锚固洞室的抗爆性能研究
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摘要
现代战争已进入到了具有核威慑条件下的信息化战争的时代,精确制导钻地武器正在朝高强度、钻深度、大当量和小型核化的方向发展,对地下医院、仓库等防护工程构成了严重的威胁,因此,开展防护工程围岩加固技术在钻地武器打击下的抗爆性能研究,具有重要的现实意义和战略意义。本文通过利用地质力学模型试验、数值模拟和理论分析等研究方法,在集中装药条件下,研究了锚固洞室的抗爆性能,主要内容如下:
1.针对锚固洞室爆破响应研究一般只局限于观测洞室宏观破坏效果的现状,以量纲分析理论为指导,设计并完成了典型锚固洞室爆破响应的地质力学模型试验,得到了洞室围岩垂直应力和水平应力、洞壁表面应变、项底板相对位移和加速度、边墙加速度波形曲线,这些曲线的特征是:拱顶、边墙垂直应力波形曲线正压时间较长,边墙水平应力波形曲线正压时间较短,且曲线波动较大:由洞壁表面应变波形曲线可看出,拱顶产生拉应变,其它部位基本上产生压应变,各洞室一般拱脚部位应变最大;拱顶加速度波形曲线较光滑,底板加速度波形波动较大,且几毫秒后才出现峰值;顶底板相对位移波形曲线的波动不大,且有残余变形产生,通过系统地分析总结洞室典型部位应力等主要力学量的时程特征,为设计和改进加固洞室方法提供了依据。
2.首次较系统地对若干常用不同类型的锚杆加固洞室方法,开展了对比模型试验研究,洞室经不同类型锚杆加固后,其抗爆性能体现在围岩应力及其衰减规律、洞壁应变等力学量和洞室宏观破坏的差异上。同普通锚杆、短密锚杆和拱脚加长短密锚杆加固洞室分别相比,长密锚杆、长短相间锚杆和拱脚加长长密锚杆加固洞室的拱顶垂直应力较大,应力衰减系数小;洞壁表面应变、顶底板相对位移和加速度、边墙加速度较小;洞室的破坏裂纹仅在锚杆加固区外产生,加固区内无裂纹。通过综合比较各洞室围岩应力等力学量和洞室宏观破坏形态的差异,不但得出了拱脚加长长密锚杆加固洞室的抗爆性能最好的结论,而且还给出了各类常见加固方法在给定药量下的应力和位移的拟合关系式。
3.完成了锚杆加固洞室爆破响应问题的LS-DYNA3D数值模拟,得到了洞室拱顶围岩垂直应力波形曲线、拱顶位移波形曲线,结果表明:模拟应力波形曲线与实测应力波形曲线在形态上是相似的,应力波的传播趋势是一致的;通过对拱顶围岩应力和位移峰值的分析知,加固洞室拱顶围岩垂直应力与衰减规律和位移的变化规律同模型试验的一致,这样,在计算结果与试验结果基本符合的基础上,采用分别固定锚杆间距和长度的方法,得到了对确定药量、确定位置时,洞室抗爆性能最佳的锚杆间距和长度等参数给出了定量结果,对加固抗爆技术的定量化研究具有启迪意义。
4.将保角变换方法和时频分析方法相结合,根据爆炸应力波中的SH波为弹性波的假定,在单位圆中求解了散射波的波动方程,得到了入射SH波和散射SH波在洞室围岩中引起的剪应力;通过时频分析,得到了瞬态SH波作用下洞室动应力集中系数在围岩中的分布规律,得到了瞬态SH波作用下洞室的动应力集中系数在围岩中的分布规律,为洞室围岩的有效加固指明了方向。
Modern warfare has transformed into an information warfare age that is provided with nuclear deterrent conditions. The precision-guided penetrating underground weapons are developed quickly towards high strength, penetrating more deepness, great equivalent and minitype nuclear weapons state. This condition has seriously intimidated the safety of protective projects, such as the underground hospitals and storages Therefore, it is a realistic and strategic significant research to carried out the anti-detonating characteristics study on the reinforcement technology of the surrounding rock of protective projects when these projects are attacked by the penetrating weapons. This dissertation will make use of the research methods of model experiments of geomechanics, numerical simulation and theoretical analysis to study the anti-detonating characteristics of underground opening reinforced by rockbolts under the conditions of focus charging. The main contents are as follows:
1. The wave curves of vertical stress, horizontal stress, surface strain of underground opening wall, accelerations of roof-to-floor and sidewall and the relative roof-to-floor displacement are obtained by carrying out model experiments of geomechanics. The characteristics of these curves are as follows: The time of positive pressure of vertical stress of measuring points of vault's and sidewall is relative long. But the time of positive pressure of horizontal stress of sidewall is relative short and the wave curves' fluctuation is very big. The wave curves of surface strain show the majority strain is tensile strain of vault's measuring points. But the other measuring points is compressive strain. The largest strain of every underground openings is located in the spring of arch. The accelerating wave curves of vaults' measuring points don't fluctuate. However, the accelerating wave curves' fluctuation of the floor is relative big, and these curves reach their peak value for a few milliseconds. The fluctuations of the wave curves of the roof-to-floor relative displacement isn't big, and these curves become stabilization at their residual strain at last.
