企业集群演进中的企业家作用机理研究
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摘要
20世纪90年代以来,企业集群不仅成为一种普遍发生的经济现象,而且以其特有的竞争优势提升了集群企业的国际竞争力,极大地促进了地区性产业和企业的发展。企业集群地区集聚了大量的企业家和具有企业家才能的管理者,企业家作为一种特殊的要素参与企业的价值创造过程,大量企业家在企业集群内的集聚,为企业集群的升级提供了必要的人力资本保障。文章正是在这样的背景下,对企业家的作用与企业集群发展之间的关系问题进行了思考与研究。文章从宏观环境、企业环境中的企业家作用的一般性入手,认识企业集群发展中企业家的作用,研究企业家在企业集群发展中作用的特殊性;从分析企业集群发展中的形成机理入手,提出促进企业集群发展的企业家作用机理和分析框架。
该选题具有重大的理论和实践意义。在理论上确立集群企业家在经济发展中的重要地位;完善企业家作用的理论研究;确立一个研究企业家问题的独特视角。在当今中国,企业家是严重稀缺的资源,急需发展壮大包括集群企业家在内的企业家队伍。但现实情况是,针对中国企业家、尤其是集群中的企业家的研究严重滞后于实践要求。因此,系统、深入研究当前企业集群中的企业家的作用问题,对于认识中国社会、发展社会主义市场经济也具有重大实践意义。
文章的研究目标是,通过对企业集群发展中企业家作用的分析研究,能够对下面几点有一个比较清楚的认识:(1)本文要就什么是“企业家”、如何甄别企业家在企业集群中的身份提出自己的观点。(2)本文在前人研究的基础上进一步研究企业集群形成和发展的机理和规律性,并构建企业家对集群发展作用的分析框架,寻求集群企业家作用的规律性。这是本文要研究的第三个问题根据得到的规律性,解读企业集群获得并保持竞争优势的原因;(3)揭示企业家影响企业集群发展的形成机理、作用机理和运行机理,从而为促进企业集群的优化与升级提供了制度变迁路径,以促进中国企业家阶层的形成和企业家制度的完善。
针对以上问题,本文的研究主要内容包括以下几个方面:
(1)通过对企业集群形成与演化机理和企业家作用理论的文献研究提出集群企业家在企业集群形成与发展中的重要作用及本文对于集群企业家内涵的界定和企业集群演进阶段的划分。
(2)对集群企业家对企业集群的作用机理进行理论解释,并提出本文的企业家推动企业集群演进的归结性解释模型。
(3)从组织视角分析企业家创业活动与企业集群演进机理,构建企业家创业与企业集群形成演化模型来分析论证企业家创业对集群演进阶段的不同影响。
(4)从能力视角分析企业家才能和学习与企业集群演进机理,研究企业家知识、能力及创新精神等才能因素对集群成长的推动作用,提出企业集群成长演进中的企业家才能构成因子,建立基于企业家才能的企业集群成长演进模型,并提出企业家学习是企业家能力增长的有效途径。
(5)从网络视角分析企业家社会资本与企业集群演进机理,分析企业家社会资本对企业集群社会资本的形成与演进的作用,以及企业家社会资本的各组成部分对企业集群发展演化各个阶段的作用,并建立企业家社会资本演化对企业集群发展与稳定的作用模型。
(6)从发展企业集群战略角度出发提出企业家创业精神、企业家才能增长和企业家社会资本的培养途径。
与企业家在企业集群演进中的作用已有研究相比,本文的研究结论如下:
结论一:企业集群背景下的集群企业家对经济的发展有着特殊和重要的作用。企业家群体构成了企业集群的生产力主体。正是凭借企业家拥有的异质型人力资本,集群企业家成为一种特别稀缺的资源,其创新性行为在成就自己、发展企业的同时,促进了企业集群的演进。
结论二:集群企业家创业不仅推动集群向形成、发展、成熟与转化各个阶段演化,而且在各个阶段企业家都扮演着重要角色。
结论三:集群企业家的才能结构由三个方面组成,即企业家素质、企业家能力和企业家创新,这三个方面之间存在着交互作用与影响。企业家靠自己的才能成就了企业,促使企业集群的形成与发展;集群企业家的才能在企业集群内可以通过多种途径进行着知识共享和传递,企业家通过学习,增加知识和才能,提高包括集群成员自身的学习能力和集群成员之间的合作学习能力,建立起集群的学习机制,最终带动整个集群知识水平的提高。
结论四:集群企业家创新将推动企业集群的由低向高实现高水平的演化。企业集群要获得可持续发展,必须通过创新实现二次创业,持续创新使得集群保持旺盛的生命力与活力。
结论五:企业家社会资本是企业家动员内部和外部资源的能力,是建立在企业网络上由信誉、规范引导下的企业家个人网络。围绕社会资本的集群演进根植于惯例、基因与地方传统之中,集群的萌芽不仅仅是单纯偶然性事件作用的结果,而是和本区域的历史传统有着某种必然联系。发育程度较高的企业网络是企业集群成熟的标志。
结论六:集群企业家网络中相对一致的价值观与合作理念使得企业集群可以发展起较高水平的信任。在信任关系的作用下,集群企业网络中的合作十分频繁,推动了长期合作和社会资本的丰富。
In 1990's, industrial clusters are not merely a normal economical phenomenon, further more they improve the international competitive of the companies of the industrial cluster, and greatly improve the development of the regional industries and the companies. The regions of industrial clusters agglomerate lots of entrepreneurs and mangers with entrepreneurial capabilities. As a special element, Entrepreneurs participate in the value added process of companies, and lots of entrepreneurs in the industrial clusters provide the necessary human resource capital for the updating of the industrial clusters. Under this context, the paper discusses and explores the relationship between the roles of entrepreneurs and the development of the industrial clusters. The paper starts from the common characters of the entrepreneurs' role in the macroeconomics and business environment, understands the roles of entrepreneurs in the development of the industrial clusters, explores the special roles of the entrepreneurs in the development of the industrial clusters, suggests the mechanism and analysis framework of promoting the development of the industrial clusters by starting from the mechanism.
