我国矿企海外矿业项目投资决策研究
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摘要
矿产资源是人类文明进步、经济社会发展和科学技术革命的物质基础。由于矿产资源全球分布不均匀,没有一个国家可以独立于世界其他国家之外实现矿产资源的自己自足。随着我国工业化和城镇化进程的不断加快,经济发展对矿产资源的需求日益增大;而我国矿产资源的供给能力明显不足,尤其像石油、天然气、钢铁、铜、钾盐等人民日常需求及工业生产必须矿产品的短缺,不仅严重影响我国经济发展,更会对国家安全带来隐患。为使企业更快地融入海外发展的这一历史趋势,保证国家经济安全,1997年,在党的十五大上,江泽民同志进一步提出:“更好地利用国内国外两个市场、两种资源”,同年,在全国外资工作会议上,江泽民同志提出“走出去”这一战略思想。同时,还应当看到国际大型矿业企业的全球融资与并购已成为矿业发展方向。基于矿业企业要实施“走出去”战略这个大的背景,深入研究国外矿业项目投资有关问题,都具有十分重要的理论意义和现实意义,将对我国矿业企业在海外投资时如何进行投资决策以及所采取的具体行动、部署和策略,具有十分重要的指导意义和参考价值。
作者认为我国在“走出去”战略的时间表上已经落后于世界发达国家很多,错过了最好的海外发展时期。与世界其他矿业大国相比,我国“走出去”的差距显而易见。我国矿企海外项目投资决策需要重点关注和研究四个方面的问题,并通过分列第二章、第三章、第四章和第五章,在总结、比较和借鉴国外经验做法基础上,提出我国矿企进行海外项目投资决策需要考虑的主要内容、方案和策略,本文的创新性之处主要体现于此:
一、对我国矿企海外投资前的尽职调查做了大量详尽的研究工作,列出了前期可能遇到的问题,并为问题的解决提出了方案。通过对目标企业在企业历史背景、发展、财务、债权债务、诉讼争议、房地产、项目矿产矿权、水文、供应、销售分销,原住民权利和文化遗产,目标国政治、法律、投资环境,环保法规,知识产权,雇佣关系,合同协议,保险,信息技术及数据库、技术等方面进行的综合情况进行调研与考察,在风险的控制上采取主动,降低企业未来的运作风险。尽职调查的各项要素所涉及到的具体内容进行了分析与研究,总结提出我国矿企“走出去”可能会遇到的各方面问题及风险,并分别提出相应的解决办法。这些问题为投资决策提供了基本的信息。
二、针对我国矿企对海外投资处于初级阶段,对海外发展及与国外企业合作比较盲目的现状,论述了矿业项目评估在矿业投资决策中的重要意义和作用。笔者通过对国外矿业项目评估相关问题和具体案例的研究,提出矿业项目评估涉及范围广、专业性强、对人员条件要求高,是对矿业企业在勘探、开发可行性、报批、融资、矿山建设、投产等领域都十分重要的环节;将国外矿业项目与中国矿业项目的不同阶段(从勘探阶段、审批阶段、融资阶段、融资总结等方面),投资人的投资取向,资源量和储量等方面进行了详细对比;同时以伦敦矿业为实例,介绍了股权融资、项目收购与出售、上市、总结等方面的经验做法;还对矿业项目评估的目的和国内外主要评估方法进行了比较深入地对比研究;最后对矿业投资的风险与潜力、投资决策、评估总结等问题进行了深入研究。通过对以上问题的详细剖析及国内外大量案例的研究对比分析,为企业提供了投资决策的参考。对于我国企业“走出去”在矿业项目投融资方面有着现实的重要意义。
三、笔者结合自己多年工作经验,以及对国内外大、中、小型矿业企业的发展模式的理解和认识,并结合我国矿企背景,设计提出了建立适合我国及我国不同阶段矿企的发展模式和外部支撑模式,对于我国矿业企业在海外的发展提供了保障机制。通过内部建立我国矿企海外投资的模式—“金字塔”模式,外部建立企业自己的协会进行有效地支撑,建立民间资本投资市场,搭建高等学校与企业间人才战略合作平台,建立国际化海运、陆运平台等方式为我国矿企海外投资提供保障。
四、运用经济手段(数学模型)降低我国矿企在国际投资中的风险,增强了我国矿企在国际上的专业性,善用国际资本市场建立我国矿企在海外的资本环境,充分利用“两个市场、两种资源”,发展矿业可持续性提供启示。只有运用经济手段才能真正了解投资不同时期的各种风险,并对不同阶段和不同种类的风险进行详细的研究,通过研究得出的结果指导投资决策,提高国际竞争力。
Mineral resources are the material basis of human civilization progress, economic and social development, as well as scientific and technological revolution. Owing to the uneven distribution of mineral resources around the world, not a single country can achieve self-sufficiency from its own mineral resources, completely independent of any other countries in the world. As the industrialization and urbanization of China accelerating constantly, the increasing demand for mineral resources comes after; and yet insufficient is the capacity of domestic mineral resources supply, especially the daily needs of people, such as oil, gas, steel, copper, and potassium, along with the industrial minerals production. The shortage of the domestic supply can not only seriously affect China's economic development, but also national security. For the purpose of securing an adequate resources supply and ensuring the national economic security, Chairman Jiang proposed making full use of "Two Resources, Two Markets" in 1997, and in the same year, "Go Global" strategy formed at national foreign capital meeting. This strategy is particularly necessary and urgent in the current. Meanwhile, it should be noted that global finance, and mergers and acquisitions have become the trend for large international mining companies. Based on the background, it is significant and directive for China’s mining enterprises, when adopting the "Go Global" strategy, to make investment decisions and deployment, and to take the specific actions and strategy.
