视频编码中率失真优化技术相关研究
|
摘要
多媒体业务的快速发展和用户对视频质量需求的不断提升，促使了视频编码技术不断地改进和更新。目前视频编码标准H.264/AVC凭借其高的编码性能已广泛渗透到各种媒体产品中。然而由于具有更好的用户体验，超高清视频业务逐步走入人们视野，但其庞大的数据量使得存储和传输面临严峻的考验。为此视频编码联合小组JCTVC制定了下一代视频编码标准H.265/HEVC，以进一步提高视频压缩效率。
在视频编码中，率失真优化技术扮演着关键的角色。它指导着编码器中模式判决和码率控制这两个重要模块的运行，以保证编码模式的选择、码率的分配和量化参数的确定更加地合理高效。因此本文重点研究了基于率失真优化的H.264/AVC、H.265/HEVC模式判决模块，以及H.265/HEVC码率控制模块。此外本文还研究了有关质量测度的模型。主要研究成果包括：
1.针对H.264/AVC中模式判决的高复杂度问题，提出一种快速码率估计算法。本文首先分析了上下文自适应二元算法编码（CABAC）的基本原理，以及残差块所涉及的各个语法元素特性。基于这种分析，提出一种有效的残差码率估计算法，用于代替模式判决中的实际CABAC编码。一方面，本文所提算法可以准确地估计残差块的编码码率。另一方面，其设计适于硬件的并行运算，可以进一步节省编码时间。实验结果表明，H.264/AVC模式判决中的CABAC编码复杂度可降低约57%，而视频质量几乎不受影响。
2.针对H.265/HEVC的编码复杂度问题，提出一种新的快速模式判决算法。考虑到视频帧的纹理特性和其编码中所采用的量化参数影响最优编码单元（CU）模式的选择，提出在CU模式判决过程中，使用最大编码单元初始分割深度预测算法跳过部分大块CU的模式判决；使用提前终止CU模式算法避免小块CU的模式判决。实验结果表明，相比于原始的H.265/HEVC编码算法，本文所提算法可平均降低51%的编码复杂度，而编码码率平均只上升了0.69%。
3.针对H.265/HEVC编码器，提出一种考虑视频内容特性的帧层码率分配算法。一般的，视频内容特性不同，其编码输出的比特数就有所差异。为了保证目标码率与编码码率的一致性，在进行帧层目标码率分配时，应考虑帧内容的复杂度。本文首先从理论推导的角度得出帧内容特性与码率之间的关系。然后提取出反映帧内容特性的参数，建立一种更有效的帧层码率分配算法。实验结果表明，本文所提算法可以使帧层目标码率与编码码率保持更好的一致性，且重构视频质量平均提高了0.128dB。
4.针对H.265/HEVC的帧间残差，提出了一种考虑变换系数依赖性的码率模型。码率模型的建立受信源特性和具体编码算法的影响。本文首先分析了帧间块内变换系数的分布情况，提出使用基于TU层的混合拉普拉斯概率模型来描述信源特性。其次考虑到变换系数之间存在依赖性，且这种依赖性被用于CABAC中，因此提出使用互信息量来衡量CABAC编码后不确定性的减小量，最终利用条件熵来预测帧间残差系数的编码码率。实验结果表明，本文所提的码率模型具有高的准确性。此外本文所提模型可以扩张到其他使用CABAC编码的视频编码器中，用于码率模型的设计。
5.针对客观质量，提出了一种考虑丢包内容特性的无参考质量测度模型。丢包是引起网络语音质量下降的主要因素，其影响程度不仅与丢失包的个数有关，而且与丢失包的内容特性有关。首先利用话音激活检测技术和未丢帧的电平来判断丢失包的内容特性，然后统计语音包的丢失率，进而提出一种无参考的网络语音质量评价模型来预测网络失真语音质量。实验结果表明，相比于国际标准G.1070中的语音质量评价模型，本评价模型与主观质量评价的相关性平均提高了8.4%。
The rapid development of multimedia services and the increase of the users’requirement to video quality stimulate the constant improvement and update of thevideo coding technologies. Nowadays, the video coding standard of H.264/AVC hasbeen extensively utilized in various media products due to its high coding performance.Since it takes a better user experience, the ultra-HD video gradually comes into our eyes.But enormous video data make the storage and transmission more difficult. Therefore,the latest video coding standard of H.265/HEVC is formulated by joint collaborativeteam on video coding (JCTVC) for pursuing higher compression efficiency.
Rate distortion optimization plays a critical role in video coding. It guides theoperations of mode decision and rate control for obtaining the target bit-rate, optimalcoding modes, and most appropriate quantization parameter for higher efficiency. In thisdissertation, the emphasis is put on the mode decision of H.264/AVC and H.265/HEVC,and the rate control of H.265/HEVC. Additionally, the no-reference quality estimationmodel is concerned. The major contributions are outlined as follows:
1. A fast algorithm of bit-rate estimation is developed to reduce the complexity ofH.264/AVC encoder. The principle of context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding(CABAC) and the characteristic of the syntax elements related to residues are firstanalyzed. Then the efficient bit-rate estimation algorithm is gradually constructed forsubstituting the actual CABAC in mode decision. The proposed method, on the onehand, brings forward a highly accurate and efficient solution in bit-rate prediction. Onthe other hand, its design is well suited to parallel processing for further time-saving.Experimental results demonstrate the proposed method can reduce about57%of theencoding complexity in CABAC in H.264/AVC mode decision, with negligibledegradation of the video quality.
2. A new fast mode decision algorithm is proposed for decreasing the codingcomplexity of H.265/HEVC encoder. Considering that the factors of frame texture andits related quantization step potentially affect the final CU mode, an initial CU depthprediction algorithm for large coding unit (LCU) is constructed to skip partial larger CUand an early termination algorithm of CU mode is established to avoid the unnecessarysmaller CU. The two techniques mentioned above are combined for fastCU modedecision, serving for considerable complexity reduction while well maintaining thevideo quality. Experimental results demonstrate that compared to the conventionalHEVC, the proposed method achieves an average bit-rate increment of0.69%, whereas the coding complexity has a significant reduction of about51%.
3. A frame layer bit allocation algorithm considering the video contentcharacteristic is proposed for H.265/HEVC codec. Generally, the difference of videocontent characteristic would lead to the distinct of its coded bits. In order to guaranteethe consistency between the target bits and coded bits, the frame content complexityshould be considered in the frame layer bit allocation. In this paper, the relationship ofcontent characteristic and bits is first obtained by theoretical derivation. Then theparameter related to frame content complexity is extracted and employed forconstructing the efficient bit allocation algorithm. Experimental results show that thetarget bits and coded bits keep a better consistency, and the reconstruction video qualityis improved by0.128dB in average.
4. An accurate rate model is proposed for H.265/HEVC inter-frame coding. Theestablishment of rate model is related to two factors: effective source description andexpected behavior of specific coding algorithms. Firstly a joint Laplacian distributionsource at the transform unit (TU) levels is constructed to describe the sourcecharacteristic according to the inter-frame residues distribution. Then the mutualinformation is predicted to measure the reduction of uncertain information in CABAC.Finally, the conditional entropy is calculated to estimate the output bit-rate ofinter-frame residues. Experimental results show that the proposed model achieves highaccuracy in bit-rate prediction. And the proposed approach can be extended to othervideo codecs using CABAC for the design of rate models.
5. A no-reference quality estimation model is proposed based on analysis ofcontent feature of packets. Packet loss is a primary element to impair the quality ofnetwork speech quality, and the impairment extent is not only related to the number oflost packets, but also their content feature. This method first estimates the contentfeature of lost packets resorting to the voice active detection technology and the level ofnon-lost frame. Based on the content feature analysis, the proposed method calculatesthe speech packet loss rate and then predicts the quality of networked speech.Experimental results show that high prediction accuracy can be obtained by theproposed model. Compared with the speech quality evaluation model in G.1070, theaverage performance gain of the proposed method is8.4%in terms of relativity tosubjective results.
在视频编码中，率失真优化技术扮演着关键的角色。它指导着编码器中模式判决和码率控制这两个重要模块的运行，以保证编码模式的选择、码率的分配和量化参数的确定更加地合理高效。因此本文重点研究了基于率失真优化的H.264/AVC、H.265/HEVC模式判决模块，以及H.265/HEVC码率控制模块。此外本文还研究了有关质量测度的模型。主要研究成果包括：
1.针对H.264/AVC中模式判决的高复杂度问题，提出一种快速码率估计算法。本文首先分析了上下文自适应二元算法编码（CABAC）的基本原理，以及残差块所涉及的各个语法元素特性。基于这种分析，提出一种有效的残差码率估计算法，用于代替模式判决中的实际CABAC编码。一方面，本文所提算法可以准确地估计残差块的编码码率。另一方面，其设计适于硬件的并行运算，可以进一步节省编码时间。实验结果表明，H.264/AVC模式判决中的CABAC编码复杂度可降低约57%，而视频质量几乎不受影响。
2.针对H.265/HEVC的编码复杂度问题，提出一种新的快速模式判决算法。考虑到视频帧的纹理特性和其编码中所采用的量化参数影响最优编码单元（CU）模式的选择，提出在CU模式判决过程中，使用最大编码单元初始分割深度预测算法跳过部分大块CU的模式判决；使用提前终止CU模式算法避免小块CU的模式判决。实验结果表明，相比于原始的H.265/HEVC编码算法，本文所提算法可平均降低51%的编码复杂度，而编码码率平均只上升了0.69%。
3.针对H.265/HEVC编码器，提出一种考虑视频内容特性的帧层码率分配算法。一般的，视频内容特性不同，其编码输出的比特数就有所差异。为了保证目标码率与编码码率的一致性，在进行帧层目标码率分配时，应考虑帧内容的复杂度。本文首先从理论推导的角度得出帧内容特性与码率之间的关系。然后提取出反映帧内容特性的参数，建立一种更有效的帧层码率分配算法。实验结果表明，本文所提算法可以使帧层目标码率与编码码率保持更好的一致性，且重构视频质量平均提高了0.128dB。
4.针对H.265/HEVC的帧间残差，提出了一种考虑变换系数依赖性的码率模型。码率模型的建立受信源特性和具体编码算法的影响。本文首先分析了帧间块内变换系数的分布情况，提出使用基于TU层的混合拉普拉斯概率模型来描述信源特性。其次考虑到变换系数之间存在依赖性，且这种依赖性被用于CABAC中，因此提出使用互信息量来衡量CABAC编码后不确定性的减小量，最终利用条件熵来预测帧间残差系数的编码码率。实验结果表明，本文所提的码率模型具有高的准确性。此外本文所提模型可以扩张到其他使用CABAC编码的视频编码器中，用于码率模型的设计。
5.针对客观质量，提出了一种考虑丢包内容特性的无参考质量测度模型。丢包是引起网络语音质量下降的主要因素，其影响程度不仅与丢失包的个数有关，而且与丢失包的内容特性有关。首先利用话音激活检测技术和未丢帧的电平来判断丢失包的内容特性，然后统计语音包的丢失率，进而提出一种无参考的网络语音质量评价模型来预测网络失真语音质量。实验结果表明，相比于国际标准G.1070中的语音质量评价模型，本评价模型与主观质量评价的相关性平均提高了8.4%。
The rapid development of multimedia services and the increase of the users’requirement to video quality stimulate the constant improvement and update of thevideo coding technologies. Nowadays, the video coding standard of H.264/AVC hasbeen extensively utilized in various media products due to its high coding performance.Since it takes a better user experience, the ultra-HD video gradually comes into our eyes.But enormous video data make the storage and transmission more difficult. Therefore,the latest video coding standard of H.265/HEVC is formulated by joint collaborativeteam on video coding (JCTVC) for pursuing higher compression efficiency.