The topic has significant theoretical and practical meaning. In theory, the paper confirms the important role of the industrial clusters' entrepreneurs in the development of economy, completes the theoretical research on the roles of entrepreneurs, and establishes a special view on researching the entrepreneurs' topics. In nowadays China, entrepreneurs are severely scarce resource which is urgently needed to be developed and strengthened. While the reality is that the research aiming at Chinese entrepreneurs, especially the entrepreneurs of industrial clusters is severely slower than the need of the practice. Thus, researching on the roles of the industrial cluster's entrepreneurs systematically and deeply has significant meaning to the Chinese society and developing socialism market economy.
The purpose of the paper is to clearly recognize the following points by analyzing the roles of the entrepreneurs in the development of industrial clusters: (1) The paper wants to show its own idea on what is "entrepreneur" and how to identify the entrepreneurs in the industrial clusters. (2) The paper will take a further step on the research of the mechanism and regularity of the forming and development of industrial clusters, will also construct the framework analysis framework of roles of entrepreneurs on the development of industrial clusters, and seek the regularity of the industrial clusters' roles. (3) Discover the formation mechanism, function mechanism and operation mechanism of how the entrepreneurs impact the development of the industrial clusters, thus to provide the regulation changing path for promoting the optimizaiton and updating of industrial clusters to promote the formation of Chinese entrepreneurs' social rung and the completion of entrepreneurs' regulation.
According to the questions above, the research of the paper mainly includes the following aspects:
(1) According to the research on the literature of the formation and the evolution mechanism of industrial clusters and the roles of entrepreneurs, the paper suggests the important roles of industrial clusters' entrepreneurs in the formation and development of the industrial clusters, and the definition of the inner-meaning of the industrial clusters' entrepreneurs and the division of the evolution stages of the industrial clusters.
(2) Theoretically explain the function mechanism of the industrial clusters' entrepreneurs to the industrial clusters, and suggest resulting explanation model of how the industrial clusters' entrepreneurs promote the industrial clusters.
(3) Analyze the entrepreneurs venture activities and the evolution mechanism of industrial clusters from the aspect of organization, construct the model of entrepreneurs' venture and formation and evolution of industrial clusters to analyze and prove the different influences of entrepreneurs in different evolution stages.
(4) Analyze the entrepreneurs' capabilities, education and industrial clusters' evolution mechanism from the aspect of capability, research on the promoting roles of the capability elements such as knowledge, capability and innovation spirit to the growth of industrial clusters, suggest the entrepreneurs' capability constitute element in the growth and evolution of the industrial clusters, establish the growth model of industrial clusters basing on the entrepreneurs' capabilities, and suggest that the education of the entrepreneurs is a useful method to the improvement of the entrepreneurs' capability.