The author points that China’s "Go Global" strategy has been lagged far behind many developed countries in the world, missing the best period for overseas expansion. Compared with other big mining countries, China's "Go Global" gap is distinct. Investment on overseas mining projects of Chinese mining enterprises should pay more attention to the four aspects. Through the research of second chapter, third chapter, fourth chapter and the fifth chapter, Proposed the foreign investment of Chinese mining enterprises must consider primary coverage plan and strategy in the summary compares and profits from the overseas experience procedure foundation. Significant and partially innovative progress and results are as follows:
First, before overseas mining enterprises in China "Go Global", a lot of detailed research work on due diligence is done, listing the possible problems at early stage, and then putting forward solutions to them. This paper conduct comprehensive research and study on the target company’s historical background, development, finance, credit and debt, litigation disputes, real estate, project mining tenements, water, supply, sales and distribution, indigenous rights and cultural heritage, together with the research and study on the target country's political, legal, investment environment, environmental regulations, intellectual property, employment relation, contractual agreements, insurance, information technology and database, technology and some other aspects, so as to take the initiative in the risk control and reduce the future operational risk of the enterprise.
Second, directing towards the current situation that mining enterprises for foreign investment in China is in the early stage and their overseas development and co-operation with foreign enterprises are irrational, this paper discusses the importance of decision-making role on the assessment of mining projects in the mining investment. According to the research on the issues related to foreign mining project evaluation and specific case studies, assessment of proposed mining projects is an very important part to mining enterprises in the exploration, development feasibility, approval, financing, mine construction , production and other fields, since it covers a wide field, highly professional, and requests high of the staff. This paper compares the domestic distinct stages of mining projects (from the exploration stage, the approval stage, the financing stage, the financing summary stage, etc.) and the investor's investment approach, resources and reserves, with those of the foreign mining projects at details. Furthermore, using London mining as an example, the paper introduces its experience of practice on equity financing, project acquisition and sale, floating on the stock market. Also, in-depth comparative study between home and abroad is done on mining project evaluation purpose and assessment methods. Finally, we analyses issues on the mining investment risks and potential, investment decision-making, and evaluation summary in depth.