Rate distortion optimization plays a critical role in video coding. It guides theoperations of mode decision and rate control for obtaining the target bit-rate, optimalcoding modes, and most appropriate quantization parameter for higher efficiency. In thisdissertation, the emphasis is put on the mode decision of H.264/AVC and H.265/HEVC,and the rate control of H.265/HEVC. Additionally, the no-reference quality estimationmodel is concerned. The major contributions are outlined as follows:
1. A fast algorithm of bit-rate estimation is developed to reduce the complexity ofH.264/AVC encoder. The principle of context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding(CABAC) and the characteristic of the syntax elements related to residues are firstanalyzed. Then the efficient bit-rate estimation algorithm is gradually constructed forsubstituting the actual CABAC in mode decision. The proposed method, on the onehand, brings forward a highly accurate and efficient solution in bit-rate prediction. Onthe other hand, its design is well suited to parallel processing for further time-saving.Experimental results demonstrate the proposed method can reduce about57%of theencoding complexity in CABAC in H.264/AVC mode decision, with negligibledegradation of the video quality.
2. A new fast mode decision algorithm is proposed for decreasing the codingcomplexity of H.265/HEVC encoder. Considering that the factors of frame texture andits related quantization step potentially affect the final CU mode, an initial CU depthprediction algorithm for large coding unit (LCU) is constructed to skip partial larger CUand an early termination algorithm of CU mode is established to avoid the unnecessarysmaller CU. The two techniques mentioned above are combined for fastCU modedecision, serving for considerable complexity reduction while well maintaining thevideo quality. Experimental results demonstrate that compared to the conventionalHEVC, the proposed method achieves an average bit-rate increment of0.69%, whereas the coding complexity has a significant reduction of about51%.
3. A frame layer bit allocation algorithm considering the video contentcharacteristic is proposed for H.265/HEVC codec. Generally, the difference of videocontent characteristic would lead to the distinct of its coded bits. In order to guaranteethe consistency between the target bits and coded bits, the frame content complexityshould be considered in the frame layer bit allocation. In this paper, the relationship ofcontent characteristic and bits is first obtained by theoretical derivation. Then theparameter related to frame content complexity is extracted and employed forconstructing the efficient bit allocation algorithm. Experimental results show that thetarget bits and coded bits keep a better consistency, and the reconstruction video qualityis improved by0.128dB in average.
4. An accurate rate model is proposed for H.265/HEVC inter-frame coding. Theestablishment of rate model is related to two factors: effective source description andexpected behavior of specific coding algorithms. Firstly a joint Laplacian distributionsource at the transform unit (TU) levels is constructed to describe the sourcecharacteristic according to the inter-frame residues distribution. Then the mutualinformation is predicted to measure the reduction of uncertain information in CABAC.Finally, the conditional entropy is calculated to estimate the output bit-rate ofinter-frame residues. Experimental results show that the proposed model achieves highaccuracy in bit-rate prediction. And the proposed approach can be extended to othervideo codecs using CABAC for the design of rate models.
5. A no-reference quality estimation model is proposed based on analysis ofcontent feature of packets. Packet loss is a primary element to impair the quality ofnetwork speech quality, and the impairment extent is not only related to the number oflost packets, but also their content feature. This method first estimates the contentfeature of lost packets resorting to the voice active detection technology and the level ofnon-lost frame. Based on the content feature analysis, the proposed method calculatesthe speech packet loss rate and then predicts the quality of networked speech.Experimental results show that high prediction accuracy can be obtained by theproposed model. Compared with the speech quality evaluation model in G.1070, theaverage performance gain of the proposed method is8.4%in terms of relativity tosubjective results.
引文
[1] K. R. Rao, Zoran S. Bojkovic, Dragorad A. Milovanovic,“MultimediaCommunication Systems: Techniques, Standards, and Networks,” Prentice Hall,2002.
[2] Yao Wang, Jorn Ostermann, Ya-Qin, Zhang,“Video Processing andCommunications,” Pearsom Education,2001.
[3] ITU-T Recommendation H.261Version2, Video Codec for AudiovisualServices at p64kbit/s,1990.
[4] Video Coding for Low Bit Rate Communication, ITU-T RecommendationH.263, January2005.
[5] ISO/IEC11172-1:1991, Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio forDigital Storage Media at up to about1.5Mbps, Part2: Visual,1991.
[6] ISO/IEC13818-2:1994, Information Technology-Generic Coding of MovingPictures and Associated Audio, Part2: Visual,1994.
[7] ISO/IEC14496-2:1999, Information Technology-Generic Coding ofAudio/Visual/Objects, Part2: Visual,1999.
[8] Advanced Video Coding for Generic Audiovisual Services, ITU-TRecommendation H.264and ISO/IEC14496-10AVC Standard, March,2009.
[9] Video and Requirements SGs,“New Challenges in Video CodingStandardization,” ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11/N9992, July2008.
[10] Video and Requirements SGs,“First Thoughts on New Challenges in VideoCoding Standardization,” ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11/N9785, April2008.
[11] ITU-TQ6/16Visual Coding and ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11Coding of MovingPictures and Audio,“Terms of Reference of the Joint Collaborative team onVideo Coding Standard Development,” ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11/N1112,January2010.
[12] ITU-T Q6/16Visual Coding and ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11Coding of MovingPictures and Audio,“Joint Call for Proposals on Video CompressionTechnology,” ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11/N1113, January2010.
[13] Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) of ITU-T SG16WP3andISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11,“High Efficiency Vodio Coding (HEVC) TextSpecification Draft10,” JCTVC-L1003, January2013.
[14] Toby Berger,“Rate-distortion theory: a mathematical basis for datacompression,” NJ: Prentice-Hall,1971.
[15] Michelle Effros,“Optimal Modeling for Complex System Design,” IEEE SignalProcessing Magazine, Vol.15, No.6, pp.51-73, November1998.
[16] Zhenzhong Chen, King Ngi Ngan,“Recent advaces in rate control for videocoding,” Signal Processing: Image Communication, Vol.22, Issue1, pp.19-38,January,2007.
[17] Antonio Ortega, Kannan Ramchandran,“Rate-Distortion Methods for Imageand Video Compression,” IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, Vol.15, No.6, pp.23-50, Novermber1998.
[18] Huifang Sun, Wilson Kwok, Max Chien,“MPEG Coding PerformanceImprovement by Jointly Optimizing Coding Mode Decision and Rate Control,”IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.7, No.3,pp.449-458, June1997.
[19] Gary J. Sullivan, Thomas Wiegand,“Rate-Distortion Optimmization for VideoCompression,” IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, Vol.15, No.6, pp.74-90,Novermber1998.
[20] Thomas Wiegand, Heiko Schwarz, Anthony Joch, Faouzi Kossentini, Gary J.Sullivan,“Rate-Constrained Coder Control and Comparison of Video CodingStandards,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology,Vol.13, No.7, pp.688-703, July2003.
[21] Luk Overmeire, Lode Nachtergaele, Fabio Verdicchio, Joeri Barbaried, PeterSchelkens,“Constant Quality Video Coding Using Video Content Analysis,”Signal Processing: Image Communication, Vol.20, No.4, pp.343-369, April2005.
[22] Liang-Jin Lin, Antonio Qrtega,“Bit-Rate Control Using PiecewiseApproximated Rate-Distortion Characteristics,” IEEE Transactions on Circuitsand Systems for Video Technology, Vol.8, No.4, pp.446-459, August1998.
[23] Zhihai He, Wenjun Zeng, Chang Wen Chen,“Low-Pass Filtering ofRate-Distortion Functions for Quality Smoothing in Real-Time VideoCommunication,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for VideoTechnology, Vol.15, No.8, pp.973-981, August2005.
[24] Bo Xie, Wenjun Zeng,“A Sequence-Based Rate Control Framework forConsistent Quality Real-Time Video,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits andSystems for Video Technology, Vol.16, No.1, pp.56-71, January2006.
[25] Zhenzhong Chen, King Ngi Ngan,“Distortion Variation Minimization inReal-Time Video Coding,” Signal Processing: Image Communication, Vol.21,No.4, pp.273-279, April2006.
[26] Thomas Wiegand, Niko Farber, Klaus Stuhlmuller, Bernd Girod,“Error-Resilient Video Transmission Using Long-Term Nemory MotionCompensated Prediction,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,Vol.18, No.6, pp.1050-1062, June2000.
[27] Rui Zhang, Shankar L. Regunathan, Kenneth Rose,“Video Coding with OptimalInter/Intra-Mode Switching for Packet Loss Resilience,” IEEE Journal onSelected Areas in Communications, Vol.18, No.6, pp.966-976, June2000.
[28] Zhihai He, Jianfei Cain, Chang Wen Chen,“Joint Source ChannelRate-Distortion Analysis for Adaptive Mode Selection and Rate Control inWireless Video Coding,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for VideoTechnology, Vol.12, No.6, pp.511-523, June2002.
[29] Thomas Stockhammer, Dimitrios Kontopodis, Thomas Wiegand,“Rate-Distortion Optimization for JVC/H.26L Video Coding in Packet LossEnviroment,” Packetvideo Workshop, Pittsburgh,2002,
[30] Oztan Harmanci, A. Murat Tekalp,“Rate-Distortion Optimal Video TransportOver IP Allowing Packets with Bit Errors,” IEEE Transactions on ImageProcessing, Vol.16, No.5, pp.1315-1326, May2007.
[31] Shuai Wan, Ebroul Izquierdo,“Rate-distortion Optimized Motion-CompensatedPrediction for Packet Loss Resilient Video Coding,” IEEE Transactions onImage Processing, Vol.16, No.5, pp.1327-1338, May2007.
[32] D. Marpe, H. Schwarz, T. Wiegand,“Context-Based Adaptive Binary ArithmeticCoding in the H.264/AVC Video Compression Staandard,” IEEE Transactionson Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.13, No.7, pp.620-636, July2003.
[33] Thomas Wiegand, Gary J. Sullivan, Gisle Bjontegaard, Ajay Luthra,“Overviewof the H.264/AVC Video Coding Standard,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits andSystems for Video Technology, Vol.13, No.7, pp.560-576, July2003.
[34] Gary J. Sullivan, Jens-Rainer Ohm, Woo-Jin Han, Thomas Wiegand,“Overviewof the High Efficiency Video Coding,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits andSystems for Video Technology, Vol.22, No.12, pp.1649-1668, December2012.
[35] Toby Berger, Jerry D. Gibson,“Lossy Source Coding,” IEEE Transactions onInformation Theory, Vo.44, No.6, pp.2693-2723, October1998.
[36] ITU-T SG16/Q6Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG),“Joint Call forProposals on Video Compression Technology,” ITU-T SG.16Q.6DucumentVCEG-AM91, Jan.2010.
[37] Thomas Wiegand, Jens-Rainer Ohm, Gary J. Sullivan, Woo-Jin Han, Rajan Joshi,Thiow Keng Tan,“Special Section on the Joint Call for Proposals on HighEfficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Standardization,” IEEE Transactions onCircuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.20, No.12, pp.1661-1666,December2010.