(5) Analyze the entrepreneurs' social capital and the evolution mechanism of industrial clusters from the aspect of network analysis, analyze the impact of entrepreneurs' social capital on the formation and evolution of industrial clusters' social capital, and the impact of constitute parts of entrepreneurs' social capital on each stage of industrial cluster, then establish the function model of how the evolution of entrepreneurs' social capital impact on industrial clusters' development and stability.
(6) Suggest that the development of the industrial clusters from the view of strateg is a useful method to the improvement of the entrepreneurs venture activities, entrepreneurs' capabilities and entrepreneurs' social capital.
Comparing with the existing research on the roles of entrepreneurs in the evolution of industrial clusters, the conclusion of the paper is as following:
Conclusion 1: the industrial clusters' entrepreneurs under the context of industrial clusters have special and important meaning for the development of economy. The group of the entrepreneurs constitutes for the backbone of the production power of the industrial clusters. Just depending on the differentiated human capital of the entrepreneurs, the industrial clusters' entrepreneurs become a kind of special scared resource, and the innovational activities bring themselves success and develop the companies, as well as promote the evolution of the industrial clusters.
Conclusion 2: The venture of the industrial clusters' entrepreneurs not only boost the clusters to evolve from forming, developing, maturing and changing stage, but also act as different roles in different stages.
Conclusion 3: The capabilities of the industrial clusters' entrepreneurs are structured by three aspects, i.e. entrepreneurs' quality, entrepreneurs' capability and entrepreneurs' innovation, which inter-act and influence each other. Entrepreneurs make the companies success with their own capability; promote the formation and development of the companies. The capabilities of the industrial clusters' entrepreneurs can be shared and transmitted within the cluster by many methods. The entrepreneurs can increase their knowledge and capabilities, improve the study ability and cooperation study ability of the members of the clusters, and establish study mechanism of the clusters, thus improve the knowledge level of the whole industrial clusters.
Conclusion 4: Clusters' entrepreneurs' innovation will boost the industrial clusters realize the evolution from low to high level. If the industrial clusters want get the sustainable development, it must realize the second time venture, continuous innovation makes the clusters keep rigorous life and vigor.
Conclusion 5: Entrepreneurs' social capital is the ability of the entrepreneurs' ability to use their inter and outer resources, the personal network directed by credit and norm basing on the companies' network. The cluster's evolution around the social capital is imbedded in routine, gene and regional tradition, clusters' sprout not only is the result of single accidental event, but has some kind of necessary relationship with the historical tradition of local region. Advanced business network is the signal of the mature of the industrial clusters.
Conclusion 6: The relatively similar value and cooperation idea among the clusters' entrepreneurs' network make it easy for the cluster to develop higher level of trust. Under the effect of the trust, the cooperation in the clusters' business networks is very frequent, which boost the long term cooperation and the fluent of the social capital.
该选题具有重大的理论和实践意义。在理论上确立集群企业家在经济发展中的重要地位;完善企业家作用的理论研究;确立一个研究企业家问题的独特视角。在当今中国,企业家是严重稀缺的资源,急需发展壮大包括集群企业家在内的企业家队伍。但现实情况是,针对中国企业家、尤其是集群中的企业家的研究严重滞后于实践要求。因此,系统、深入研究当前企业集群中的企业家的作用问题,对于认识中国社会、发展社会主义市场经济也具有重大实践意义。
文章的研究目标是,通过对企业集群发展中企业家作用的分析研究,能够对下面几点有一个比较清楚的认识:(1)本文要就什么是“企业家”、如何甄别企业家在企业集群中的身份提出自己的观点。(2)本文在前人研究的基础上进一步研究企业集群形成和发展的机理和规律性,并构建企业家对集群发展作用的分析框架,寻求集群企业家作用的规律性。这是本文要研究的第三个问题根据得到的规律性,解读企业集群获得并保持竞争优势的原因;(3)揭示企业家影响企业集群发展的形成机理、作用机理和运行机理,从而为促进企业集群的优化与升级提供了制度变迁路径,以促进中国企业家阶层的形成和企业家制度的完善。
针对以上问题,本文的研究主要内容包括以下几个方面:
