肥城矿区生态环境损害评价及生态修复规划
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摘要
我国是产煤大国,也是煤炭消费大国。煤炭是我国重要的能源资源,对我国的经济发展具有支柱作用。长期以来,人们一直重视煤炭产量的提高、煤炭质量的好坏,忽视了煤炭开采引发的土地、社会、环境等一系列的问题。土地塌陷、煤矸石压占、大气污染物的排放、土壤和水资源的污染等现象都对矿区及周围的生态环境造成了极大的损害,也成为制约矿区发展的瓶颈。随着人们对可持续发展理解和重视程度的提高,矿区的生态环境问题也越来越被关注。国家已不愿再走“先污染,后治理”老路,提出在发展资源的同时保护、修复生态环境,同时加大了对环境治理的投入和力度。矿区生态损害评价可以为矿区生态修复提供有力的参考依据,为采取何种修复方式指明了方向。因此,进行煤矿区的生态环境损害评价及相应的生态修复规划研究具有重要的现实意义。
本研究以肥城矿区为研究对象。利用1986、1990、1995、2000、2005、2006年六个时间段的TM卫星影像图,采用最大似然法解译出水域、矿区、村镇、耕地、林地五个主要利用类型的面积变化,得出近20年肥城矿区的土地利用覆被变化规律。在此基础上,采用综合模糊评价法对肥城矿区代表性煤矿杨庄煤矿、曹庄煤矿、国家庄煤矿和白庄煤矿进行1990、1995、2000、2005、2006年的生态环境损害评价,得出四个煤矿的生态环境损害状况变化趋势。根据以上得出的土地覆被和生态环境损害变化规律,结合矿区的实际情况,划分为综合发展修复区、保护开采修复区和生态维护区,并制定出相应的短期和长期生态修复规划。
本研究得出的主要结论有:
(1)查明了肥城矿区生态损害时空特征。
早期的煤炭开采对周边的生态环境不可避免的要进行破坏与损害,占用大量土地、造成土地塌陷、产生的矿物废弃物等对生态环境的损害比较严重。随着塌陷地的稳沉以及不断进行的生态修复措施,到了煤矿发展后期,生态损害就会逐渐减小,朝着稳定、好的方向发展。随着社会的发展,后期新兴建的煤矿标准较高,规划较好,相应的对周围生态环境的损害也随之减小。但由于生产的持续性,轻度的损害也会继续。
(2)掌握了肥城矿区土地利用/覆被变化规律。
1986-2006年间,肥城矿区内由于采煤经济的发展、人口的增加和耕作技术水平的提高,大量的林地变为耕地。村镇面积随人口的增长和村庄搬迁治理、村庄整理呈起伏发展。除1986-1990年间,因新煤矿投产而有较大增长外,矿区面积没有明显变化。持续的采煤造成区域内的有些村庄、林地、耕地变成塌陷水域,塌陷面积不断增加。同时由于采取边塌陷边治理的措施,塌陷地没有大幅度的增加。
(3)构建了肥城矿区生态环境损害评价指标体系。
根据代表性、综合性、实用性、方便性等原则,从社会发展、自然生态环境、资源利用三个方面选取了14个评价指标,采用模糊综合评价法对肥城矿区1990、1995、2000、2005、2006年的生态环境损害状况进行了定量评价。得出老煤矿初期生态损害较为严重,后期朝着轻度损害的方向发展,生态环境得到修复,生态系统趋于稳定。处于发展中期的煤矿由于兴建标准高,开始对生态的损害较老煤矿轻些。且由于边塌陷边治理,生态损害趋势较为平稳。
(4)编制了肥城矿区生态修复规划
根据肥城矿区的生态环境损害评价结果,将发展不同时期、损害程度不同的煤矿划分为综合发展修复区(杨庄煤矿和曹庄煤矿)、保护开采修复区(国家庄煤矿)和生态维护区(白庄煤矿)。针对不同的分区制定不同的短期和长期生态修复规划,主要应用塌陷地治理、煤矸石治理、村庄整理、动态预复垦、生态涵养等生态修复技术。
China is a coal production power, and also be the country of high coal resuming. Coal is our country’s main energy resource and plays the support role in economic development. For a long time, people only pay close attention to the output, quality and property of coal, but neglect the land, society and environment problems caused by coal mining. The phenomenons of land subsidence, land occupation by coal ash, air waste emission, soil and water pollution caused great damage to the ecological environment of mine area and ambience. They also came to be the bottleneck affectted the ecological development of mine area.With the understanding enhancement to sustainable development, people pay more and more attention to the ecological environment of coal mining area. Our country no longer wants to go on the old path that“pollution first, treatment afterwards”. And it proposes protecting and recovering ecological environment while expanding the resources. And it increases the input intensity to environment abatement. The ecological environment damage evaluation of mine area could provide powerful support for ecological recovery and point the guidline of recovery way. So, it is realistic to make the ecological damage evaluation and do corresponding recovery planning study.