[38] Jens-Rainer Ohm, Gary J. Sullivan, Heiko Schwarz, Thiow Keng Tan, ThomasWiegand,“Comparison of the Coding Efficiency of Video CodingStandards-Including High Efficiency Video Coding(HEVC),” IEEE Transactionson Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.22, No.12, pp.1669-1684,December2012.
[39] Gary J. Sullivan, Thomas Wiegand,“Video Compression-From Comcepts to theH.264/AVC Standard,” Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol.93, No.1, pp.18-31,January2005.
[40] Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) of ITU-T SG16WP3andISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11,“Samsung’s Response to the Call for Proposeals onVideo Compression Technology,” JCTVC-A124, April2010.
[41] Woo-Jin Han, Junghye Min, Il-Koo Kim, Elena Alshina, Alexander Alshin,Tammy Lee, Jianle Chen, Vadim Seregin, Sunil Lee,“Improved VideoCompression Efficiency Through Flexible Unit Representation andCorresponding Extension of Coding Tools,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits andSystems for Video Technology, Vol.20, No.12, pp.1709-1720, December2010.
[42] Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) of ITU-T SG16WP3andISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11,“Description of Video Coding TechnologyProposal by Tandberg, Nokia, Ericsson,” JCTVC-A119, April2010.
[43] Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) of ITU-T SG16WP3andISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11,“Unification of the Directional Intra PredictionMethods in Tmuc,” JCTVC-B100, July2010.
[44] Jani Lainema, Frank Bossen, Woo-Jin Han, Hunghye Min, Kemal Ugur,“IntraCoding of the HEVC Standard,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems forVideo Technology, Vol.22, No.12, pp.1792-1801, December2012.
[45] Jani Lainema, Kemal Ugur,“Angular Intra Prediction in High Efficiency VideoCoding (HEVC),” the13thInternational Workshop on Multimedia SignalProcessing, Hangzhou, October,2011.
[46] Chuohao Yeo, Yih Han Tan, Zhengguo Li, Susanto Rahardja,“Mode-dependenttransforms for coding directional intra prediction residuals,” IEEE Transactionson Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.22, No.4, pp.545-554,April2012.
[47] Vivienne Sze, Madhukar Budagavi,“High Throughput CABAC Entropy Codingin HEVC,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology,Vol.22, No.12, pp.1778-1791, December2012.
[48] Chih-Ming Fu, Elena Alshina, Alexander Alshin, Yu-Wen Huang, Ching-YehChen, Chia-Yang Tsai, Chih-Wei Hsu, Shaw-Min Lei, Jeong-Hoon Park,Woo-Jin Han,“Sample Adaptive Offset in the HEVC Standard,” IEEETransactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.22, No.12, pp.1755-1764, December2012.
[49] Il-Koo Kim, Junghye Min, Tammy Lee, Woo-Jin Han, JeongHoon Park,“BlockPartitioning Structure in the HEVC Standard,” IEEE Transactions on Circuitsand Systems for Video Technology, Vol.22, No.12, pp.1697-1706, December2012.
[50] Yuan Yuan, Il-Koo Kim, Xiaozhen Zheng, Lingzhi Liu, Xiaoran Cao, Sunil Lee,Min-Su Cheon, Tammy Lee, Yun He, Jeong-Hoon Park,“Quadtree BasedNonsquare Block Structure for Inter Frame Coding in High Efficiency VideoCoding,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.22, No.12, pp.1707-1719, December2012.
[51] Joel Sole, Rajan Joshi, Nguyen Nguyen, Tianying Ji, Marta Karczewicz, GordonChlare,“Transform Coefficient Coding in HEVC,” IEEE Transactions onCircuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.22, No.12, pp.1765-1777,December2012.
[52] Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) of ITU-T SG16WP3andISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11,“High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) TestModel12(HM12) Encoder Description,” JCTVC-N1002, July2013.
[53] Tihao Chiang, Ya-Qin Zhang,“A New Rate Control Scheme Using QuadraticRate Distortion Model,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for VideoTechnology, Vol.7, No.1, pp.246-250, February1997.
[54] Hung-Ju Lee, Tihao Chiang, Ya-Qin Zhang,“Scalable Rate Control for MPEG-4Video,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.10, No.6, pp.878-894, September2000.
[55] Hsueh-Ming Hang, Jiann-Jone Chen,“Source Model for Transform Video Coderand Its Application–Part I: Fundamental Theory,” IEEE Transactions onCircuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.7, No.2, pp.287-298, April2007.
[56] Jiann-Jone Chen, Hsueh-Ming Hang,“Source Model for Transform Video Coderand Its Application–Part II: Variable Frame Rate Coding,” IEEE Transactionson Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.7, No.2, pp.299-311, April1997.
[57] Thomas R. Fischer, Min Wang,“Entropy-Constrained Trellis-CodedQuantization,” IEEE Transctions on Information Theory, Vol.38, No.2, pp.415-426, March1992.
[58] Rajiv Laroia, Nariman Farvardin,“A Structured Fixed-Rate Vector QuantizerDerived from a Variable-Length Scalar Quantizer. I. Memoryless Sources,”IEEE Transctions on Information Theory, Vol.39, No.3, pp.851-867, May1993.
[59] Antonio Ortega, Kannan Ramchandran, Martin Vetterli,“Optimal Trellis-basedBuffered Compression and Fast Approximations,” IEEE Transactions on ImageProcessing, Vol.3, No.1, pp.26-40, January1994.
[60] Siwei Ma, Wen Gao, Yan Lu,“Rate-Distortion analysis for H.264/AVC VideoCoding and its Application to Rate Control,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits andSystems for Video Technology, Vol.15, No.12, pp.1533-1544, December2005.
[61] Hugh Everett,“Generalized Lagrange Multiplier Method for Solving Problemsof Optimum Allocation of Resources,” Operations Res., Vol.11, pp.399-417,1963.
[62] Thomas Wiegand, Bernd Girod,“Lagrange Multiplier Selection in Hybrid VideoCoder Control,” Proceeding of the IEEE International Conference on ImageProcessing, Vol.3, pp.542-545, Thessaloniki, Greece, October2001.
[63] Bin Li, Houqiang Li, Li Li, Jinlei Zhang,“Rate control by R-lambda model forHEVC,” the11thJCTVC Meeting, Shanghai, CN, October2012.
[64] Reoxiang Li, Bing Zeng, M. L. Liou,“A new three-step search algorithm forblock motion estimation,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for VideoTechnology, Vol.4, No.4, pp.438-442, August1994.
[65] Shan Zhu, Kai-Kuang Ma,“A New Diamond Search Algorithm forFast-Matching Motion Estimation,” IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,Vol.9, No.2, pp.287-290, February2000.
[66] Ce Zhu, Xiao Lin, Lap-Pui Chau,“Hexagon-based search algorithm for fastblock motion estimation,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for VideoTechnology, Vol.12, No.5, pp.349-355, May2002.
[67] Ce Zhu, Xiao Lin, Lap-Pui Chau, Lai-Man Po,“Enhanced Hexagonal Search forFast Block Motion Estimation,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems forVideo Technology, Vol.14, No.10, pp.1210-1214, October2004.
[68] A. M. Tourapis, O. C. Au, M. L. Liou,“Highly Efficient Predictive ZonalAlgorithms for Fast Block-Matching Motion Estimation,” IEEE Transactions onCircuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.12, No.10, pp.934-947,October2002.
[69] Woong Il Choi, Byeungwoo Jeon, Jechang Jeong,“Fast Motion Estimation withModified Diamond Search for Variable Motion Block Sizes,” Proceedings2003International Conference on Image Processing, Barcelona, pp.371-374,September2003.
[70] Yu-Kuang Tu, Jar-Ferr Yang, Yi-Nung Shen, Ming-Ting Sun,“FastVariable-Size Block Motion Estimation Using Merging Procedure with anAdaptive Threshold,” Proceeding2003International Conference on Multimediaand Expo, Baltimore, pp.789-792, July2003.
[71] Andy Chang, O. C. Au, Y. M. Yeung,“A Novel Approach to Fast Multi-BlockMotion Estimation for H.264Vido Coding,” Proceedings2003InternationalConference on Multimedia and Expo, Baltimore, pp.105-108, July2003.
[72] Jeyun Lee, Byeungwoo Jeon,“Fast Mode Decision for H.264with VariableMotion Block Sizes,” IEEE International Symp. Comput. Inf. Sci., pp.723-730,2003.
[73] Tien-Ying Kuo, Chen-Hung Chan,“Fast Variable Block Size Motion Estimationfor H.264Using Likelihood and Correlation of Motion Field,” IEEETransactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.16, No.10, pp.1185-1195, October2006.
[74] Duane Storey, Panos Nasiopoulos,“An Efficient Statistical Intra-ModePrediction Method for H.264,” IEEE International Symposium on SignalProcessing and Information Technology, Vancouver, BC, Canada, pp.803-806,August2006.
[75] Bojun Meng, Oscar C. Au,“Fast Intra-Prediction Mode Selection for4x4Blocksin H.264,” IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and SignalProcessing, Hong Kong, pp.389-392, April2003.
[76] Andy Chang, Oscar C. Au, Y. M. Yeung,“A Novel Approach to Fast MultiframeSelection for H.264Video Coding,” Proceedings of International Conference onAcoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Hong Kong, pp.704-707, April2003.
[77] Yu-Wen Huang, Bing-Yu Hsieh, Tu-Chih Wang, Shao-Yi Chient,“Analysis andReduction of Reference Frames for Motion Estimation in MPEG-4AVC/JVC/H.264,” Proceedings of International Conference on Acoustics,Speech and Signal Processing, Hong Kong, pp.145-148, April2003.
[78] Mei-Juan Chen, Yi-Yen Chiang, Hung-Ju Li, Ming-Chieh Chi,“EfficientMultiframe Motion Estimation Algorithms for MPEG-4/AVC/JVT/H.264,”Proceedings of IEEE ISCAS, Vancouver, Canada, pp.737-740, May2004.
[79] Yeping Su, Ming-Ting Sun,“Fast Multiple Reference Frame Motion Estimationfor H.264,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology,Vol.16, No.3, pp.447-452, May2006.
[80] H. Y. Cheong, A. M. Tourapis,“Fast Motion Estimation within the H.264Codec,” Proceedings2003International Conference on Multimedia and Expo,Baltimore, pp.517-520, July2003.
[81] K. P. Lim, S. Wu, D. J. Wu, S. Rahardja X. Lin, F. Pan,“Fast Inter ModeSelection,” the9thJVT Meeting,2003.
[82] F. Pan, L. Xiao,“Fast Mode Decision for Intra Prediction,” the7the JVTMeeting, Pattaya, March2003.
[83] Frank Bossen, Benjamin, Karsten Suhring, David Flynn,“HEVC Complexityand Implementation Analysis,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems forVideo Technology, Vol.22, No.12, pp.1685-1696, December2012.
[84] M. B. Cassa, M. Naccari, F. Pereira,“Fast Rate Distortion Optimization for theEmerging HEVC Standard,” Proceedings of Picture Coding Symposium, Poland,May2012.
[85] N. Purnachand, L. N. Alves, A. Navarro,“Fast Motion Estimation Algorithm forHEVC,”2012IEEE Second International Conference on Consumer Electronics,Berlin, pp.34-37,2012.
