering, knowledge decomposition, knowledge reconstruction and knowledge activation, then analyze the knowledge integration process from the perspective of entropy flow. The knowledge integration modes include knowledge transplantation,knowledge importing, knowledge merging, knowledge concatenating, knowledge independent according to the M&A type and knowledge distance. The knowledge conflict between the acquired company and the acquiring company increases with the deepening of knowledge integration. The knowledge integration mechanisms in M&A are discussed in chapterⅦ, including the knowledge-sharing mechanism for "not-shared here" and "not-invented here", knowledge protection mechanisms avoiding the loss of intellectual capital; knowledge complementary mechanisms according to knowledge characteristics and knowledge distance; knowledge conflict regulation mechanism for knowledge conflict caused by knowledge heterogeneity and so on.
The main innovations of this paper are as follows:
Firstly, building a profits mechanism model in M&A based knowledge from the perspective of knowledge governance to clarify the acquired company and acquiring company can achieve synergies and create value through effective knowledge transfer and organic knowledge integration. The model also reflects the internal relations between knowledge transfer and knowledge integration.
Secondly, constrcting a framework model including multiple influence factors to enhance the knowledge transfer performance and tested the direct effects and indirectly effect caused by the intermediate variables on knowledge transfer performance through structural equation model (SEM).The interactions within the main factors was also analyzed.
Finally, the knowledge integration mechanisms in M&A are discussed based on the characteristics of acquiring and acquired company, including knowledge sharing, knowledge protection, knowledge complementary and knowledge conflict regulation mechanism. Knowledge sharing is subdivided into organizational learning, mutual trust and task-oriented mechanisms; knowledge protection mechanisms is subdivided into border infiltration, crisis management and optimal configuration of knowledge; knowledge complementary is subdivided into systematic integration mechanisms for the type of additional knowledge complementary, procedural integration mechanisms for the type of sequence knowledge complementary and collaboration integration mechanisms for the type of interactive knowledge complementary, knowledge conflict regulation mechanism is subdivided into knowledge expand, Unified coordination and active competition mechanisms.
本文采用文献研究法、比较研究法和实证研究法对企业并购中的知识转移与知识整合行为展开研究。主要内容安排如下：
首先阐明企业获取竞争所需的核心知识资源成为战略并购的主要驱动力。这种类型的并购既不是为了获得规模经济,也不是为了降低交易成本,因此其获利机理不同于传统的横向并购与纵向并购。本文尝试引入知识治理阐释基于知识的并购获利机理：并购双方企业之间通过知识的有效转移与有机整合实现协同效应和创造并购价值,从而使双方企业获利。
其次探讨企业并购中的知识转移行为。在总结企业并购中知识转移的主要特征与实现路径基础上,分析了企业并购不同阶段和不同层面的知识转移行为。企业并购的不同阶段分为前期的并购战略制定与尽职调查、中期的交易谈判和定价,以及后期的并购整合管理三个阶段。企业并购的不同层面包括组织层面、群体层面和个体层面。组织层面的知识转移从组织结构与组织文化角度展开讨论,群体层面的知识转移从群体结构关系与群体交互记忆角度展开讨论,个体层面的知识转移从个体信任关系和个体认知资本角度展开讨论。
本文第五章实证分析了企业并购中知识转移效能的影响因素。基于第四章的理论分析,本文初步构建了影响并购中知识转移效能的多因素模型。该模型以知识转移效能为反应变量,知识本体特性、知识源特性、接收方特性、并购双方比较为解释变量,并购整合实施为中介变量。本文通过问卷调查和深度访谈,同时运用结构方程模型等方法对概念模型及相关假设进行了实证检验。实证结果显示,企业并购中的知识转移效能与知识内隐性、并购双方的知识距离和关系距离呈显著负相关,与知识源的发送能力、接收方的吸收意愿与吸收能力、留住核心人员呈显著正相关。并购整合速度在知识发送意愿对知识转移效能的影响中产生完全中介作用；相对自治程度在文化差异对知识转移效能的影响中产生完全中介作用；留住核心人员在知识复杂性对知识转移效能的影响中产生完全中介作用。
第六章对企业并购中的知识整合过程与模式进行划分。首先将企业并购中的知识整合过程划分为知识聚类、分解、重构和激活四个阶段,然后对知识整合过程进行熵流分析。根据企业并购类型和并购双方的知识距离,本文划分了知识移植、知识引进、知识融合、知识拼接和知识独立五种整合模式。随着知识整合程度加深,并购双方引发知识冲突的可能性也随之增大。第七章探讨了企业并购中的知识整合机制,包括针对知识源的“知识隐藏”行为与接收方的“知识拒绝”行为提出的知识共享机制,针对并购后知识资本流失现象提出的知识保护机制；根据并购双方企业的知识特性与知识距离提出的知识互补机制；针对知识异质性等原因引发的知识冲突提出的知识冲突调节机制。
本研究的主要创新点体现为以下三个方面：
1.构建了知识治理视角下的企业并购获利机理模型,以阐明并购双方企业通过知识的有效转移与有机整合,可以实现协同效应和创造并购价值。该模型同时反映了知识转移与知识整合之间紧密衔接和循环往复的内在联系。
2.以提高知识转移效能为导向,将多个影响因素综合在一个模型框架下,通过结构方程模型(SEM)等统计方法验证了各变量对知识转移效能的直接效应以及由中介变量引起的间接效应,同时分析了主要影响因素内部的交互关系。
3.根据并购双方的特点,探讨了企业并购中的知识整合机制,包括知识共享、知识保护、知识互补和知识冲突调节机制,同时对各种机制进行了细分。知识共享细分为组织学习、相互信任和任务导向三种机制；知识保护细分为边界渗透、危机管理和知识最优配置三种机制；知识互补包括面向附加型知识互补的系统化整合机制、面向序列型知识互补的程序化整合机制和面向交互型知识互补的协作化整合机制；知识冲突调节机制包括知识扩展、统一协调和激活竞争三种机制。
In the era of knowledge economy, knowledge becomes the core resources which have the most strategic value in enterprises. With the increasing development of technological change and market competition, enterprises can not have all the necessary knowledge resources to maintain a competitive edge and can not completely rely on their accumulated knowledge to achieve internal growth. In this context, mergers and acquisitions become an important way to gaining access to external knowledge resources and external growth of enterprises. However, the transfer of property rights is only the beginning of acquisition, does not mean the effective transfer of knowledge resources, and the integration of physical resources does not represent the organic integration of knowledge resources. So many researchers and administrators focus on how to create value in M&A through the effective knowledge transfer and organic knowledge integration.
