信息技术对企业纵向边界的影响研究
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摘要
20世纪80年代以来企业管理实践中的一个最显著特征是组织间关系的深刻变化,发达资本主义国家中越来越多的企业将内部的价值链生产过程外包给专业化生产厂商,而专注于其自身核心能力的发展,企业边界呈现缩小的趋势,出现了纵向一体化企业的垂直解体,这种趋势在IT产业表现极为突出。
与此同时,随着信息技术的快速发展,信息系统也逐渐由低级到高级、由简单到复杂、由封闭孤立到开放协同的发展：具体表现为系统组分的独立性越来越强、组分之间的耦合度越来越低、组分之间组合交互的灵活度越来越高,信息系统也因此越来越具有复杂性系统的特征。信息系统的复杂性在近年来兴起的社会性软件和Web2.0中表现得尤其突出。那么,在虚拟社会网络条件下,企业如何选择其经营活动的范围,如何确定合适的企业边界关系到企业竞争优势地位。
因此,本文研究是目的是基于虚拟嵌入视角,利用交易成本理论与企业能力理论相结合的观点揭示信息技术应用对企业纵向边界变迁的作用机制,为企业在虚拟社会网络条件下调整企业边界、获取竞争优势提供依据。
研究结论与观点主要有：(1)虚拟嵌入性通过影响基于知识的动态能力在知识搜索、知识获取和知识创造、知识整合和交易成本上的表现,最终影响了企业边界；(2)交易成本和企业能力确实在与企业边界变化中扮演重要的角色。但是,企业边界的变化是一个动态的过程,如果加入时间因素,交易成本和企业能力对企业边界影响效果是不同的；(3)虚拟嵌入性对基于知识的动态能力有正向作用,而对交易成本有负向作用；(4)
一方面,虚拟嵌入通过信任机制和信息共享机制影响交易成本下降,同时虚拟嵌入也突破了知识转移和创造的认知障碍,所以在短期,企业边界有变小的趋势；另一方面,虚拟嵌入通过知识搜索能力、获取能力、创造能力和整合能力作用于企业能力,企业能力提升影响企业边界,所以在长期,企业(核心)能力提升,同时交易成本也在下降,在他们的共同作用下,企业边界有变小的趋势。较其他相关研究而言,本文的创新之处总体上反映为：将虚拟嵌入性引入到对企业边界的研究,对于企业边界动态给出了一个融合交易成本和能力视角的解释。具体包括：(1)提出“基于知识的动态能力”的概念,并在相关文献的基础上,进一步将其分解为知识搜索、知识获取、知识创造和知识整合四个维度,一定程度上,为将能力理论具体运用到企业边界的分析提供了一个参照；(2)建构了企业边界“虚拟嵌入一一动态能力／交易成本一一企业边界”的分析模型,对于将网络理论和能力理论融合于经济组织的分析进行了初步的尝试,为解释企业边界演化提供了相对新颖的分析方法和观点。
Since1980's, one of the most remarkable characteristics in the practice of firm management is the profound changes of inter-organizational relationships, more and more firms in the developed capitalist countries outsource the internal production process to the professional manufacturers, and focus on its own core ability.The firm boundary showes a tendency to shrink, the emergence of a the vertical disintegration of the vertically integrated firm, the trend in the IT industry was prominent.
At the same time,with the rapid development of information technology, information system evolves from low-level to high-level, simple to complex, close to open, and isolated to cooperative. The components of information system become more dependent, the coupling degree among components gets lower, while the components interact and collaborate more flexibly. In a word, information system show more characters of complex system than before. It is especially truth when social network software(SNS) and web2.0are concerned.
Then, in the virtual social network conditions, how to choose the business scope of the firm, how to determine the appropriate boundary of firm, which is related to the firm competitive advantage.