[86] Guifen Tian, Satoshi Goto,“Content Adaptive Prediction Unit Size DecisionAlgorithm for HEVC Intra Coding,”2012Picture Coding Symposium, Krakow,pp.405-408, May2012.
[87] Liang Zhao, Li Zhang, Siwei Ma, Debin Zhao,“Fast Mode Decision Algorithmfor Intra Prediction in HEVC”2011Visual Communications and ImageProcessing, Tainan, November2011.
[88] Su-Wei Teng, Hsueh-Ming Hang, Yi-Fu Chen,“Fast Mode Decision Algorithmfor Residual Quadtree Coding in HEVC,”2011Visual Communications andImage Processing, Tainan, November2011.
[89] Tung Nguyen, Detlev Marpe, Heiko Schwarz, Thomas Wigand,“Reduced-Complexity Entropy Coding of Transform Coefficient Levels UsingTruncated Golomb-Rice Codes in Video Compression,”201118thIEEEInternational Conference on Image Processing, Brussels, pp.753-756,September2011.
[90] Alvarez-Mesa Mauricio, Chi Chi Ching, Ben Juurlink, George Valeri, ThomasSchierl,“Parallel Video Decoding in the Emerging HEVC Standard,”2012IEEEInternational Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Kyoto,pp.1545-1548, March2012.
[91] N. Mohsenian, R. Rajagopalan, C. A. Gonzales,“Single-pass constant-andvariable-bit-rate MPEG-2video compression,” IBM Journal of Research andDevelopment, Vol.43, No.4, pp.489-509, July1999.
[92] Gregory J. Conklin, Gary S. Greenbaum, Karl O. Lillevold, Alan F. Lippman,Yuriy A. Reznik,“Video Coding for Streaming Media Delivery on the Internet,”IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.11, No.3,pp.269-281, March2001.
[93] P. H. Westerink, R. Rajagopalan, C. A. Gonzales,“Two-Pass MPEG-2Variable-Bit-Rate Encoding,” IBM J. RES. Develop, Vol.43, No.4, pp.471-488,July1999.
[94] CCITT SG XV WP/1/Q4,“Description of Reference Model8(RM8),” June1989.
[95] E. Viscito, C. Gonzales,“A Video Compression Algorithm with Adaptive BitAllocation and Quantization,” Proceedings of the Visual Communications andImage Processing (VCIP’91), Vol.1605, pp.58-72, Boston, USA,1991.
[96] MPEG-2Test Model5, Doc. ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29WG11/93-400, April1993.
[97] Jordi Ribas-Corbera, Shawmin Lei,“Rate Control in DCT Video Coding forLow-Delay Communications,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems forVideo Technology, Vol.9, No.1, pp.172-185, February1999.
[98]Zhengguo Li, Feng Pan, Keng Pang Lim, Genan Feng, Xiao Lin, Susanto Rahardja,“Adaptive Basic Unit Layer Rate Control for JVT,” the7thJVT Meeting, Pattaya,March2003.
[99]Athanasios Leontaris, Alexis Michael Tourapis,“Rate Control Reorganization inthe Joint Model (JM) Reference Software,” the23rdJVT Meeting, San Jose,April2007.
[100] Bin Li, Houqiang Li, Li Li,“Adaptive Bit Allocation for R-Lambda Model RateControl in HM,” the13thJCTVC Meeting, Incheon, KR, April2013.
[101] Minqiang Jiang, Xiaoquan Yi, Nam Ling,“Frame Layer Bit Allocation Schemefor Constant Quality Video,” IEEE International Conference on Multimedia andExpo, Taipei, pp.1055-1058, June2004.
[102] S. Eshaghi, O. Fatemi, M. Hashemi,“A Frame Layer Bit Allocation for H.264Based on Mode Decision,” IEEE International Conference on Signal Processingand Communications, Dubai, pp.352-355, November2007.
[103] Xuan Jing, Lap-Pui Chau,“Improved Frame Level MAD Prediction and BitAllocation Scheme for H.264/AVC Rate Control,” IEEE InternationalSymposium on Circuits and Systems, New Orieans, pp.3639-3642, May2007.
[104] Tian Lan, Xuemai Gu,“H.264Frame Layer Rate Control Based on BlockHistogram Difference,” IEEE International Conference on CommunicationsWorkshops, Beijing, May2008.
[105] MyOUNG-Jin Kim, Min-Cheol Hong,“Adaptive Rate Control Scheme inFrame-Layer for Real-Time H.264,” the5thInternational Conference onIntelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing, Kyoto, pp.128-131, September2009.
[106] A. Malewar, R. K. Singh, V. Gadre,“Novel Target Bit Rate Estimation forImproved Frame Level H.264Rate Control,”2010International Conference onSignal Processing and Communications, Bangalore, pp.1-5, July2010.
[107] Xiao Chen, Feifei Lu,“A Reformative Frame Layer Rate Control Algorithm forH.264,” IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol.56, No.4, pp.2806-2811, November2010.
[108] Minqiang Jiang, Nam Ling,“Frame-Layer H.264Rate Control ImprovementUsing Lagrange Multiplier and Quantizaer,” IEEE International Symposium onCircuits and Systems, Kobe, pp.4369-4372, May2005.
[109] Minqiang Jiang, Nam Ling,“On Lagrange Multiplier and Quantizer Adjustmentfor H.264Frame-Layer Video Rate Control,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits andSystems for Video Technology, Vol.16, No.5, pp.663-669, May2006.
[110] Chenghong Jiang, Chih-Hung Kuo,“A Two-Pass Video Encoder by FixedLagrange Multipliers,” IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems,Kuala Lumpur, pp.552-555,2010.
[111] Hanli Wang, Sam Kwong,“Rate-Distortion Optimization of Rate Control forH.264with Adaptive Initial Quantization Parameter Determination,” IEEETransactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.18, No.1, pp.140-144, January2008.
[112] Gwo Giun Lee, He-Yuan Lin, Ming-Jiun Wang,“Textural Complexity-BasedRate Control Algorithm,” IEEE International Conference on Multimedia andExpo, Hannover, pp.1109-1112, June2008.
[113] Xiaodong Liu, Qionghai Dai, Chonggang Fu,“Improved Methods forInitializing R-Q Model Parameters and Quantization Parameter in H.264RateControl,” World Congress on Computer Science and Information Engineering,Los Angeles, pp.320-323, April2009.
[114] Changhyun Lee, Yunho Jung, Seongjoo Lee,“Real-Time Frame-Layer H.264Rate Control for Scene-Transition Video at Low Bit Rate,” IEEE Transactionson Consumer Electronics, Vol.53, No.3, pp.1084-1092, August2007.
[115] Changhyun Lee, Seongjoo Lee, Yunje Oh,“Real-Time H.264Rate Control forScene-Changed Video at Low Bit Rate,” International Conference on ConsumerElectronics, Las Vegas, pp.1-2, January2007.
[116] M. Jiang, X. Yi, N. Ling,“Improved Frame-Layer Rate Control for H.264UsingMAD Ratio,” IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, pp.813-816, Vancouver, May2004.
[117] M. Q. Jiang, L. Nam,“On Enhancing H.264/AVC Video Rate Control byPSNR-Based Frame Complexity Estimation,” IEEE Transactions on ConsumerElectronics, Vol.51, No.1, pp.281-286,2005.
[118] D. Chattopadhyay, A. Sinha, T. Chattopadhyay,“Adaptive Rate Control forH.264Based Video Conferencing over A Low Bandwidth Wired and WirelessChannel,” IEEE International Symposium on Broadband Multimedia Systemsand Broadcasting, Bibao pp.1-6, May2009.
[119] R. Stapenhurst, D. Agrafiotis, J. Pledge,“Adaptive HRD Parameter Selection forFixed Delay Live Wireless Video Streaming,” the18thInternational PacketVideo Workshop, Hong Kong, pp.142-149, December2010.
[120] Xiaoyu Song, Xingming Zhang, Hongjie Huang,“Improved H.264Rate Controlover Wireless Channel,” the3rdInternational Conference on AdavancedComputer Theory and Engineering, Chengdu, pp.255-259, August2010.
[121] Zhenzhong Chen, Dongdong Zhang, King Ngan,“An Efficient Algorithm forH.264/AVC High Definition Video Coding,” IEEE Transactions on ConsummerElectronics, Vol.54, No.4, pp.1852-1857, November2008.
[122] Dongdong Zhang, Zhenzhong Chen, King Ngi Ngan,“Constant Distortion RateControl for H.264/AVC High Definition Videos with Scene Change,” IEEEInternational Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Seattle, pp.3498-3501, May2008.
[123] A. Javdtalab, M. Omidyeganeh, S. Shirmohammandi,“A Rate ControlAlgorithm for X264High Definition Video Conferencing,” IEEE InternationalConference on Multimedia and Expo, Barcelona, pp.1-6, July2011.
[124] Herbert Gish, John N. Pierce,“Asymptotically Efficient Quantizing,” IEEETransactions on Information Theory, Vol.14, No.5, pp.676-683, September1968.
[125] Yang Liu, Zhengguo G. Li, Yeng Chai Soh,“A Novel Rate Control Scheme forLow Delay Video Communication of H.264/AVC Standard,” IEEE Transactionson Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.15, No.8, pp.68-78,January2007.
[126] J. Wei, B. H. Soong, Z. G. Li,“A New Rate-Distortion Model for VideoTransmission Using Multiple Logarithmic Functions,” IEEE Signal ProcessingLetter, Vol.11, No.8, pp.694-697, August2004.
[127] Junfeng Bai, Chang Feng, Qingmin Liao, Xinggang Lin, Xinhua Zhuang,“Accurate Estimation of R-D Characteristics for Rate Control in Real-TimeVideo Encoding,” Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference onAcoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Salt Lake City, pp.1381-1384, May2001.
[128] Zhihai He, Yong Kwan Kim, Sanjit K. Mitra,“Low-Delay Rate Control for DCTVideo Coding Via-Domain Source Modeling,” IEEE Transactions on Circuitsand Systems for Video Technology, Vol.11, No.8, pp.928-940, August2001.
[129] Zhihai He, Sanjit K. Mitra,“A Unified Rate-Distortion Analysis Framework forTransform Coding,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for VideoTechnology, Vol.11, No.12, pp.1221-1236, December2001.
[130] Zhihai He, Sanjit K. Mitra,“A Linear Source Model and A Unified Rate ControlAlgorithm for DCT Video Coding,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systemsfor Video Technology, Vol.12, No.11, pp.970-982, November2002.
[131] Joong-Yun Lee, Hyun Wook Park,“A Rate Control Algorithm for DCT-BasedVideo Coding Using Simple Rate Estimation and Linear Source Model,” IEEETransactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.15, No.9, pp.1077-1085, September2005.
[132] Bumshik Lee, Munchurl Kim,“Modeling Rates and Distortions Based on aMixture of Laplacian Distributions for Inter-Predicted Residues in QuadtreeCoding of HEVC,” IEEE Signal Processing Letters, Vol.18, No.10, October2011.
[133] G. M. Schuster, G. Melnikov, A. K. Katsaggelos,“A Review of the MinimumMaximum Criterion for Optimal Bit Allocatioin Among Dependent Quantizers,”IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, Vol.1, No.1, pp.3-17, March1999.