(1)通过对企业集群形成与演化机理和企业家作用理论的文献研究提出集群企业家在企业集群形成与发展中的重要作用及本文对于集群企业家内涵的界定和企业集群演进阶段的划分。
(2)对集群企业家对企业集群的作用机理进行理论解释,并提出本文的企业家推动企业集群演进的归结性解释模型。
(3)从组织视角分析企业家创业活动与企业集群演进机理,构建企业家创业与企业集群形成演化模型来分析论证企业家创业对集群演进阶段的不同影响。
(4)从能力视角分析企业家才能和学习与企业集群演进机理,研究企业家知识、能力及创新精神等才能因素对集群成长的推动作用,提出企业集群成长演进中的企业家才能构成因子,建立基于企业家才能的企业集群成长演进模型,并提出企业家学习是企业家能力增长的有效途径。
(5)从网络视角分析企业家社会资本与企业集群演进机理,分析企业家社会资本对企业集群社会资本的形成与演进的作用,以及企业家社会资本的各组成部分对企业集群发展演化各个阶段的作用,并建立企业家社会资本演化对企业集群发展与稳定的作用模型。
(6)从发展企业集群战略角度出发提出企业家创业精神、企业家才能增长和企业家社会资本的培养途径。
与企业家在企业集群演进中的作用已有研究相比,本文的研究结论如下:
结论一:企业集群背景下的集群企业家对经济的发展有着特殊和重要的作用。企业家群体构成了企业集群的生产力主体。正是凭借企业家拥有的异质型人力资本,集群企业家成为一种特别稀缺的资源,其创新性行为在成就自己、发展企业的同时,促进了企业集群的演进。
结论二:集群企业家创业不仅推动集群向形成、发展、成熟与转化各个阶段演化,而且在各个阶段企业家都扮演着重要角色。
结论三:集群企业家的才能结构由三个方面组成,即企业家素质、企业家能力和企业家创新,这三个方面之间存在着交互作用与影响。企业家靠自己的才能成就了企业,促使企业集群的形成与发展;集群企业家的才能在企业集群内可以通过多种途径进行着知识共享和传递,企业家通过学习,增加知识和才能,提高包括集群成员自身的学习能力和集群成员之间的合作学习能力,建立起集群的学习机制,最终带动整个集群知识水平的提高。
结论四:集群企业家创新将推动企业集群的由低向高实现高水平的演化。企业集群要获得可持续发展,必须通过创新实现二次创业,持续创新使得集群保持旺盛的生命力与活力。
结论五:企业家社会资本是企业家动员内部和外部资源的能力,是建立在企业网络上由信誉、规范引导下的企业家个人网络。围绕社会资本的集群演进根植于惯例、基因与地方传统之中,集群的萌芽不仅仅是单纯偶然性事件作用的结果,而是和本区域的历史传统有着某种必然联系。发育程度较高的企业网络是企业集群成熟的标志。
结论六:集群企业家网络中相对一致的价值观与合作理念使得企业集群可以发展起较高水平的信任。在信任关系的作用下,集群企业网络中的合作十分频繁,推动了长期合作和社会资本的丰富。
In 1990's, industrial clusters are not merely a normal economical phenomenon, further more they improve the international competitive of the companies of the industrial cluster, and greatly improve the development of the regional industries and the companies. The regions of industrial clusters agglomerate lots of entrepreneurs and mangers with entrepreneurial capabilities. As a special element, Entrepreneurs participate in the value added process of companies, and lots of entrepreneurs in the industrial clusters provide the necessary human resource capital for the updating of the industrial clusters. Under this context, the paper discusses and explores the relationship between the roles of entrepreneurs and the development of the industrial clusters. The paper starts from the common characters of the entrepreneurs' role in the macroeconomics and business environment, understands the roles of entrepreneurs in the development of the industrial clusters, explores the special roles of the entrepreneurs in the development of the industrial clusters, suggests the mechanism and analysis framework of promoting the development of the industrial clusters by starting from the mechanism.
The topic has significant theoretical and practical meaning. In theory, the paper confirms the important role of the industrial clusters' entrepreneurs in the development of economy, completes the theoretical research on the roles of entrepreneurs, and establishes a special view on researching the entrepreneurs' topics. In nowadays China, entrepreneurs are severely scarce resource which is urgently needed to be developed and strengthened. While the reality is that the research aiming at Chinese entrepreneurs, especially the entrepreneurs of industrial clusters is severely slower than the need of the practice. Thus, researching on the roles of the industrial cluster's entrepreneurs systematically and deeply has significant meaning to the Chinese society and developing socialism market economy.
The purpose of the paper is to clearly recognize the following points by analyzing the roles of the entrepreneurs in the development of industrial clusters: (1) The paper wants to show its own idea on what is "entrepreneur" and how to identify the entrepreneurs in the industrial clusters. (2) The paper will take a further step on the research of the mechanism and regularity of the forming and development of industrial clusters, will also construct the framework analysis framework of roles of entrepreneurs on the development of industrial clusters, and seek the regularity of the industrial clusters' roles. (3) Discover the formation mechanism, function mechanism and operation mechanism of how the entrepreneurs impact the development of the industrial clusters, thus to provide the regulation changing path for promoting the optimizaiton and updating of industrial clusters to promote the formation of Chinese entrepreneurs' social rung and the completion of entrepreneurs' regulation.
