弹载合成孔径雷达成像算法研究
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摘要
合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)成像是一种全天时、全天候的微波遥感技术,它能够提供目标区域的高分辨率、高精度的二维图像。如果能通过装载在导弹上的SAR获取目标区域图像,则可进行目标检测,提取目标形状、尺寸等特征,进而能够对攻击点进行选择。利用该图像作匹配处理修正弹上惯导系统的长时间积累误差和初始定位误差,能够大大提高打击效率。因此,弹载SAR成像技术是导弹制导技术目前的一个重要发展方向。由于攻击目标以及规避敌方防空阵地等战术需要,导弹在飞行过程中往往要做一定的机动,在垂直方向存在一定的速度和加速度。这就使得现有的适用于机载、星载SAR等匀速直线运动的SAR成像算法对于弹载SAR平台不再有效。另外,在导弹飞行末段成像时,导弹的飞行方向和信号发射方向重合,目标的方位向和距离向存在耦合,这也为弹载SAR的成像带来了困难。本文就是结合导弹的运动特点分别对弹载侧视SAR、大斜视以及前视SAR的成像问题进行研究,主要的研究工作包括以下几个方面:
1)在分析SAR成像原理的基础上,针对弹载SAR平台俯冲加速运动的特点,建立了弹载侧视SAR成像的几何模型。通过该模型对目标斜距在单个孔径时间内随时间的变化关系进行了详细的分析,得到了距离随时间变化的一次、二次和三次分量。采用级数反演的方法推导了弹载SAR回波信号的二维频域的精确表达式,构造出了不同的补偿函数,从而提出了一种适用于弹载SAR俯冲加速运动下的成像算法。该算法采用全孔径处理并能够精确的校正距离徙动,仿真结果验证了该算法的有效性。
2)对于大场景目标来说,由于弹载SAR平台的俯冲加速运动,会造成较大的距离徙动,距离空变也是非线性的,补偿函数的距离空变也复杂的多,因而其成像难度较大。根据弹载SAR平台的运动特点,使用高阶逼近模型建立了SAR的回波信号模型。考虑到大场景下的距离空变问题,对目标斜距随时间的变化关系进行了详细的分析,并结合级数反演法得到了弹载SAR回波信号的二维频域的精确表达式。通过弹载SAR几何关系近似得到了距离空变量的解析表达式,在此基础上提出了一种适用于弹载SAR俯冲加速运动下的SR-ECS(Series Reversion-Extended Chirp Scaling)大场景成像算法。理论分析和实验结果表明,该算法能够对大场景进行成像并取得了较好的成像效果。
3)针对斜视角较大时,SAR成像结果发生散焦的问题,提出了一种改进的斜视成像算法。结合Chirp Scaling算法的优点,首先利用SAR系统和回波数据在时域内的特性在时域进行距离徙动校正,然后对信号进行CS变标处理,再在频域进行弯曲校正、距离压缩、二次距离压缩;在方位向匹配滤波时考虑了三次相位的影响,使方位向聚焦效果得到改善。通过对点目标和点阵目标分别进行了成像仿真,仿真结果验证了算法的有效性。同时,还对大斜视SAR成像过程中的几个问题进行了分析和说明。
4)从SAR成像原理上来说,要求其载体运动方向和波束的照射方向有一定的夹角。由于攻击目标的需要,导弹在飞行末段时转为前视成像阶段,目标位于导弹飞行方向的正前方。此时,导弹的飞行方向和雷达的照射方向一致,距离向和方位向存在严重耦合,在成像区域上存在固有盲区。基于“收发分置”的思想,提出了一种双站弹载前视SAR成像模型。发射机、接收机分别放置于飞机和导弹上。导弹处于半主动工作模式,不发射信号,只接收信号。通过对空间几何构型的分析,推导了双站弹载前视SAR系统模糊函数的表达式。结合该模糊函数,对双站弹载前视SAR的分辨率进行了分析。分析了双站几何构型和速度矢量对前视分辨率的影响。理论分析与仿真结果表明双站弹载前视SAR系统的分辨率不仅与发射信号带宽、合成孔径长度有关,还取决于双站的构型。
5)针对弹载SAR无法对飞行路线正前方进行高分辨率成像的问题,提出了一种双站弹载前视SAR成像方法。通过使用高阶逼近模型建立SAR的回波信号模型,推导了目标距离的数学表达式,结合级数反演法,得到了弹载SAR回波信号的二维频域的精确表达式,给出了各相位补偿因子表达式及算法实现步骤,从而完成了该双站弹载SAR前视成像算法。通过点目标的成像仿真验证了该算法能够完成弹载前视成像。
Missile-borne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is an active microwave remote sensor. It can work all-time, all-weather, gain high resolution images of the target from which we can get the characters of the targets by imaging detection, such as shape and size. In addition, by using the imaging results, we can also correct the accumulative errors of INS and then control the missile to hit the target by matching operation. So, missile-borne SAR imaging has played an important role in modern war and becoming an important developing direction. But in the need of attacking the target, the movement of missile-borne SAR discussed here is larger different with the conventional airborne and spaceborne SAR. The velocity in the vertical direction and some special flights for evading antiaircraft area make the missile’s movement flexibility. So, for the missile-borne SAR system, the classical imaging algorithms available for airborne and spaceborne SAR are disabled. Our focus is on the issues such as side-looking SAR, squint SAR and forward-looking SAR when the missile moves in high-speed, non-level straight line. The main contributions can be summarized as follows.