[134] Z. Z. Chen, K. N. Ngan,“Distortion Variation Minimization in Real-Time VideoCoding,” Signal Processing-Image Communication, Vol.21, No.4, pp.273-279,April2006.
[135] N. Cherniavsky, G. Shavit, M. F. Ringenburg,“Multistage: A MINMAX BitAllocation Algorithm for Video Coders,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits andSystems for Video Technology, Vol.17, No.1, pp.59-67, January2007.
[136] M. Tagliasacchi, G. Valenzise, S. Tubaro,“Minimum Variance Optimal RateAllocation for Multiplexed H.264/AVC Bitstreams,” IEEE Transactions onImage Processing, Vol.17, No.7, pp.1129-1143, July2008.
[137] Y. Sun, I. Ahmad, D. D. Li,“Region-Based Rate Control and Bit Allocation forWireless Video Transmission,” IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, Vol.8, No.1,pp.1-10, February2006.
[138] P. H. Wu, H. H. Chen,“Frame-Layer Constant-Quality Rate Control of Regionsof Interest for Multiple Encoders with Single Video Source,” IEEE Transactionson Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.17, No.7, pp.857-867, July2007.
[139] Y. Liu, Z. G. Li, Y. C. Soh,“Region-of-Interest Based Resource Allocation forConversational Video Communication of H.264/AVC,” IEEE Transactions onCircuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.18, No.1, pp.134-139, January2008.
[140] X. K, Yang, W. S. Lin, Z. K. Lu,“Motion-Compensated Residue Preprocessingin Video Coding Based on Just-Noticeable-Distortion Profile,” IEEETransactions on Image Processing, Vol.15, No.6, pp.742-752, June2005.
[141] Z. Y. Wei, K. N. Ngan,“Spatio-Temporal Just Noticeable Distortion Profile forGrey Scale Image/Video in DCT Domain,” IEEE Transactions on ImageProcessing, Vol.19, No.3, pp.337-346, March2009.
[142] ITU-T Rec. P.862. Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality (PESQ): AnObjective Method for End-to-End Speech Quality Assessment of NarrowbandTelephone Networks and Speech Codecs.2001.
[143] ITU-T Rec. G.1070. Opinion Model for Video-Telephony Applications.2009.
[144] S. Lingfen, E. C. Ifeachor,“Perceived Speech Quality Prediction for Voice OverIP-Based Network,” IEEE International Communications Conferences, NewYork, USA, pp.2573-2577, April2002.
[145] L. F. Sun, G. Wade, B. M. Lines,“Impact of Packet Loss Location on PerceivedSpeech Quality,” In Proceedings of2ndIP-Telephony Workshop, pp.114-122,2001.
[146] L. Ding, Z. Lin, A. Radwan, R. A. Goubran,“Non-Intrusive Single-EndedSpeech Quality Assessemnt in VoIP,” Speech Communication, Vol.49, No.6, pp.477-489, June2007.
[147] S. Jelassi, H. Youssef, C. Hoene,“Voice-Aware Parametric Speech QulaityModels Over VoIP Networks,” Proceedings of2ndIEEE Global InformationInfrastructure Symposium,2009.
[148]3GPP TS26.094. AMR Speeh Codec; Voice Activity Detector.2009.
[149] ITU-T Rec. P.833. Methodology for Derivation of Equipment ImpairmentFactors From Subjective Listening-Only Tests.2001.
[150]3GPP TS26.090. AMR Speech Codec; Speech Transcoding.2009.
[151] E. N. Gilbert,“Capacity of A Burst-Noise Channel,” Bell System TechnicalJournal, Vol.39, No.9, pp.1253-1265,1960.
[152] W. Zheng, D. X. Li, B. Shi, H. S. Le, M. Zhang,“Efficient Pipelined CABACEncoding Architecture,” IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol.54,No.2, pp.681-686, May2008.
[153] R. R. Osorio, J. D. Bruguera,“High-Throughput Architecture for H.264/AVCCABAC Compression System,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems forVideo Technology, Vol.16, No.11, pp.1376-1384, November2006.
[154] S. Chen, S. Sun,“Efficient Bit Rate Estimation Technique for CABAC,” IEEEAsia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems, Macao, pp.514-517,December,2008.
[155] L. Liu, X. Zhuang,“CABAC Based Bit Estimation for Fast H.264RDOptimization Decision,” the6thIEEE Consumer Communications andNetworking Conference,Las Vegas, January2009.
[156] J. Hahm, C. M. Kyung,“Efficient CABAC Rate Estimation for H.264/AVCMode Decision,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for VideoTechnology, Vol.20, No.2, pp.310-316, February2010.
[157] G. Bjontegaard,“Calculation of Average PSNR Differences BetweenRD-Curves,” the13thITU-T Q.6/SG16VCEG Meeting, April2001.
[158] K. Choi, S. H. Park, E. S. Jang,“Coding Tree Pruning Based CU EarlyTermination,” the6thJCTVC Meeting, Torino, July2011.
[159] G. Laroche, T. Poirier, P. Onno,“Encoder Speed-up for the Motion VectorPredictor Cost Estimation,” the8thJCTVC Meeting, San Jose, February2012.
[160] M. B. Cassa, M. Naccari, F. Pereira,“Fast Rate Distortion Optimization forEmerging HEVC Standard,” Proceedings of Picture Coding Symposium, Poland,May2012.
[161] J. Kim, S. Jeong, S. Cho,“Adaptive Coding Unit Early Termination Alagorithmfor HEVC,” IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics, Berlin,June2012.
[162] Hyomin Choi, Junghak Nam, Jonghun Yoo,“Rate Control Based on Unified RQModel for HEVC,” the8thJCTVC Meeting, San Jose, February2012.
[163] Bin Li, Li Li, Houqiang Li,“Bug Fix for Rate Control Algorithm in HM,” the12thJCTVC Meeting, Geneva, January2013.
[164] Jiaying Liu, Yongjin Cho, Zongming Guo C.-C. Jay Kuo,“Bit Allocation forSpatial Scalability Coding of H.264/SVC with Dependent Rate-DistortionAnalysis,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology,Vol.20, No.7, pp.967-981, February2010.
[165] B. Lee, M. Kim, T. Q. Nguyen,“A Frame-Level Rate Control Scheme Based onTexture and Nontexture Rate Models for High Efficiency Video Coding,” IEEETransactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.24, No.3, pp.465-479, March2014.
[166] Shanshe Wang, Siwei Ma, Shiqi Wang Debin Zhao,“Rate-GOP Based RateControl for High Efficiency Video Coding,” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics inSignal Processing, Vol.7, No.6, pp.1101-1111, December2013.
[167] G. Yovanof, S. Liu,“Statistical Analysis of the DCT Coefficients and TheirQuantization Error,” the30thAsilomar Conf. Signals, Syst., Comput., LosAlamitos, pp.601-605, November1996.
[168] Y. Altunbasak, N. Kamaci,“An Analysis of DCT Coefficient Distribution withthe H.264Video Coder,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference onAcoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Montreal, pp.17-21, May2004.
[169] J. Dong, N. Ling,“On Model Parameter Estimation for H.264/AVC RateControl,” Proceedings of IEEE Int. Symp. Circuits Syst., New Orleans, pp.289-292, May2007.
[170] T. Zhu, J. Wang, X. Zhang,“Research on Statistical Distributions of TransformCoefficients for H.264/AVC,” the3rdInternational Congress on Image andSignal Processing, Yantai, October,2010.
[171] J. Liu, P. Moulin,“Information-Theoretic Analysis of Interscale and IntrascaleDependencies Between Image Wavelet Coefficients,” IEEE Transactions onImage Processing, Vol.10, No.11, pp.1647-1658, November2001.
[172] D. R. Brillinger,“Some Data Analyses Using Mutual Information,” BrazilianJournal of Probability and Statistics, Vol.18, pp.163-182,2004.
[2] Yao Wang, Jorn Ostermann, Ya-Qin, Zhang,“Video Processing andCommunications,” Pearsom Education,2001.
[3] ITU-T Recommendation H.261Version2, Video Codec for AudiovisualServices at p64kbit/s,1990.
[4] Video Coding for Low Bit Rate Communication, ITU-T RecommendationH.263, January2005.
[5] ISO/IEC11172-1:1991, Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio forDigital Storage Media at up to about1.5Mbps, Part2: Visual,1991.
[6] ISO/IEC13818-2:1994, Information Technology-Generic Coding of MovingPictures and Associated Audio, Part2: Visual,1994.
[7] ISO/IEC14496-2:1999, Information Technology-Generic Coding ofAudio/Visual/Objects, Part2: Visual,1999.
[8] Advanced Video Coding for Generic Audiovisual Services, ITU-TRecommendation H.264and ISO/IEC14496-10AVC Standard, March,2009.
[9] Video and Requirements SGs,“New Challenges in Video CodingStandardization,” ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11/N9992, July2008.
[10] Video and Requirements SGs,“First Thoughts on New Challenges in VideoCoding Standardization,” ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11/N9785, April2008.
[11] ITU-TQ6/16Visual Coding and ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11Coding of MovingPictures and Audio,“Terms of Reference of the Joint Collaborative team onVideo Coding Standard Development,” ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11/N1112,January2010.
[12] ITU-T Q6/16Visual Coding and ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11Coding of MovingPictures and Audio,“Joint Call for Proposals on Video CompressionTechnology,” ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11/N1113, January2010.
[13] Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) of ITU-T SG16WP3andISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11,“High Efficiency Vodio Coding (HEVC) TextSpecification Draft10,” JCTVC-L1003, January2013.
[14] Toby Berger,“Rate-distortion theory: a mathematical basis for datacompression,” NJ: Prentice-Hall,1971.
[15] Michelle Effros,“Optimal Modeling for Complex System Design,” IEEE SignalProcessing Magazine, Vol.15, No.6, pp.51-73, November1998.
[16] Zhenzhong Chen, King Ngi Ngan,“Recent advaces in rate control for videocoding,” Signal Processing: Image Communication, Vol.22, Issue1, pp.19-38,January,2007.
[17] Antonio Ortega, Kannan Ramchandran,“Rate-Distortion Methods for Imageand Video Compression,” IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, Vol.15, No.6, pp.23-50, Novermber1998.
[18] Huifang Sun, Wilson Kwok, Max Chien,“MPEG Coding PerformanceImprovement by Jointly Optimizing Coding Mode Decision and Rate Control,”IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.7, No.3,pp.449-458, June1997.
[19] Gary J. Sullivan, Thomas Wiegand,“Rate-Distortion Optimmization for VideoCompression,” IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, Vol.15, No.6, pp.74-90,Novermber1998.
[20] Thomas Wiegand, Heiko Schwarz, Anthony Joch, Faouzi Kossentini, Gary J.Sullivan,“Rate-Constrained Coder Control and Comparison of Video CodingStandards,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology,Vol.13, No.7, pp.688-703, July2003.
[21] Luk Overmeire, Lode Nachtergaele, Fabio Verdicchio, Joeri Barbaried, PeterSchelkens,“Constant Quality Video Coding Using Video Content Analysis,”Signal Processing: Image Communication, Vol.20, No.4, pp.343-369, April2005.
[22] Liang-Jin Lin, Antonio Qrtega,“Bit-Rate Control Using PiecewiseApproximated Rate-Distortion Characteristics,” IEEE Transactions on Circuitsand Systems for Video Technology, Vol.8, No.4, pp.446-459, August1998.