According to the questions above, the research of the paper mainly includes the following aspects:
(1) According to the research on the literature of the formation and the evolution mechanism of industrial clusters and the roles of entrepreneurs, the paper suggests the important roles of industrial clusters' entrepreneurs in the formation and development of the industrial clusters, and the definition of the inner-meaning of the industrial clusters' entrepreneurs and the division of the evolution stages of the industrial clusters.
(2) Theoretically explain the function mechanism of the industrial clusters' entrepreneurs to the industrial clusters, and suggest resulting explanation model of how the industrial clusters' entrepreneurs promote the industrial clusters.
(3) Analyze the entrepreneurs venture activities and the evolution mechanism of industrial clusters from the aspect of organization, construct the model of entrepreneurs' venture and formation and evolution of industrial clusters to analyze and prove the different influences of entrepreneurs in different evolution stages.
(4) Analyze the entrepreneurs' capabilities, education and industrial clusters' evolution mechanism from the aspect of capability, research on the promoting roles of the capability elements such as knowledge, capability and innovation spirit to the growth of industrial clusters, suggest the entrepreneurs' capability constitute element in the growth and evolution of the industrial clusters, establish the growth model of industrial clusters basing on the entrepreneurs' capabilities, and suggest that the education of the entrepreneurs is a useful method to the improvement of the entrepreneurs' capability.
(5) Analyze the entrepreneurs' social capital and the evolution mechanism of industrial clusters from the aspect of network analysis, analyze the impact of entrepreneurs' social capital on the formation and evolution of industrial clusters' social capital, and the impact of constitute parts of entrepreneurs' social capital on each stage of industrial cluster, then establish the function model of how the evolution of entrepreneurs' social capital impact on industrial clusters' development and stability.
(6) Suggest that the development of the industrial clusters from the view of strateg is a useful method to the improvement of the entrepreneurs venture activities, entrepreneurs' capabilities and entrepreneurs' social capital.
Comparing with the existing research on the roles of entrepreneurs in the evolution of industrial clusters, the conclusion of the paper is as following:
Conclusion 1: the industrial clusters' entrepreneurs under the context of industrial clusters have special and important meaning for the development of economy. The group of the entrepreneurs constitutes for the backbone of the production power of the industrial clusters. Just depending on the differentiated human capital of the entrepreneurs, the industrial clusters' entrepreneurs become a kind of special scared resource, and the innovational activities bring themselves success and develop the companies, as well as promote the evolution of the industrial clusters.
Conclusion 2: The venture of the industrial clusters' entrepreneurs not only boost the clusters to evolve from forming, developing, maturing and changing stage, but also act as different roles in different stages.
Conclusion 3: The capabilities of the industrial clusters' entrepreneurs are structured by three aspects, i.e. entrepreneurs' quality, entrepreneurs' capability and entrepreneurs' innovation, which inter-act and influence each other. Entrepreneurs make the companies success with their own capability; promote the formation and development of the companies. The capabilities of the industrial clusters' entrepreneurs can be shared and transmitted within the cluster by many methods. The entrepreneurs can increase their knowledge and capabilities, improve the study ability and cooperation study ability of the members of the clusters, and establish study mechanism of the clusters, thus improve the knowledge level of the whole industrial clusters.
Conclusion 4: Clusters' entrepreneurs' innovation will boost the industrial clusters realize the evolution from low to high level. If the industrial clusters want get the sustainable development, it must realize the second time venture, continuous innovation makes the clusters keep rigorous life and vigor.
Conclusion 5: Entrepreneurs' social capital is the ability of the entrepreneurs' ability to use their inter and outer resources, the personal network directed by credit and norm basing on the companies' network. The cluster's evolution around the social capital is imbedded in routine, gene and regional tradition, clusters' sprout not only is the result of single accidental event, but has some kind of necessary relationship with the historical tradition of local region. Advanced business network is the signal of the mature of the industrial clusters.
Conclusion 6: The relatively similar value and cooperation idea among the clusters' entrepreneurs' network make it easy for the cluster to develop higher level of trust. Under the effect of the trust, the cooperation in the clusters' business networks is very frequent, which boost the long term cooperation and the fluent of the social capital.
引文
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