1.According to the SAR platform movement features during imaging, the geometric model is set up and the general expression (or mathematic model) of range between point target and radar in single aperture time is founded. By expanding the range expression, the 1st, 2nd and third order expansion coefficients are gained. From the expansion coefficients and the given movement parameter of missile-borne SAR, the range history in a synthetic aperture length is analyzed in details. The accurate two dimensional frequency spectrum expression is derived by the method of series reversion, followed a new imaging algorithm for missile-borne SAR diving acceleration movement is proposed. Finally, simulation results are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and validity of the proposed algorithms.
2.The large range migration produced by missile diving acceleration flight make SAR image difficult. The echo model of the missile-borne SAR is established by using the high order range model based on the characters of the missile movements. Considering the large scene, the change of the slant range is analyzed in details. Then, the two-dimensional point target spectrum is derived by the method of series reversion. A large scene imaging algorithm used for diving acceleration flight is presented. Finally, simulation results are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and validity of the proposed algorithms. The resolution of range and azimuth are identical with the theoretical values.
3.According to the characters of the large squint angle which cause degradations for the imaging results, an efficient chirp scaling algorithm was proposed. Firstly, the range cell migration was corrected in the time domain based on the characters of the SAR system and received echo, followed by the CS operation. Then the range compression and secondary range compression (SRC) were finished in the two-dimensional frequency domain. When azimuth compressed, the third order phase is compensated. So, the quality of the focus improved. Several simulation and processing results are presented to demonstrate the validity of the proposed algorithms. Finally, several problems for squint SAR imaging were analyzed and explained.
4.For the SAR imaging theory, an angle between the direction of the SAR platform and the beam is necessary. In the end stage of missile flight, the directions of the missile and the beam are the same which make the SAR imaging disabled. Based on the bistatic theory, a bistatic forward-looking SAR model is proposed. The transmitter and receiver are mounted on the plane and missile, respectively. The ambiguity function is derived from the geometry of bistatic missile-borne forward-looking SAR system. The results of the simulations demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed ambiguity function. Further, by analyzing the ambiguity function, it is clear to demonstrate the influence of the bistatic missile-borne configuration on the system resolution, which provides principle for the selection of system parameters.
5.An innovative missile-borne forward-looking SAR system is proposed based on the problem that side-looking SAR can not image in flight direction with high azimuth resolution. According to the spatial geometry and the model of echo signal, the signal spectrum derived by the method of series reversion and the phase compensation factors and realized steps of algorithm are given. Several simulation and processing results are presented to demonstrate the validity of the proposed algorithms.
1)在分析SAR成像原理的基础上,针对弹载SAR平台俯冲加速运动的特点,建立了弹载侧视SAR成像的几何模型。通过该模型对目标斜距在单个孔径时间内随时间的变化关系进行了详细的分析,得到了距离随时间变化的一次、二次和三次分量。采用级数反演的方法推导了弹载SAR回波信号的二维频域的精确表达式,构造出了不同的补偿函数,从而提出了一种适用于弹载SAR俯冲加速运动下的成像算法。该算法采用全孔径处理并能够精确的校正距离徙动,仿真结果验证了该算法的有效性。
2)对于大场景目标来说,由于弹载SAR平台的俯冲加速运动,会造成较大的距离徙动,距离空变也是非线性的,补偿函数的距离空变也复杂的多,因而其成像难度较大。根据弹载SAR平台的运动特点,使用高阶逼近模型建立了SAR的回波信号模型。考虑到大场景下的距离空变问题,对目标斜距随时间的变化关系进行了详细的分析,并结合级数反演法得到了弹载SAR回波信号的二维频域的精确表达式。通过弹载SAR几何关系近似得到了距离空变量的解析表达式,在此基础上提出了一种适用于弹载SAR俯冲加速运动下的SR-ECS(Series Reversion-Extended Chirp Scaling)大场景成像算法。理论分析和实验结果表明,该算法能够对大场景进行成像并取得了较好的成像效果。
3)针对斜视角较大时,SAR成像结果发生散焦的问题,提出了一种改进的斜视成像算法。结合Chirp Scaling算法的优点,首先利用SAR系统和回波数据在时域内的特性在时域进行距离徙动校正,然后对信号进行CS变标处理,再在频域进行弯曲校正、距离压缩、二次距离压缩;在方位向匹配滤波时考虑了三次相位的影响,使方位向聚焦效果得到改善。通过对点目标和点阵目标分别进行了成像仿真,仿真结果验证了算法的有效性。同时,还对大斜视SAR成像过程中的几个问题进行了分析和说明。
4)从SAR成像原理上来说,要求其载体运动方向和波束的照射方向有一定的夹角。由于攻击目标的需要,导弹在飞行末段时转为前视成像阶段,目标位于导弹飞行方向的正前方。此时,导弹的飞行方向和雷达的照射方向一致,距离向和方位向存在严重耦合,在成像区域上存在固有盲区。基于“收发分置”的思想,提出了一种双站弹载前视SAR成像模型。发射机、接收机分别放置于飞机和导弹上。导弹处于半主动工作模式,不发射信号,只接收信号。通过对空间几何构型的分析,推导了双站弹载前视SAR系统模糊函数的表达式。结合该模糊函数,对双站弹载前视SAR的分辨率进行了分析。分析了双站几何构型和速度矢量对前视分辨率的影响。理论分析与仿真结果表明双站弹载前视SAR系统的分辨率不仅与发射信号带宽、合成孔径长度有关,还取决于双站的构型。
5)针对弹载SAR无法对飞行路线正前方进行高分辨率成像的问题,提出了一种双站弹载前视SAR成像方法。通过使用高阶逼近模型建立SAR的回波信号模型,推导了目标距离的数学表达式,结合级数反演法,得到了弹载SAR回波信号的二维频域的精确表达式,给出了各相位补偿因子表达式及算法实现步骤,从而完成了该双站弹载SAR前视成像算法。通过点目标的成像仿真验证了该算法能够完成弹载前视成像。