[23] Zhihai He, Wenjun Zeng, Chang Wen Chen,“Low-Pass Filtering ofRate-Distortion Functions for Quality Smoothing in Real-Time VideoCommunication,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for VideoTechnology, Vol.15, No.8, pp.973-981, August2005.
[24] Bo Xie, Wenjun Zeng,“A Sequence-Based Rate Control Framework forConsistent Quality Real-Time Video,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits andSystems for Video Technology, Vol.16, No.1, pp.56-71, January2006.
[25] Zhenzhong Chen, King Ngi Ngan,“Distortion Variation Minimization inReal-Time Video Coding,” Signal Processing: Image Communication, Vol.21,No.4, pp.273-279, April2006.
[26] Thomas Wiegand, Niko Farber, Klaus Stuhlmuller, Bernd Girod,“Error-Resilient Video Transmission Using Long-Term Nemory MotionCompensated Prediction,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,Vol.18, No.6, pp.1050-1062, June2000.
[27] Rui Zhang, Shankar L. Regunathan, Kenneth Rose,“Video Coding with OptimalInter/Intra-Mode Switching for Packet Loss Resilience,” IEEE Journal onSelected Areas in Communications, Vol.18, No.6, pp.966-976, June2000.
[28] Zhihai He, Jianfei Cain, Chang Wen Chen,“Joint Source ChannelRate-Distortion Analysis for Adaptive Mode Selection and Rate Control inWireless Video Coding,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for VideoTechnology, Vol.12, No.6, pp.511-523, June2002.
[29] Thomas Stockhammer, Dimitrios Kontopodis, Thomas Wiegand,“Rate-Distortion Optimization for JVC/H.26L Video Coding in Packet LossEnviroment,” Packetvideo Workshop, Pittsburgh,2002,
[30] Oztan Harmanci, A. Murat Tekalp,“Rate-Distortion Optimal Video TransportOver IP Allowing Packets with Bit Errors,” IEEE Transactions on ImageProcessing, Vol.16, No.5, pp.1315-1326, May2007.
[31] Shuai Wan, Ebroul Izquierdo,“Rate-distortion Optimized Motion-CompensatedPrediction for Packet Loss Resilient Video Coding,” IEEE Transactions onImage Processing, Vol.16, No.5, pp.1327-1338, May2007.
[32] D. Marpe, H. Schwarz, T. Wiegand,“Context-Based Adaptive Binary ArithmeticCoding in the H.264/AVC Video Compression Staandard,” IEEE Transactionson Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.13, No.7, pp.620-636, July2003.
[33] Thomas Wiegand, Gary J. Sullivan, Gisle Bjontegaard, Ajay Luthra,“Overviewof the H.264/AVC Video Coding Standard,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits andSystems for Video Technology, Vol.13, No.7, pp.560-576, July2003.
[34] Gary J. Sullivan, Jens-Rainer Ohm, Woo-Jin Han, Thomas Wiegand,“Overviewof the High Efficiency Video Coding,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits andSystems for Video Technology, Vol.22, No.12, pp.1649-1668, December2012.
[35] Toby Berger, Jerry D. Gibson,“Lossy Source Coding,” IEEE Transactions onInformation Theory, Vo.44, No.6, pp.2693-2723, October1998.
[36] ITU-T SG16/Q6Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG),“Joint Call forProposals on Video Compression Technology,” ITU-T SG.16Q.6DucumentVCEG-AM91, Jan.2010.
[37] Thomas Wiegand, Jens-Rainer Ohm, Gary J. Sullivan, Woo-Jin Han, Rajan Joshi,Thiow Keng Tan,“Special Section on the Joint Call for Proposals on HighEfficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Standardization,” IEEE Transactions onCircuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.20, No.12, pp.1661-1666,December2010.
[38] Jens-Rainer Ohm, Gary J. Sullivan, Heiko Schwarz, Thiow Keng Tan, ThomasWiegand,“Comparison of the Coding Efficiency of Video CodingStandards-Including High Efficiency Video Coding(HEVC),” IEEE Transactionson Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.22, No.12, pp.1669-1684,December2012.
[39] Gary J. Sullivan, Thomas Wiegand,“Video Compression-From Comcepts to theH.264/AVC Standard,” Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol.93, No.1, pp.18-31,January2005.
[40] Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) of ITU-T SG16WP3andISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11,“Samsung’s Response to the Call for Proposeals onVideo Compression Technology,” JCTVC-A124, April2010.
[41] Woo-Jin Han, Junghye Min, Il-Koo Kim, Elena Alshina, Alexander Alshin,Tammy Lee, Jianle Chen, Vadim Seregin, Sunil Lee,“Improved VideoCompression Efficiency Through Flexible Unit Representation andCorresponding Extension of Coding Tools,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits andSystems for Video Technology, Vol.20, No.12, pp.1709-1720, December2010.
[42] Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) of ITU-T SG16WP3andISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11,“Description of Video Coding TechnologyProposal by Tandberg, Nokia, Ericsson,” JCTVC-A119, April2010.
[43] Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) of ITU-T SG16WP3andISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11,“Unification of the Directional Intra PredictionMethods in Tmuc,” JCTVC-B100, July2010.
[44] Jani Lainema, Frank Bossen, Woo-Jin Han, Hunghye Min, Kemal Ugur,“IntraCoding of the HEVC Standard,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems forVideo Technology, Vol.22, No.12, pp.1792-1801, December2012.
[45] Jani Lainema, Kemal Ugur,“Angular Intra Prediction in High Efficiency VideoCoding (HEVC),” the13thInternational Workshop on Multimedia SignalProcessing, Hangzhou, October,2011.
[46] Chuohao Yeo, Yih Han Tan, Zhengguo Li, Susanto Rahardja,“Mode-dependenttransforms for coding directional intra prediction residuals,” IEEE Transactionson Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.22, No.4, pp.545-554,April2012.
[47] Vivienne Sze, Madhukar Budagavi,“High Throughput CABAC Entropy Codingin HEVC,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology,Vol.22, No.12, pp.1778-1791, December2012.
[48] Chih-Ming Fu, Elena Alshina, Alexander Alshin, Yu-Wen Huang, Ching-YehChen, Chia-Yang Tsai, Chih-Wei Hsu, Shaw-Min Lei, Jeong-Hoon Park,Woo-Jin Han,“Sample Adaptive Offset in the HEVC Standard,” IEEETransactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.22, No.12, pp.1755-1764, December2012.
[49] Il-Koo Kim, Junghye Min, Tammy Lee, Woo-Jin Han, JeongHoon Park,“BlockPartitioning Structure in the HEVC Standard,” IEEE Transactions on Circuitsand Systems for Video Technology, Vol.22, No.12, pp.1697-1706, December2012.
[50] Yuan Yuan, Il-Koo Kim, Xiaozhen Zheng, Lingzhi Liu, Xiaoran Cao, Sunil Lee,Min-Su Cheon, Tammy Lee, Yun He, Jeong-Hoon Park,“Quadtree BasedNonsquare Block Structure for Inter Frame Coding in High Efficiency VideoCoding,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.22, No.12, pp.1707-1719, December2012.
[51] Joel Sole, Rajan Joshi, Nguyen Nguyen, Tianying Ji, Marta Karczewicz, GordonChlare,“Transform Coefficient Coding in HEVC,” IEEE Transactions onCircuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.22, No.12, pp.1765-1777,December2012.
[52] Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) of ITU-T SG16WP3andISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11,“High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) TestModel12(HM12) Encoder Description,” JCTVC-N1002, July2013.
[53] Tihao Chiang, Ya-Qin Zhang,“A New Rate Control Scheme Using QuadraticRate Distortion Model,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for VideoTechnology, Vol.7, No.1, pp.246-250, February1997.
[54] Hung-Ju Lee, Tihao Chiang, Ya-Qin Zhang,“Scalable Rate Control for MPEG-4Video,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.10, No.6, pp.878-894, September2000.
[55] Hsueh-Ming Hang, Jiann-Jone Chen,“Source Model for Transform Video Coderand Its Application–Part I: Fundamental Theory,” IEEE Transactions onCircuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.7, No.2, pp.287-298, April2007.
[56] Jiann-Jone Chen, Hsueh-Ming Hang,“Source Model for Transform Video Coderand Its Application–Part II: Variable Frame Rate Coding,” IEEE Transactionson Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.7, No.2, pp.299-311, April1997.
[57] Thomas R. Fischer, Min Wang,“Entropy-Constrained Trellis-CodedQuantization,” IEEE Transctions on Information Theory, Vol.38, No.2, pp.415-426, March1992.
[58] Rajiv Laroia, Nariman Farvardin,“A Structured Fixed-Rate Vector QuantizerDerived from a Variable-Length Scalar Quantizer. I. Memoryless Sources,”IEEE Transctions on Information Theory, Vol.39, No.3, pp.851-867, May1993.
[59] Antonio Ortega, Kannan Ramchandran, Martin Vetterli,“Optimal Trellis-basedBuffered Compression and Fast Approximations,” IEEE Transactions on ImageProcessing, Vol.3, No.1, pp.26-40, January1994.
[60] Siwei Ma, Wen Gao, Yan Lu,“Rate-Distortion analysis for H.264/AVC VideoCoding and its Application to Rate Control,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits andSystems for Video Technology, Vol.15, No.12, pp.1533-1544, December2005.
[61] Hugh Everett,“Generalized Lagrange Multiplier Method for Solving Problemsof Optimum Allocation of Resources,” Operations Res., Vol.11, pp.399-417,1963.
[62] Thomas Wiegand, Bernd Girod,“Lagrange Multiplier Selection in Hybrid VideoCoder Control,” Proceeding of the IEEE International Conference on ImageProcessing, Vol.3, pp.542-545, Thessaloniki, Greece, October2001.
[63] Bin Li, Houqiang Li, Li Li, Jinlei Zhang,“Rate control by R-lambda model forHEVC,” the11thJCTVC Meeting, Shanghai, CN, October2012.
[64] Reoxiang Li, Bing Zeng, M. L. Liou,“A new three-step search algorithm forblock motion estimation,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for VideoTechnology, Vol.4, No.4, pp.438-442, August1994.
[65] Shan Zhu, Kai-Kuang Ma,“A New Diamond Search Algorithm forFast-Matching Motion Estimation,” IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,Vol.9, No.2, pp.287-290, February2000.
[66] Ce Zhu, Xiao Lin, Lap-Pui Chau,“Hexagon-based search algorithm for fastblock motion estimation,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for VideoTechnology, Vol.12, No.5, pp.349-355, May2002.
[67] Ce Zhu, Xiao Lin, Lap-Pui Chau, Lai-Man Po,“Enhanced Hexagonal Search forFast Block Motion Estimation,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems forVideo Technology, Vol.14, No.10, pp.1210-1214, October2004.
[68] A. M. Tourapis, O. C. Au, M. L. Liou,“Highly Efficient Predictive ZonalAlgorithms for Fast Block-Matching Motion Estimation,” IEEE Transactions onCircuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.12, No.10, pp.934-947,October2002.
[69] Woong Il Choi, Byeungwoo Jeon, Jechang Jeong,“Fast Motion Estimation withModified Diamond Search for Variable Motion Block Sizes,” Proceedings2003International Conference on Image Processing, Barcelona, pp.371-374,September2003.