In this paper, the method of literature research,comparative research and empirical research have been adopted to analyze the knowledge transfer and knowledge integration in M&A. Mainly as follows:
First of all, enterprises gain the core knowledge resources needed to competitive become a key driver of strategic acquisitions. Neither to achieve economies of scale, nor to reduce transaction costs, the profit mechanism of this type of M&A is different from the horizontal and vertical M&A. This paper attempts to explain the problem from the perspective of knowledge governance. The profit mechanism of M&A based on knowledge can be interpreted as achieving synergies and creating value through the effective knowledge transfer and organic knowledge integration.
Secondly, the knowledge transfer in M&A has been discussed. This paper summarize the main features and implementation path of knowledge transfer in M&A, then analyze knowledge transfer in different stages which is divided into pre-acquisition including the strategy development and due diligence, mid-acquisition including transaction negotiation and post-acquisition integration management. Finally analyze the knowledge transfer in M&A from the organizational level including organizational structure and enterprise culture and individual level including the structure perspective, relations perspective and cognitive perspective.
This paper empirically analyzes the influence factors on the performance of knowledge transfer in M&A in chapter V. Based on theoretical analysis of Chapter IV, the paper constructs an initial multi-factor model of knowledge transfer in M&A. The model consists of knowledge ontological characteristics, knowledge sender characteristics, knowledge receiver characteristics, acquiring company and acquired company compare context and merger integration implementation as intermediary variables. the assumptions of the models are tested by statistical methods such as structural equation mode. The empirical results show that the knowledge transfer performance are negatively correlated with tacit knowledge, knowledge distance, relationship distance and are positively correlated with Knowledge sending capacity, knowledge absorption capacity, retaining the core staff. Merger integration speed can full mediate Knowledge send will; the relative degree of autonomy can full mediate cultural differences; retaining the core staff can full mediate complex knowledge.
The knowledge integration process and modes in M&A are divided in chapter VI. Firstly, The knowledge integration process are divided into four stages including knowledge clustering, knowledge decomposition, knowledge reconstruction and knowledge activation, then analyze the knowledge integration process from the perspective of entropy flow. The knowledge integration modes include knowledge transplantation,knowledge importing, knowledge merging, knowledge concatenating, knowledge independent according to the M&A type and knowledge distance. The knowledge conflict between the acquired company and the acquiring company increases with the deepening of knowledge integration. The knowledge integration mechanisms in M&A are discussed in chapterⅦ, including the knowledge-sharing mechanism for "not-shared here" and "not-invented here", knowledge protection mechanisms avoiding the loss of intellectual capital; knowledge complementary mechanisms according to knowledge characteristics and knowledge distance; knowledge conflict regulation mechanism for knowledge conflict caused by knowledge heterogeneity and so on.
The main innovations of this paper are as follows:
Firstly, building a profits mechanism model in M&A based knowledge from the perspective of knowledge governance to clarify the acquired company and acquiring company can achieve synergies and create value through effective knowledge transfer and organic knowledge integration. The model also reflects the internal relations between knowledge transfer and knowledge integration.
Secondly, constrcting a framework model including multiple influence factors to enhance the knowledge transfer performance and tested the direct effects and indirectly effect caused by the intermediate variables on knowledge transfer performance through structural equation model (SEM).The interactions within the main factors was also analyzed.
Finally, the knowledge integration mechanisms in M&A are discussed based on the characteristics of acquiring and acquired company, including knowledge sharing, knowledge protection, knowledge complementary and knowledge conflict regulation mechanism. Knowledge sharing is subdivided into organizational learning, mutual trust and task-oriented mechanisms; knowledge protection mechanisms is subdivided into border infiltration, crisis management and optimal configuration of knowledge; knowledge complementary is subdivided into systematic integration mechanisms for the type of additional knowledge complementary, procedural integration mechanisms for the type of sequence knowledge complementary and collaboration integration mechanisms for the type of interactive knowledge complementary, knowledge conflict regulation mechanism is subdivided into knowledge expand, Unified coordination and active competition mechanisms.
引文
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