Missile-borne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is an active microwave remote sensor. It can work all-time, all-weather, gain high resolution images of the target from which we can get the characters of the targets by imaging detection, such as shape and size. In addition, by using the imaging results, we can also correct the accumulative errors of INS and then control the missile to hit the target by matching operation. So, missile-borne SAR imaging has played an important role in modern war and becoming an important developing direction. But in the need of attacking the target, the movement of missile-borne SAR discussed here is larger different with the conventional airborne and spaceborne SAR. The velocity in the vertical direction and some special flights for evading antiaircraft area make the missile’s movement flexibility. So, for the missile-borne SAR system, the classical imaging algorithms available for airborne and spaceborne SAR are disabled. Our focus is on the issues such as side-looking SAR, squint SAR and forward-looking SAR when the missile moves in high-speed, non-level straight line. The main contributions can be summarized as follows.
1.According to the SAR platform movement features during imaging, the geometric model is set up and the general expression (or mathematic model) of range between point target and radar in single aperture time is founded. By expanding the range expression, the 1st, 2nd and third order expansion coefficients are gained. From the expansion coefficients and the given movement parameter of missile-borne SAR, the range history in a synthetic aperture length is analyzed in details. The accurate two dimensional frequency spectrum expression is derived by the method of series reversion, followed a new imaging algorithm for missile-borne SAR diving acceleration movement is proposed. Finally, simulation results are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and validity of the proposed algorithms.
2.The large range migration produced by missile diving acceleration flight make SAR image difficult. The echo model of the missile-borne SAR is established by using the high order range model based on the characters of the missile movements. Considering the large scene, the change of the slant range is analyzed in details. Then, the two-dimensional point target spectrum is derived by the method of series reversion. A large scene imaging algorithm used for diving acceleration flight is presented. Finally, simulation results are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and validity of the proposed algorithms. The resolution of range and azimuth are identical with the theoretical values.
3.According to the characters of the large squint angle which cause degradations for the imaging results, an efficient chirp scaling algorithm was proposed. Firstly, the range cell migration was corrected in the time domain based on the characters of the SAR system and received echo, followed by the CS operation. Then the range compression and secondary range compression (SRC) were finished in the two-dimensional frequency domain. When azimuth compressed, the third order phase is compensated. So, the quality of the focus improved. Several simulation and processing results are presented to demonstrate the validity of the proposed algorithms. Finally, several problems for squint SAR imaging were analyzed and explained.
4.For the SAR imaging theory, an angle between the direction of the SAR platform and the beam is necessary. In the end stage of missile flight, the directions of the missile and the beam are the same which make the SAR imaging disabled. Based on the bistatic theory, a bistatic forward-looking SAR model is proposed. The transmitter and receiver are mounted on the plane and missile, respectively. The ambiguity function is derived from the geometry of bistatic missile-borne forward-looking SAR system. The results of the simulations demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed ambiguity function. Further, by analyzing the ambiguity function, it is clear to demonstrate the influence of the bistatic missile-borne configuration on the system resolution, which provides principle for the selection of system parameters.
5.An innovative missile-borne forward-looking SAR system is proposed based on the problem that side-looking SAR can not image in flight direction with high azimuth resolution. According to the spatial geometry and the model of echo signal, the signal spectrum derived by the method of series reversion and the phase compensation factors and realized steps of algorithm are given. Several simulation and processing results are presented to demonstrate the validity of the proposed algorithms.
引文
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