[70] Yu-Kuang Tu, Jar-Ferr Yang, Yi-Nung Shen, Ming-Ting Sun,“FastVariable-Size Block Motion Estimation Using Merging Procedure with anAdaptive Threshold,” Proceeding2003International Conference on Multimediaand Expo, Baltimore, pp.789-792, July2003.
[71] Andy Chang, O. C. Au, Y. M. Yeung,“A Novel Approach to Fast Multi-BlockMotion Estimation for H.264Vido Coding,” Proceedings2003InternationalConference on Multimedia and Expo, Baltimore, pp.105-108, July2003.
[72] Jeyun Lee, Byeungwoo Jeon,“Fast Mode Decision for H.264with VariableMotion Block Sizes,” IEEE International Symp. Comput. Inf. Sci., pp.723-730,2003.
[73] Tien-Ying Kuo, Chen-Hung Chan,“Fast Variable Block Size Motion Estimationfor H.264Using Likelihood and Correlation of Motion Field,” IEEETransactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.16, No.10, pp.1185-1195, October2006.
[74] Duane Storey, Panos Nasiopoulos,“An Efficient Statistical Intra-ModePrediction Method for H.264,” IEEE International Symposium on SignalProcessing and Information Technology, Vancouver, BC, Canada, pp.803-806,August2006.
[75] Bojun Meng, Oscar C. Au,“Fast Intra-Prediction Mode Selection for4x4Blocksin H.264,” IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and SignalProcessing, Hong Kong, pp.389-392, April2003.
[76] Andy Chang, Oscar C. Au, Y. M. Yeung,“A Novel Approach to Fast MultiframeSelection for H.264Video Coding,” Proceedings of International Conference onAcoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Hong Kong, pp.704-707, April2003.
[77] Yu-Wen Huang, Bing-Yu Hsieh, Tu-Chih Wang, Shao-Yi Chient,“Analysis andReduction of Reference Frames for Motion Estimation in MPEG-4AVC/JVC/H.264,” Proceedings of International Conference on Acoustics,Speech and Signal Processing, Hong Kong, pp.145-148, April2003.
[78] Mei-Juan Chen, Yi-Yen Chiang, Hung-Ju Li, Ming-Chieh Chi,“EfficientMultiframe Motion Estimation Algorithms for MPEG-4/AVC/JVT/H.264,”Proceedings of IEEE ISCAS, Vancouver, Canada, pp.737-740, May2004.
[79] Yeping Su, Ming-Ting Sun,“Fast Multiple Reference Frame Motion Estimationfor H.264,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology,Vol.16, No.3, pp.447-452, May2006.
[80] H. Y. Cheong, A. M. Tourapis,“Fast Motion Estimation within the H.264Codec,” Proceedings2003International Conference on Multimedia and Expo,Baltimore, pp.517-520, July2003.
[81] K. P. Lim, S. Wu, D. J. Wu, S. Rahardja X. Lin, F. Pan,“Fast Inter ModeSelection,” the9thJVT Meeting,2003.
[82] F. Pan, L. Xiao,“Fast Mode Decision for Intra Prediction,” the7the JVTMeeting, Pattaya, March2003.
[83] Frank Bossen, Benjamin, Karsten Suhring, David Flynn,“HEVC Complexityand Implementation Analysis,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems forVideo Technology, Vol.22, No.12, pp.1685-1696, December2012.
[84] M. B. Cassa, M. Naccari, F. Pereira,“Fast Rate Distortion Optimization for theEmerging HEVC Standard,” Proceedings of Picture Coding Symposium, Poland,May2012.
[85] N. Purnachand, L. N. Alves, A. Navarro,“Fast Motion Estimation Algorithm forHEVC,”2012IEEE Second International Conference on Consumer Electronics,Berlin, pp.34-37,2012.
[86] Guifen Tian, Satoshi Goto,“Content Adaptive Prediction Unit Size DecisionAlgorithm for HEVC Intra Coding,”2012Picture Coding Symposium, Krakow,pp.405-408, May2012.
[87] Liang Zhao, Li Zhang, Siwei Ma, Debin Zhao,“Fast Mode Decision Algorithmfor Intra Prediction in HEVC”2011Visual Communications and ImageProcessing, Tainan, November2011.
[88] Su-Wei Teng, Hsueh-Ming Hang, Yi-Fu Chen,“Fast Mode Decision Algorithmfor Residual Quadtree Coding in HEVC,”2011Visual Communications andImage Processing, Tainan, November2011.
[89] Tung Nguyen, Detlev Marpe, Heiko Schwarz, Thomas Wigand,“Reduced-Complexity Entropy Coding of Transform Coefficient Levels UsingTruncated Golomb-Rice Codes in Video Compression,”201118thIEEEInternational Conference on Image Processing, Brussels, pp.753-756,September2011.
[90] Alvarez-Mesa Mauricio, Chi Chi Ching, Ben Juurlink, George Valeri, ThomasSchierl,“Parallel Video Decoding in the Emerging HEVC Standard,”2012IEEEInternational Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Kyoto,pp.1545-1548, March2012.
[91] N. Mohsenian, R. Rajagopalan, C. A. Gonzales,“Single-pass constant-andvariable-bit-rate MPEG-2video compression,” IBM Journal of Research andDevelopment, Vol.43, No.4, pp.489-509, July1999.
[92] Gregory J. Conklin, Gary S. Greenbaum, Karl O. Lillevold, Alan F. Lippman,Yuriy A. Reznik,“Video Coding for Streaming Media Delivery on the Internet,”IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.11, No.3,pp.269-281, March2001.
[93] P. H. Westerink, R. Rajagopalan, C. A. Gonzales,“Two-Pass MPEG-2Variable-Bit-Rate Encoding,” IBM J. RES. Develop, Vol.43, No.4, pp.471-488,July1999.
[94] CCITT SG XV WP/1/Q4,“Description of Reference Model8(RM8),” June1989.
[95] E. Viscito, C. Gonzales,“A Video Compression Algorithm with Adaptive BitAllocation and Quantization,” Proceedings of the Visual Communications andImage Processing (VCIP’91), Vol.1605, pp.58-72, Boston, USA,1991.
[96] MPEG-2Test Model5, Doc. ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29WG11/93-400, April1993.
[97] Jordi Ribas-Corbera, Shawmin Lei,“Rate Control in DCT Video Coding forLow-Delay Communications,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems forVideo Technology, Vol.9, No.1, pp.172-185, February1999.
[98]Zhengguo Li, Feng Pan, Keng Pang Lim, Genan Feng, Xiao Lin, Susanto Rahardja,“Adaptive Basic Unit Layer Rate Control for JVT,” the7thJVT Meeting, Pattaya,March2003.
[99]Athanasios Leontaris, Alexis Michael Tourapis,“Rate Control Reorganization inthe Joint Model (JM) Reference Software,” the23rdJVT Meeting, San Jose,April2007.
[100] Bin Li, Houqiang Li, Li Li,“Adaptive Bit Allocation for R-Lambda Model RateControl in HM,” the13thJCTVC Meeting, Incheon, KR, April2013.
[101] Minqiang Jiang, Xiaoquan Yi, Nam Ling,“Frame Layer Bit Allocation Schemefor Constant Quality Video,” IEEE International Conference on Multimedia andExpo, Taipei, pp.1055-1058, June2004.
[102] S. Eshaghi, O. Fatemi, M. Hashemi,“A Frame Layer Bit Allocation for H.264Based on Mode Decision,” IEEE International Conference on Signal Processingand Communications, Dubai, pp.352-355, November2007.
[103] Xuan Jing, Lap-Pui Chau,“Improved Frame Level MAD Prediction and BitAllocation Scheme for H.264/AVC Rate Control,” IEEE InternationalSymposium on Circuits and Systems, New Orieans, pp.3639-3642, May2007.
[104] Tian Lan, Xuemai Gu,“H.264Frame Layer Rate Control Based on BlockHistogram Difference,” IEEE International Conference on CommunicationsWorkshops, Beijing, May2008.
[105] MyOUNG-Jin Kim, Min-Cheol Hong,“Adaptive Rate Control Scheme inFrame-Layer for Real-Time H.264,” the5thInternational Conference onIntelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing, Kyoto, pp.128-131, September2009.
[106] A. Malewar, R. K. Singh, V. Gadre,“Novel Target Bit Rate Estimation forImproved Frame Level H.264Rate Control,”2010International Conference onSignal Processing and Communications, Bangalore, pp.1-5, July2010.
[107] Xiao Chen, Feifei Lu,“A Reformative Frame Layer Rate Control Algorithm forH.264,” IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol.56, No.4, pp.2806-2811, November2010.
[108] Minqiang Jiang, Nam Ling,“Frame-Layer H.264Rate Control ImprovementUsing Lagrange Multiplier and Quantizaer,” IEEE International Symposium onCircuits and Systems, Kobe, pp.4369-4372, May2005.
[109] Minqiang Jiang, Nam Ling,“On Lagrange Multiplier and Quantizer Adjustmentfor H.264Frame-Layer Video Rate Control,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits andSystems for Video Technology, Vol.16, No.5, pp.663-669, May2006.
[110] Chenghong Jiang, Chih-Hung Kuo,“A Two-Pass Video Encoder by FixedLagrange Multipliers,” IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems,Kuala Lumpur, pp.552-555,2010.
[111] Hanli Wang, Sam Kwong,“Rate-Distortion Optimization of Rate Control forH.264with Adaptive Initial Quantization Parameter Determination,” IEEETransactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.18, No.1, pp.140-144, January2008.
[112] Gwo Giun Lee, He-Yuan Lin, Ming-Jiun Wang,“Textural Complexity-BasedRate Control Algorithm,” IEEE International Conference on Multimedia andExpo, Hannover, pp.1109-1112, June2008.
[113] Xiaodong Liu, Qionghai Dai, Chonggang Fu,“Improved Methods forInitializing R-Q Model Parameters and Quantization Parameter in H.264RateControl,” World Congress on Computer Science and Information Engineering,Los Angeles, pp.320-323, April2009.
[114] Changhyun Lee, Yunho Jung, Seongjoo Lee,“Real-Time Frame-Layer H.264Rate Control for Scene-Transition Video at Low Bit Rate,” IEEE Transactionson Consumer Electronics, Vol.53, No.3, pp.1084-1092, August2007.
[115] Changhyun Lee, Seongjoo Lee, Yunje Oh,“Real-Time H.264Rate Control forScene-Changed Video at Low Bit Rate,” International Conference on ConsumerElectronics, Las Vegas, pp.1-2, January2007.
[116] M. Jiang, X. Yi, N. Ling,“Improved Frame-Layer Rate Control for H.264UsingMAD Ratio,” IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, pp.813-816, Vancouver, May2004.
[117] M. Q. Jiang, L. Nam,“On Enhancing H.264/AVC Video Rate Control byPSNR-Based Frame Complexity Estimation,” IEEE Transactions on ConsumerElectronics, Vol.51, No.1, pp.281-286,2005.
[118] D. Chattopadhyay, A. Sinha, T. Chattopadhyay,“Adaptive Rate Control forH.264Based Video Conferencing over A Low Bandwidth Wired and WirelessChannel,” IEEE International Symposium on Broadband Multimedia Systemsand Broadcasting, Bibao pp.1-6, May2009.
[119] R. Stapenhurst, D. Agrafiotis, J. Pledge,“Adaptive HRD Parameter Selection forFixed Delay Live Wireless Video Streaming,” the18thInternational PacketVideo Workshop, Hong Kong, pp.142-149, December2010.