Therefore, based on the perspective of the virtual embedded ties,the purpose of this paper is to explain the impact mechanism of Information Technology on the evolution of firm vertical boundaries by means of transaction cost theory and firm capacity theory, and to offer a basis for the enterprise adjusting firm boundary to get competitive advantage.
The research conclusion and main points of this dissertation can summarized as follows:(l)The virtual embedded ties through dynamic capabilities based on knowledge in knowledge search, knowledge acquisition, knowledge creation, knowledge integration and transaction cost, ultimately affect the firm boundaries (2) The transaction costs and capabilities indeed have an important role in the choice and change of firm boundaries. But the change of firm boundaries is a dynamic process, we add the time factor into analysing the relation of capabilities, transaction costs, and firm boundaries. The result shows that there are distinct differences of the status of capabilities and transaction costs.;(3) The virtual embeddedness ties has the effects.on the dynamic capability based on knowledge;(4) On one hand, virtual embedded ties have the effect on the decrease of transaction cost through the trust mechanism and the information sharing mechanism of, at the same time virtual embedded ties also overcome the cognitive disorder of knowledge transfer and creation, so in the short term, the firm boundary will shrink; On the other hand, virtual embedded ties enhance the firm capacity through search ability, acquisition ability, creation ability and integration ability.So in the long term, the firm capacities ad vance,and transaction cost declines, the firm boundary will shrinks.
Compared to other related research, this dissertation's innovative contribution can be generalized The virtual embeddedness is introduced into the research of firm boundary. The dynamic firm boundary is explained through the fusion of transaction cost theory and firm capacity theory. That can be classified into three points in detail:(1) puts forward the concept of dynamic capabilities based on knowledge,and constructs its four discussion dimensions based on related literatures, which to "some extent provides reference for application of the theory of competence in firm boundaries's studies;(2) constructs a discussion model of Virtual embedded-dynamic capabilities/transaction cost-firm boundary for firm boundary, which takes a preliminary attempt for combining the network theory with competence theory in discussing industrial organization. It provides relatively new discussion method and viewpoints for explaining the evolution of the firm boundary.
与此同时,随着信息技术的快速发展,信息系统也逐渐由低级到高级、由简单到复杂、由封闭孤立到开放协同的发展：具体表现为系统组分的独立性越来越强、组分之间的耦合度越来越低、组分之间组合交互的灵活度越来越高,信息系统也因此越来越具有复杂性系统的特征。信息系统的复杂性在近年来兴起的社会性软件和Web2.0中表现得尤其突出。那么,在虚拟社会网络条件下,企业如何选择其经营活动的范围,如何确定合适的企业边界关系到企业竞争优势地位。
因此,本文研究是目的是基于虚拟嵌入视角,利用交易成本理论与企业能力理论相结合的观点揭示信息技术应用对企业纵向边界变迁的作用机制,为企业在虚拟社会网络条件下调整企业边界、获取竞争优势提供依据。
研究结论与观点主要有：(1)虚拟嵌入性通过影响基于知识的动态能力在知识搜索、知识获取和知识创造、知识整合和交易成本上的表现,最终影响了企业边界；(2)交易成本和企业能力确实在与企业边界变化中扮演重要的角色。但是,企业边界的变化是一个动态的过程,如果加入时间因素,交易成本和企业能力对企业边界影响效果是不同的；(3)虚拟嵌入性对基于知识的动态能力有正向作用,而对交易成本有负向作用；(4)
一方面,虚拟嵌入通过信任机制和信息共享机制影响交易成本下降,同时虚拟嵌入也突破了知识转移和创造的认知障碍,所以在短期,企业边界有变小的趋势；另一方面,虚拟嵌入通过知识搜索能力、获取能力、创造能力和整合能力作用于企业能力,企业能力提升影响企业边界,所以在长期,企业(核心)能力提升,同时交易成本也在下降,在他们的共同作用下,企业边界有变小的趋势。较其他相关研究而言,本文的创新之处总体上反映为：将虚拟嵌入性引入到对企业边界的研究,对于企业边界动态给出了一个融合交易成本和能力视角的解释。具体包括：(1)提出“基于知识的动态能力”的概念,并在相关文献的基础上,进一步将其分解为知识搜索、知识获取、知识创造和知识整合四个维度,一定程度上,为将能力理论具体运用到企业边界的分析提供了一个参照；(2)建构了企业边界“虚拟嵌入一一动态能力／交易成本一一企业边界”的分析模型,对于将网络理论和能力理论融合于经济组织的分析进行了初步的尝试,为解释企业边界演化提供了相对新颖的分析方法和观点。
Since1980's, one of the most remarkable characteristics in the practice of firm management is the profound changes of inter-organizational relationships, more and more firms in the developed capitalist countries outsource the internal production process to the professional manufacturers, and focus on its own core ability.The firm boundary showes a tendency to shrink, the emergence of a the vertical disintegration of the vertically integrated firm, the trend in the IT industry was prominent.