2. When the underground openings are reinforced by the different kinds of rockbolts, their anti-detonating characteristics should be manifested by the differences of the peak value of stress of surrounding rock and its attenuating rule, strain of surface wall, acceleration of roof-to-floor and sidewall, displacement of roof-to-floor and the macroscopic damage forms of every underground opening. By comparing individually the vertical stress in surrounding rocks of underground openings reinforced by normal rockbolts, by the short and dense rockbolts, by the short and dense lengthened rockbolts at the spring of arch, the vertical stress of surrounding rocks of underground openings reinforced by the long and dense rockbolts, by the long and short alternating rockbolts, by the long and dense lengthened rockbolts at the spring of arch is relative large, and their stress attenuating coefficients are relative small, their damage cracks generate out of the reinforced zone, and there is no cracks in the reinforced zone. By synthetical comparison of stress of surrounding rock, strain of surface wall, acceleration of roof-to-floor and sidewall, displacement of roof-to-floor and the macroscopic damage forms of every underground opening, the result shows the anti-detonating characteristics of the underground opening reinforced by the long and dense lengthened rockbolts at the spring of arch is the best. When the reinforced type of rockbolts and charge mount is known, stress of surrounding rocks,acceleration and displacement can be forcasted by the fitting equations of stress,acceleration and displacement.
3. LS-DYNA3D program is used to build the corresponding numerical model of the first explosion of model experiment and numerical simulation is carried out. Vertical stress wave curves and vault's displacement wave curves of the surrounding rocks of underground openings are obtained. The results indicate that the forms of stress wave curves obtained by numerical simulation and measuring are similar, and the trend of stress waves' propagation is consistent. By analyzing the peak value of vertical stress and displacements of vaults' surrounding rocks, stress of all the reinforced underground openings' surrounding rocks is larger than that of the underground opening unreinfoced by rockbolts. The variable rules of the vertical stress of surrounding rocks and its attenuation and the displacement's changing are consistent with that of model experiments. By using the methods of fix individually interval and length of rockbolts are adopted, the proper rockbolts' interval and length which can enhance the anti-detonating characteristics of underground opening are obtained when charge amount is 100g and explosive center is located in the distance of 83cm right overhead the vault, and this result has a reference value of reinforcing the surrounding rocks of protective projects and tunnels.