Third, combining the author’s work experience, the understanding of development model from large, medium or small-scale foreign mining enterprise, and the background of domestic mining enterprises, this paper establishes development and external-support model for mining enterprises, suited for their different development stages. The model consequently provides a guarantee mechanism for Chinese overseas mining companies. When we establish the internal "Go Global" model - "pyramid" model and the external associations which effectively support themselves, establish private capital investment market, and build the strategic talented-person cooperation platform between colleges and enterprises as well as an international shipping and land route platform, the protection is provided for the Chinese mining enterprises to make investment decision.
Fourth, the use of economic instruments (mathematical models) reduces international investment risk for Chinese mining enterprises, enhances expertise in the international arena, builds capital environment overseas, makes use of international capital market, takes advantage of "Two Markets, Two Resources", provides inspiration on the sustainable development of mining industry, and enhances the international competitiveness
作者认为我国在“走出去”战略的时间表上已经落后于世界发达国家很多,错过了最好的海外发展时期。与世界其他矿业大国相比,我国“走出去”的差距显而易见。我国矿企海外项目投资决策需要重点关注和研究四个方面的问题,并通过分列第二章、第三章、第四章和第五章,在总结、比较和借鉴国外经验做法基础上,提出我国矿企进行海外项目投资决策需要考虑的主要内容、方案和策略,本文的创新性之处主要体现于此:
一、对我国矿企海外投资前的尽职调查做了大量详尽的研究工作,列出了前期可能遇到的问题,并为问题的解决提出了方案。通过对目标企业在企业历史背景、发展、财务、债权债务、诉讼争议、房地产、项目矿产矿权、水文、供应、销售分销,原住民权利和文化遗产,目标国政治、法律、投资环境,环保法规,知识产权,雇佣关系,合同协议,保险,信息技术及数据库、技术等方面进行的综合情况进行调研与考察,在风险的控制上采取主动,降低企业未来的运作风险。尽职调查的各项要素所涉及到的具体内容进行了分析与研究,总结提出我国矿企“走出去”可能会遇到的各方面问题及风险,并分别提出相应的解决办法。这些问题为投资决策提供了基本的信息。
二、针对我国矿企对海外投资处于初级阶段,对海外发展及与国外企业合作比较盲目的现状,论述了矿业项目评估在矿业投资决策中的重要意义和作用。笔者通过对国外矿业项目评估相关问题和具体案例的研究,提出矿业项目评估涉及范围广、专业性强、对人员条件要求高,是对矿业企业在勘探、开发可行性、报批、融资、矿山建设、投产等领域都十分重要的环节;将国外矿业项目与中国矿业项目的不同阶段(从勘探阶段、审批阶段、融资阶段、融资总结等方面),投资人的投资取向,资源量和储量等方面进行了详细对比;同时以伦敦矿业为实例,介绍了股权融资、项目收购与出售、上市、总结等方面的经验做法;还对矿业项目评估的目的和国内外主要评估方法进行了比较深入地对比研究;最后对矿业投资的风险与潜力、投资决策、评估总结等问题进行了深入研究。通过对以上问题的详细剖析及国内外大量案例的研究对比分析,为企业提供了投资决策的参考。对于我国企业“走出去”在矿业项目投融资方面有着现实的重要意义。
三、笔者结合自己多年工作经验,以及对国内外大、中、小型矿业企业的发展模式的理解和认识,并结合我国矿企背景,设计提出了建立适合我国及我国不同阶段矿企的发展模式和外部支撑模式,对于我国矿业企业在海外的发展提供了保障机制。通过内部建立我国矿企海外投资的模式—“金字塔”模式,外部建立企业自己的协会进行有效地支撑,建立民间资本投资市场,搭建高等学校与企业间人才战略合作平台,建立国际化海运、陆运平台等方式为我国矿企海外投资提供保障。
四、运用经济手段(数学模型)降低我国矿企在国际投资中的风险,增强了我国矿企在国际上的专业性,善用国际资本市场建立我国矿企在海外的资本环境,充分利用“两个市场、两种资源”,发展矿业可持续性提供启示。只有运用经济手段才能真正了解投资不同时期的各种风险,并对不同阶段和不同种类的风险进行详细的研究,通过研究得出的结果指导投资决策,提高国际竞争力。
Mineral resources are the material basis of human civilization progress, economic and social development, as well as scientific and technological revolution. Owing to the uneven distribution of mineral resources around the world, not a single country can achieve self-sufficiency from its own mineral resources, completely independent of any other countries in the world. As the industrialization and urbanization of China accelerating constantly, the increasing demand for mineral resources comes after; and yet insufficient is the capacity of domestic mineral resources supply, especially the daily needs of people, such as oil, gas, steel, copper, and potassium, along with the industrial minerals production. The shortage of the domestic supply can not only seriously affect China's economic development, but also national security. For the purpose of securing an adequate resources supply and ensuring the national economic security, Chairman Jiang proposed making full use of "Two Resources, Two Markets" in 1997, and in the same year, "Go Global" strategy formed at national foreign capital meeting. This strategy is particularly necessary and urgent in the current. Meanwhile, it should be noted that global finance, and mergers and acquisitions have become the trend for large international mining companies. Based on the background, it is significant and directive for China’s mining enterprises, when adopting the "Go Global" strategy, to make investment decisions and deployment, and to take the specific actions and strategy.