At the same time,with the rapid development of information technology, information system evolves from low-level to high-level, simple to complex, close to open, and isolated to cooperative. The components of information system become more dependent, the coupling degree among components gets lower, while the components interact and collaborate more flexibly. In a word, information system show more characters of complex system than before. It is especially truth when social network software(SNS) and web2.0are concerned.
Then, in the virtual social network conditions, how to choose the business scope of the firm, how to determine the appropriate boundary of firm, which is related to the firm competitive advantage.
Therefore, based on the perspective of the virtual embedded ties,the purpose of this paper is to explain the impact mechanism of Information Technology on the evolution of firm vertical boundaries by means of transaction cost theory and firm capacity theory, and to offer a basis for the enterprise adjusting firm boundary to get competitive advantage.
The research conclusion and main points of this dissertation can summarized as follows:(l)The virtual embedded ties through dynamic capabilities based on knowledge in knowledge search, knowledge acquisition, knowledge creation, knowledge integration and transaction cost, ultimately affect the firm boundaries (2) The transaction costs and capabilities indeed have an important role in the choice and change of firm boundaries. But the change of firm boundaries is a dynamic process, we add the time factor into analysing the relation of capabilities, transaction costs, and firm boundaries. The result shows that there are distinct differences of the status of capabilities and transaction costs.;(3) The virtual embeddedness ties has the effects.on the dynamic capability based on knowledge;(4) On one hand, virtual embedded ties have the effect on the decrease of transaction cost through the trust mechanism and the information sharing mechanism of, at the same time virtual embedded ties also overcome the cognitive disorder of knowledge transfer and creation, so in the short term, the firm boundary will shrink; On the other hand, virtual embedded ties enhance the firm capacity through search ability, acquisition ability, creation ability and integration ability.So in the long term, the firm capacities ad vance,and transaction cost declines, the firm boundary will shrinks.
Compared to other related research, this dissertation's innovative contribution can be generalized The virtual embeddedness is introduced into the research of firm boundary. The dynamic firm boundary is explained through the fusion of transaction cost theory and firm capacity theory. That can be classified into three points in detail:(1) puts forward the concept of dynamic capabilities based on knowledge,and constructs its four discussion dimensions based on related literatures, which to "some extent provides reference for application of the theory of competence in firm boundaries's studies;(2) constructs a discussion model of Virtual embedded-dynamic capabilities/transaction cost-firm boundary for firm boundary, which takes a preliminary attempt for combining the network theory with competence theory in discussing industrial organization. It provides relatively new discussion method and viewpoints for explaining the evolution of the firm boundary.
引文
① Teece,D:J.,.Pisano,G.,and shuen,A.功namic capabiltles and strategic Management[J].Management Journal, 1997.18(7):509-533.
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① Eisenhardt, K. M., and Martin, J. A. Dynamic Capabilities:What are They [J]? Strategic Management Journal, 2000,21(4):1105-1121.
①东方早报,2013年01月18日。
②《环球财经》,2010年10月13日。
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