4. According to the hypothesis of elastic waves of SH-wave which exists in explosive stress waves, the method of conformal mapping of complex function at unit circle is used to solve wave equation. The shear stress in surrounding rocks of underground opening caused by incident SH-wave and scattered SH-wave is obtained. By time-frequency analysis, the distribution rule of dynamic stress concentration coefficient under the action of the transient SH-wave in surrounding rocks has been obtained. The location which may be damaged under the effects of transient SH-wave is found. This place should be reinforced.
1.针对锚固洞室爆破响应研究一般只局限于观测洞室宏观破坏效果的现状,以量纲分析理论为指导,设计并完成了典型锚固洞室爆破响应的地质力学模型试验,得到了洞室围岩垂直应力和水平应力、洞壁表面应变、项底板相对位移和加速度、边墙加速度波形曲线,这些曲线的特征是:拱顶、边墙垂直应力波形曲线正压时间较长,边墙水平应力波形曲线正压时间较短,且曲线波动较大:由洞壁表面应变波形曲线可看出,拱顶产生拉应变,其它部位基本上产生压应变,各洞室一般拱脚部位应变最大;拱顶加速度波形曲线较光滑,底板加速度波形波动较大,且几毫秒后才出现峰值;顶底板相对位移波形曲线的波动不大,且有残余变形产生,通过系统地分析总结洞室典型部位应力等主要力学量的时程特征,为设计和改进加固洞室方法提供了依据。
2.首次较系统地对若干常用不同类型的锚杆加固洞室方法,开展了对比模型试验研究,洞室经不同类型锚杆加固后,其抗爆性能体现在围岩应力及其衰减规律、洞壁应变等力学量和洞室宏观破坏的差异上。同普通锚杆、短密锚杆和拱脚加长短密锚杆加固洞室分别相比,长密锚杆、长短相间锚杆和拱脚加长长密锚杆加固洞室的拱顶垂直应力较大,应力衰减系数小;洞壁表面应变、顶底板相对位移和加速度、边墙加速度较小;洞室的破坏裂纹仅在锚杆加固区外产生,加固区内无裂纹。通过综合比较各洞室围岩应力等力学量和洞室宏观破坏形态的差异,不但得出了拱脚加长长密锚杆加固洞室的抗爆性能最好的结论,而且还给出了各类常见加固方法在给定药量下的应力和位移的拟合关系式。
3.完成了锚杆加固洞室爆破响应问题的LS-DYNA3D数值模拟,得到了洞室拱顶围岩垂直应力波形曲线、拱顶位移波形曲线,结果表明:模拟应力波形曲线与实测应力波形曲线在形态上是相似的,应力波的传播趋势是一致的;通过对拱顶围岩应力和位移峰值的分析知,加固洞室拱顶围岩垂直应力与衰减规律和位移的变化规律同模型试验的一致,这样,在计算结果与试验结果基本符合的基础上,采用分别固定锚杆间距和长度的方法,得到了对确定药量、确定位置时,洞室抗爆性能最佳的锚杆间距和长度等参数给出了定量结果,对加固抗爆技术的定量化研究具有启迪意义。
4.将保角变换方法和时频分析方法相结合,根据爆炸应力波中的SH波为弹性波的假定,在单位圆中求解了散射波的波动方程,得到了入射SH波和散射SH波在洞室围岩中引起的剪应力;通过时频分析,得到了瞬态SH波作用下洞室动应力集中系数在围岩中的分布规律,得到了瞬态SH波作用下洞室的动应力集中系数在围岩中的分布规律,为洞室围岩的有效加固指明了方向。
Modern warfare has transformed into an information warfare age that is provided with nuclear deterrent conditions. The precision-guided penetrating underground weapons are developed quickly towards high strength, penetrating more deepness, great equivalent and minitype nuclear weapons state. This condition has seriously intimidated the safety of protective projects, such as the underground hospitals and storages Therefore, it is a realistic and strategic significant research to carried out the anti-detonating characteristics study on the reinforcement technology of the surrounding rock of protective projects when these projects are attacked by the penetrating weapons. This dissertation will make use of the research methods of model experiments of geomechanics, numerical simulation and theoretical analysis to study the anti-detonating characteristics of underground opening reinforced by rockbolts under the conditions of focus charging. The main contents are as follows:
1. The wave curves of vertical stress, horizontal stress, surface strain of underground opening wall, accelerations of roof-to-floor and sidewall and the relative roof-to-floor displacement are obtained by carrying out model experiments of geomechanics. The characteristics of these curves are as follows: The time of positive pressure of vertical stress of measuring points of vault's and sidewall is relative long. But the time of positive pressure of horizontal stress of sidewall is relative short and the wave curves' fluctuation is very big. The wave curves of surface strain show the majority strain is tensile strain of vault's measuring points. But the other measuring points is compressive strain. The largest strain of every underground openings is located in the spring of arch. The accelerating wave curves of vaults' measuring points don't fluctuate. However, the accelerating wave curves' fluctuation of the floor is relative big, and these curves reach their peak value for a few milliseconds. The fluctuations of the wave curves of the roof-to-floor relative displacement isn't big, and these curves become stabilization at their residual strain at last.