[120] Xiaoyu Song, Xingming Zhang, Hongjie Huang,“Improved H.264Rate Controlover Wireless Channel,” the3rdInternational Conference on AdavancedComputer Theory and Engineering, Chengdu, pp.255-259, August2010.
[121] Zhenzhong Chen, Dongdong Zhang, King Ngan,“An Efficient Algorithm forH.264/AVC High Definition Video Coding,” IEEE Transactions on ConsummerElectronics, Vol.54, No.4, pp.1852-1857, November2008.
[122] Dongdong Zhang, Zhenzhong Chen, King Ngi Ngan,“Constant Distortion RateControl for H.264/AVC High Definition Videos with Scene Change,” IEEEInternational Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Seattle, pp.3498-3501, May2008.
[123] A. Javdtalab, M. Omidyeganeh, S. Shirmohammandi,“A Rate ControlAlgorithm for X264High Definition Video Conferencing,” IEEE InternationalConference on Multimedia and Expo, Barcelona, pp.1-6, July2011.
[124] Herbert Gish, John N. Pierce,“Asymptotically Efficient Quantizing,” IEEETransactions on Information Theory, Vol.14, No.5, pp.676-683, September1968.
[125] Yang Liu, Zhengguo G. Li, Yeng Chai Soh,“A Novel Rate Control Scheme forLow Delay Video Communication of H.264/AVC Standard,” IEEE Transactionson Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.15, No.8, pp.68-78,January2007.
[126] J. Wei, B. H. Soong, Z. G. Li,“A New Rate-Distortion Model for VideoTransmission Using Multiple Logarithmic Functions,” IEEE Signal ProcessingLetter, Vol.11, No.8, pp.694-697, August2004.
[127] Junfeng Bai, Chang Feng, Qingmin Liao, Xinggang Lin, Xinhua Zhuang,“Accurate Estimation of R-D Characteristics for Rate Control in Real-TimeVideo Encoding,” Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference onAcoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Salt Lake City, pp.1381-1384, May2001.
[128] Zhihai He, Yong Kwan Kim, Sanjit K. Mitra,“Low-Delay Rate Control for DCTVideo Coding Via-Domain Source Modeling,” IEEE Transactions on Circuitsand Systems for Video Technology, Vol.11, No.8, pp.928-940, August2001.
[129] Zhihai He, Sanjit K. Mitra,“A Unified Rate-Distortion Analysis Framework forTransform Coding,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for VideoTechnology, Vol.11, No.12, pp.1221-1236, December2001.
[130] Zhihai He, Sanjit K. Mitra,“A Linear Source Model and A Unified Rate ControlAlgorithm for DCT Video Coding,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systemsfor Video Technology, Vol.12, No.11, pp.970-982, November2002.
[131] Joong-Yun Lee, Hyun Wook Park,“A Rate Control Algorithm for DCT-BasedVideo Coding Using Simple Rate Estimation and Linear Source Model,” IEEETransactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.15, No.9, pp.1077-1085, September2005.
[132] Bumshik Lee, Munchurl Kim,“Modeling Rates and Distortions Based on aMixture of Laplacian Distributions for Inter-Predicted Residues in QuadtreeCoding of HEVC,” IEEE Signal Processing Letters, Vol.18, No.10, October2011.
[133] G. M. Schuster, G. Melnikov, A. K. Katsaggelos,“A Review of the MinimumMaximum Criterion for Optimal Bit Allocatioin Among Dependent Quantizers,”IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, Vol.1, No.1, pp.3-17, March1999.
[134] Z. Z. Chen, K. N. Ngan,“Distortion Variation Minimization in Real-Time VideoCoding,” Signal Processing-Image Communication, Vol.21, No.4, pp.273-279,April2006.
[135] N. Cherniavsky, G. Shavit, M. F. Ringenburg,“Multistage: A MINMAX BitAllocation Algorithm for Video Coders,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits andSystems for Video Technology, Vol.17, No.1, pp.59-67, January2007.
[136] M. Tagliasacchi, G. Valenzise, S. Tubaro,“Minimum Variance Optimal RateAllocation for Multiplexed H.264/AVC Bitstreams,” IEEE Transactions onImage Processing, Vol.17, No.7, pp.1129-1143, July2008.
[137] Y. Sun, I. Ahmad, D. D. Li,“Region-Based Rate Control and Bit Allocation forWireless Video Transmission,” IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, Vol.8, No.1,pp.1-10, February2006.
[138] P. H. Wu, H. H. Chen,“Frame-Layer Constant-Quality Rate Control of Regionsof Interest for Multiple Encoders with Single Video Source,” IEEE Transactionson Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.17, No.7, pp.857-867, July2007.
[139] Y. Liu, Z. G. Li, Y. C. Soh,“Region-of-Interest Based Resource Allocation forConversational Video Communication of H.264/AVC,” IEEE Transactions onCircuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.18, No.1, pp.134-139, January2008.
[140] X. K, Yang, W. S. Lin, Z. K. Lu,“Motion-Compensated Residue Preprocessingin Video Coding Based on Just-Noticeable-Distortion Profile,” IEEETransactions on Image Processing, Vol.15, No.6, pp.742-752, June2005.
[141] Z. Y. Wei, K. N. Ngan,“Spatio-Temporal Just Noticeable Distortion Profile forGrey Scale Image/Video in DCT Domain,” IEEE Transactions on ImageProcessing, Vol.19, No.3, pp.337-346, March2009.
[142] ITU-T Rec. P.862. Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality (PESQ): AnObjective Method for End-to-End Speech Quality Assessment of NarrowbandTelephone Networks and Speech Codecs.2001.
[143] ITU-T Rec. G.1070. Opinion Model for Video-Telephony Applications.2009.
[144] S. Lingfen, E. C. Ifeachor,“Perceived Speech Quality Prediction for Voice OverIP-Based Network,” IEEE International Communications Conferences, NewYork, USA, pp.2573-2577, April2002.
[145] L. F. Sun, G. Wade, B. M. Lines,“Impact of Packet Loss Location on PerceivedSpeech Quality,” In Proceedings of2ndIP-Telephony Workshop, pp.114-122,2001.
[146] L. Ding, Z. Lin, A. Radwan, R. A. Goubran,“Non-Intrusive Single-EndedSpeech Quality Assessemnt in VoIP,” Speech Communication, Vol.49, No.6, pp.477-489, June2007.
[147] S. Jelassi, H. Youssef, C. Hoene,“Voice-Aware Parametric Speech QulaityModels Over VoIP Networks,” Proceedings of2ndIEEE Global InformationInfrastructure Symposium,2009.
[148]3GPP TS26.094. AMR Speeh Codec; Voice Activity Detector.2009.
[149] ITU-T Rec. P.833. Methodology for Derivation of Equipment ImpairmentFactors From Subjective Listening-Only Tests.2001.
[150]3GPP TS26.090. AMR Speech Codec; Speech Transcoding.2009.
[151] E. N. Gilbert,“Capacity of A Burst-Noise Channel,” Bell System TechnicalJournal, Vol.39, No.9, pp.1253-1265,1960.
[152] W. Zheng, D. X. Li, B. Shi, H. S. Le, M. Zhang,“Efficient Pipelined CABACEncoding Architecture,” IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol.54,No.2, pp.681-686, May2008.
[153] R. R. Osorio, J. D. Bruguera,“High-Throughput Architecture for H.264/AVCCABAC Compression System,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems forVideo Technology, Vol.16, No.11, pp.1376-1384, November2006.
[154] S. Chen, S. Sun,“Efficient Bit Rate Estimation Technique for CABAC,” IEEEAsia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems, Macao, pp.514-517,December,2008.
[155] L. Liu, X. Zhuang,“CABAC Based Bit Estimation for Fast H.264RDOptimization Decision,” the6thIEEE Consumer Communications andNetworking Conference,Las Vegas, January2009.
[156] J. Hahm, C. M. Kyung,“Efficient CABAC Rate Estimation for H.264/AVCMode Decision,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for VideoTechnology, Vol.20, No.2, pp.310-316, February2010.
[157] G. Bjontegaard,“Calculation of Average PSNR Differences BetweenRD-Curves,” the13thITU-T Q.6/SG16VCEG Meeting, April2001.
[158] K. Choi, S. H. Park, E. S. Jang,“Coding Tree Pruning Based CU EarlyTermination,” the6thJCTVC Meeting, Torino, July2011.
[159] G. Laroche, T. Poirier, P. Onno,“Encoder Speed-up for the Motion VectorPredictor Cost Estimation,” the8thJCTVC Meeting, San Jose, February2012.
[160] M. B. Cassa, M. Naccari, F. Pereira,“Fast Rate Distortion Optimization forEmerging HEVC Standard,” Proceedings of Picture Coding Symposium, Poland,May2012.
[161] J. Kim, S. Jeong, S. Cho,“Adaptive Coding Unit Early Termination Alagorithmfor HEVC,” IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics, Berlin,June2012.
[162] Hyomin Choi, Junghak Nam, Jonghun Yoo,“Rate Control Based on Unified RQModel for HEVC,” the8thJCTVC Meeting, San Jose, February2012.
[163] Bin Li, Li Li, Houqiang Li,“Bug Fix for Rate Control Algorithm in HM,” the12thJCTVC Meeting, Geneva, January2013.
[164] Jiaying Liu, Yongjin Cho, Zongming Guo C.-C. Jay Kuo,“Bit Allocation forSpatial Scalability Coding of H.264/SVC with Dependent Rate-DistortionAnalysis,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology,Vol.20, No.7, pp.967-981, February2010.
[165] B. Lee, M. Kim, T. Q. Nguyen,“A Frame-Level Rate Control Scheme Based onTexture and Nontexture Rate Models for High Efficiency Video Coding,” IEEETransactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.24, No.3, pp.465-479, March2014.
[166] Shanshe Wang, Siwei Ma, Shiqi Wang Debin Zhao,“Rate-GOP Based RateControl for High Efficiency Video Coding,” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics inSignal Processing, Vol.7, No.6, pp.1101-1111, December2013.
[167] G. Yovanof, S. Liu,“Statistical Analysis of the DCT Coefficients and TheirQuantization Error,” the30thAsilomar Conf. Signals, Syst., Comput., LosAlamitos, pp.601-605, November1996.
[168] Y. Altunbasak, N. Kamaci,“An Analysis of DCT Coefficient Distribution withthe H.264Video Coder,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference onAcoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Montreal, pp.17-21, May2004.
[169] J. Dong, N. Ling,“On Model Parameter Estimation for H.264/AVC RateControl,” Proceedings of IEEE Int. Symp. Circuits Syst., New Orleans, pp.289-292, May2007.
[170] T. Zhu, J. Wang, X. Zhang,“Research on Statistical Distributions of TransformCoefficients for H.264/AVC,” the3rdInternational Congress on Image andSignal Processing, Yantai, October,2010.
[171] J. Liu, P. Moulin,“Information-Theoretic Analysis of Interscale and IntrascaleDependencies Between Image Wavelet Coefficients,” IEEE Transactions onImage Processing, Vol.10, No.11, pp.1647-1658, November2001.
[172] D. R. Brillinger,“Some Data Analyses Using Mutual Information,” BrazilianJournal of Probability and Statistics, Vol.18, pp.163-182,2004.