This paper takes Feicheng mine area as the subject of study. By using the remote sensing images of 1986, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2006 year, it interpretates the area change in maximum likelihood method and get the rule of twenty years’land cover change. The main landuse types are water, mine area, village and town, farmland and woodland. On this basis, it makes the ecological environment damage assessment and gets the change law of Feicheng typical mine areas. They are Yangzhuang, Caozhuang, Guojia Zhuang and Baizhuang mining area. The evaluated years are 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2006. Connected with the mines’physical truth, according to the landuse change law and ecological environment damage rule, it divided into comprehensive development recovery subarea, protected mining recovery subarea and ecological maintaining subarea. Then it made the short-term and long-term ecological recovery plannings. The main conclusions are:
(1) It gets the ecological damage spatio-temporal feature of Feicheng mine area.
The early mining unavoidably caused damage to the surrounding ecological environment. Taking up land, land subsidence, mine waste and so on did more hurt. With the stability of subsided land and doing continuous ecological recovery measures, the ecological damage will be decreased and develop the stable and good way in later mining periods. As the society development, the later produced mines are high standard and well planned, then the damage to the environment will be lessened. Because of continuous producing, the low-grade damage will be going on.
(2) It masters the land use/cover change rule of Feicheng mine area.
From 1986 to 2006, because of mining economy, population and cultivated level development, lots of woodland changed into farmland in Feicheng mine area. As the population improvement, countries moving and arrangement of rural residential areas, the acreage of villiage and town changed lumpy. During 1986 to 1990, the mine area had great change because of several new mining areas putting on production. In other years, it had not obvious chang. Continuous mining caused some villiages, woodland and farmland turning into subsided water and the areas expanded continuously. As taking the way of treating while subsiding, subsided water area was not greatly added.
(3) It builds the ecological environment damage estimated indicators system of Feicheng mine area.
On the representative, comprehensive, practical and convenient principles, it selected fourteen estimated indicators from society development, natural ecological environment and resource utilization aspacts. And it used fuzzy synthetical appraisal to making ecological damage quantitative evaluation of Feicheng mine area in 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2006. It getted the conclusions that the old coal mine’s ecological damage was serious in the early stage. In the later period, the ecological environment was recovered and ecological system went to stable. So the damage was low-grade. As high construction standard, the new coal mine caused lighter ecological damage in the early stage and the trend was more stable as the continuous treating.
(4)It makes the ecological recovery results of Feicheng mine area.
Based on the evaluated results of Feicheng mine area, it divided the coal mines of different times and different damage degrees into different areas. They are comprehensive development recovery subarea (including Yangzhuang and Caozhuang coal mines), protected mining recovery subarea (including Guojia Zhuang mine area) and ecological maintaining subarea (including Baizhuang mine area). Aimed at different subareas, it maked different short-term and long-term ecological recovery plannings. And it mainly applied the ecological recovery technologies such as subsided land regulation, coal ash management, villiage consolidation, dynamic pre-reclamation, ecological conservation and so on.
本研究以肥城矿区为研究对象。利用1986、1990、1995、2000、2005、2006年六个时间段的TM卫星影像图,采用最大似然法解译出水域、矿区、村镇、耕地、林地五个主要利用类型的面积变化,得出近20年肥城矿区的土地利用覆被变化规律。在此基础上,采用综合模糊评价法对肥城矿区代表性煤矿杨庄煤矿、曹庄煤矿、国家庄煤矿和白庄煤矿进行1990、1995、2000、2005、2006年的生态环境损害评价,得出四个煤矿的生态环境损害状况变化趋势。根据以上得出的土地覆被和生态环境损害变化规律,结合矿区的实际情况,划分为综合发展修复区、保护开采修复区和生态维护区,并制定出相应的短期和长期生态修复规划。
本研究得出的主要结论有:
(1)查明了肥城矿区生态损害时空特征。
早期的煤炭开采对周边的生态环境不可避免的要进行破坏与损害,占用大量土地、造成土地塌陷、产生的矿物废弃物等对生态环境的损害比较严重。随着塌陷地的稳沉以及不断进行的生态修复措施,到了煤矿发展后期,生态损害就会逐渐减小,朝着稳定、好的方向发展。随着社会的发展,后期新兴建的煤矿标准较高,规划较好,相应的对周围生态环境的损害也随之减小。但由于生产的持续性,轻度的损害也会继续。
(2)掌握了肥城矿区土地利用/覆被变化规律。
1986-2006年间,肥城矿区内由于采煤经济的发展、人口的增加和耕作技术水平的提高,大量的林地变为耕地。村镇面积随人口的增长和村庄搬迁治理、村庄整理呈起伏发展。除1986-1990年间,因新煤矿投产而有较大增长外,矿区面积没有明显变化。持续的采煤造成区域内的有些村庄、林地、耕地变成塌陷水域,塌陷面积不断增加。同时由于采取边塌陷边治理的措施,塌陷地没有大幅度的增加。
(3)构建了肥城矿区生态环境损害评价指标体系。
根据代表性、综合性、实用性、方便性等原则,从社会发展、自然生态环境、资源利用三个方面选取了14个评价指标,采用模糊综合评价法对肥城矿区1990、1995、2000、2005、2006年的生态环境损害状况进行了定量评价。得出老煤矿初期生态损害较为严重,后期朝着轻度损害的方向发展,生态环境得到修复,生态系统趋于稳定。处于发展中期的煤矿由于兴建标准高,开始对生态的损害较老煤矿轻些。且由于边塌陷边治理,生态损害趋势较为平稳。
(4)编制了肥城矿区生态修复规划
根据肥城矿区的生态环境损害评价结果,将发展不同时期、损害程度不同的煤矿划分为综合发展修复区(杨庄煤矿和曹庄煤矿)、保护开采修复区(国家庄煤矿)和生态维护区(白庄煤矿)。针对不同的分区制定不同的短期和长期生态修复规划,主要应用塌陷地治理、煤矸石治理、村庄整理、动态预复垦、生态涵养等生态修复技术。