2. When the underground openings are reinforced by the different kinds of rockbolts, their anti-detonating characteristics should be manifested by the differences of the peak value of stress of surrounding rock and its attenuating rule, strain of surface wall, acceleration of roof-to-floor and sidewall, displacement of roof-to-floor and the macroscopic damage forms of every underground opening. By comparing individually the vertical stress in surrounding rocks of underground openings reinforced by normal rockbolts, by the short and dense rockbolts, by the short and dense lengthened rockbolts at the spring of arch, the vertical stress of surrounding rocks of underground openings reinforced by the long and dense rockbolts, by the long and short alternating rockbolts, by the long and dense lengthened rockbolts at the spring of arch is relative large, and their stress attenuating coefficients are relative small, their damage cracks generate out of the reinforced zone, and there is no cracks in the reinforced zone. By synthetical comparison of stress of surrounding rock, strain of surface wall, acceleration of roof-to-floor and sidewall, displacement of roof-to-floor and the macroscopic damage forms of every underground opening, the result shows the anti-detonating characteristics of the underground opening reinforced by the long and dense lengthened rockbolts at the spring of arch is the best. When the reinforced type of rockbolts and charge mount is known, stress of surrounding rocks,acceleration and displacement can be forcasted by the fitting equations of stress,acceleration and displacement.
3. LS-DYNA3D program is used to build the corresponding numerical model of the first explosion of model experiment and numerical simulation is carried out. Vertical stress wave curves and vault's displacement wave curves of the surrounding rocks of underground openings are obtained. The results indicate that the forms of stress wave curves obtained by numerical simulation and measuring are similar, and the trend of stress waves' propagation is consistent. By analyzing the peak value of vertical stress and displacements of vaults' surrounding rocks, stress of all the reinforced underground openings' surrounding rocks is larger than that of the underground opening unreinfoced by rockbolts. The variable rules of the vertical stress of surrounding rocks and its attenuation and the displacement's changing are consistent with that of model experiments. By using the methods of fix individually interval and length of rockbolts are adopted, the proper rockbolts' interval and length which can enhance the anti-detonating characteristics of underground opening are obtained when charge amount is 100g and explosive center is located in the distance of 83cm right overhead the vault, and this result has a reference value of reinforcing the surrounding rocks of protective projects and tunnels.
4. According to the hypothesis of elastic waves of SH-wave which exists in explosive stress waves, the method of conformal mapping of complex function at unit circle is used to solve wave equation. The shear stress in surrounding rocks of underground opening caused by incident SH-wave and scattered SH-wave is obtained. By time-frequency analysis, the distribution rule of dynamic stress concentration coefficient under the action of the transient SH-wave in surrounding rocks has been obtained. The location which may be damaged under the effects of transient SH-wave is found. This place should be reinforced.
引文
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