The author points that China’s "Go Global" strategy has been lagged far behind many developed countries in the world, missing the best period for overseas expansion. Compared with other big mining countries, China's "Go Global" gap is distinct. Investment on overseas mining projects of Chinese mining enterprises should pay more attention to the four aspects. Through the research of second chapter, third chapter, fourth chapter and the fifth chapter, Proposed the foreign investment of Chinese mining enterprises must consider primary coverage plan and strategy in the summary compares and profits from the overseas experience procedure foundation. Significant and partially innovative progress and results are as follows:
First, before overseas mining enterprises in China "Go Global", a lot of detailed research work on due diligence is done, listing the possible problems at early stage, and then putting forward solutions to them. This paper conduct comprehensive research and study on the target company’s historical background, development, finance, credit and debt, litigation disputes, real estate, project mining tenements, water, supply, sales and distribution, indigenous rights and cultural heritage, together with the research and study on the target country's political, legal, investment environment, environmental regulations, intellectual property, employment relation, contractual agreements, insurance, information technology and database, technology and some other aspects, so as to take the initiative in the risk control and reduce the future operational risk of the enterprise.
Second, directing towards the current situation that mining enterprises for foreign investment in China is in the early stage and their overseas development and co-operation with foreign enterprises are irrational, this paper discusses the importance of decision-making role on the assessment of mining projects in the mining investment. According to the research on the issues related to foreign mining project evaluation and specific case studies, assessment of proposed mining projects is an very important part to mining enterprises in the exploration, development feasibility, approval, financing, mine construction , production and other fields, since it covers a wide field, highly professional, and requests high of the staff. This paper compares the domestic distinct stages of mining projects (from the exploration stage, the approval stage, the financing stage, the financing summary stage, etc.) and the investor's investment approach, resources and reserves, with those of the foreign mining projects at details. Furthermore, using London mining as an example, the paper introduces its experience of practice on equity financing, project acquisition and sale, floating on the stock market. Also, in-depth comparative study between home and abroad is done on mining project evaluation purpose and assessment methods. Finally, we analyses issues on the mining investment risks and potential, investment decision-making, and evaluation summary in depth.
Third, combining the author’s work experience, the understanding of development model from large, medium or small-scale foreign mining enterprise, and the background of domestic mining enterprises, this paper establishes development and external-support model for mining enterprises, suited for their different development stages. The model consequently provides a guarantee mechanism for Chinese overseas mining companies. When we establish the internal "Go Global" model - "pyramid" model and the external associations which effectively support themselves, establish private capital investment market, and build the strategic talented-person cooperation platform between colleges and enterprises as well as an international shipping and land route platform, the protection is provided for the Chinese mining enterprises to make investment decision.
Fourth, the use of economic instruments (mathematical models) reduces international investment risk for Chinese mining enterprises, enhances expertise in the international arena, builds capital environment overseas, makes use of international capital market, takes advantage of "Two Markets, Two Resources", provides inspiration on the sustainable development of mining industry, and enhances the international competitiveness
引文
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