China is a coal production power, and also be the country of high coal resuming. Coal is our country’s main energy resource and plays the support role in economic development. For a long time, people only pay close attention to the output, quality and property of coal, but neglect the land, society and environment problems caused by coal mining. The phenomenons of land subsidence, land occupation by coal ash, air waste emission, soil and water pollution caused great damage to the ecological environment of mine area and ambience. They also came to be the bottleneck affectted the ecological development of mine area.With the understanding enhancement to sustainable development, people pay more and more attention to the ecological environment of coal mining area. Our country no longer wants to go on the old path that“pollution first, treatment afterwards”. And it proposes protecting and recovering ecological environment while expanding the resources. And it increases the input intensity to environment abatement. The ecological environment damage evaluation of mine area could provide powerful support for ecological recovery and point the guidline of recovery way. So, it is realistic to make the ecological damage evaluation and do corresponding recovery planning study.
This paper takes Feicheng mine area as the subject of study. By using the remote sensing images of 1986, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2006 year, it interpretates the area change in maximum likelihood method and get the rule of twenty years’land cover change. The main landuse types are water, mine area, village and town, farmland and woodland. On this basis, it makes the ecological environment damage assessment and gets the change law of Feicheng typical mine areas. They are Yangzhuang, Caozhuang, Guojia Zhuang and Baizhuang mining area. The evaluated years are 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2006. Connected with the mines’physical truth, according to the landuse change law and ecological environment damage rule, it divided into comprehensive development recovery subarea, protected mining recovery subarea and ecological maintaining subarea. Then it made the short-term and long-term ecological recovery plannings. The main conclusions are:
(1) It gets the ecological damage spatio-temporal feature of Feicheng mine area.
The early mining unavoidably caused damage to the surrounding ecological environment. Taking up land, land subsidence, mine waste and so on did more hurt. With the stability of subsided land and doing continuous ecological recovery measures, the ecological damage will be decreased and develop the stable and good way in later mining periods. As the society development, the later produced mines are high standard and well planned, then the damage to the environment will be lessened. Because of continuous producing, the low-grade damage will be going on.
(2) It masters the land use/cover change rule of Feicheng mine area.
From 1986 to 2006, because of mining economy, population and cultivated level development, lots of woodland changed into farmland in Feicheng mine area. As the population improvement, countries moving and arrangement of rural residential areas, the acreage of villiage and town changed lumpy. During 1986 to 1990, the mine area had great change because of several new mining areas putting on production. In other years, it had not obvious chang. Continuous mining caused some villiages, woodland and farmland turning into subsided water and the areas expanded continuously. As taking the way of treating while subsiding, subsided water area was not greatly added.
(3) It builds the ecological environment damage estimated indicators system of Feicheng mine area.
On the representative, comprehensive, practical and convenient principles, it selected fourteen estimated indicators from society development, natural ecological environment and resource utilization aspacts. And it used fuzzy synthetical appraisal to making ecological damage quantitative evaluation of Feicheng mine area in 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2006. It getted the conclusions that the old coal mine’s ecological damage was serious in the early stage. In the later period, the ecological environment was recovered and ecological system went to stable. So the damage was low-grade. As high construction standard, the new coal mine caused lighter ecological damage in the early stage and the trend was more stable as the continuous treating.
(4)It makes the ecological recovery results of Feicheng mine area.
Based on the evaluated results of Feicheng mine area, it divided the coal mines of different times and different damage degrees into different areas. They are comprehensive development recovery subarea (including Yangzhuang and Caozhuang coal mines), protected mining recovery subarea (including Guojia Zhuang mine area) and ecological maintaining subarea (including Baizhuang mine area). Aimed at different subareas, it maked different short-term and long-term ecological recovery plannings. And it mainly applied the ecological recovery technologies such as subsided land regulation, coal ash management, villiage consolidation, dynamic pre-reclamation, ecological conservation and so on.
引文
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