金川沼泽湿地油桦种群分布格局机理初步探讨
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摘要
本文通过对位于吉林省东部长白山北麓龙岗山脉中段辉南县境内的金川沼泽湿地灌木优势种油桦(Betula fruticosa var. ruprechtiana Trauty.)种群的数量特征、径级结构及空间分布格局与湿地水文、土壤养分及理化特征等进行分析,运用CCA排序对影响油桦在该湿地分布的主要环境因子进行分析,按照油桦种群的实际分布情况及与河流距离的不同,设置了两条样带共计8块样地。得出以下结果:
1根据油桦个体径级结构,油桦种群在金川沼泽湿地中可以划分为两类:
Ⅰ、距离河流较远的油桦种群具有一定程度上的增长种群的特征。
Ⅱ、距离河流较近的油桦种群具有比较明显的稳定种群的特征。
2根据油桦种群空间格局的分布特征,可以将其分为三类:
Ⅰ、距离河流较远且水位较低的湿地北部,油桦在各个尺度上均呈现出随机分布的格局。
Ⅱ、分布在湿地的西北角的油桦格局特点是:在较小尺度上呈聚集分布,而后随着尺度的增加,聚集程度下降,而呈现出随机分布的格局。
Ⅲ、距离河流较近,且水位较高的湿地南部,油桦分布格局随着尺度的增加聚集分布趋势加强或保持一定。
3样地中其它小灌木(沼柳(Salix rosmarinifolia L.)、蓝靛果忍冬(Lonicera edulis Turcz.)和绣线菊(Spiraea salicifolia L.))对油桦的分布格局影响很小,油桦在湿地中的分布主要受自身的生长特点和环境因子的影响。
4根据CCA排序结果可知,影响油桦种群分布的环境因子主要是水中营养元素含量、水体酸性和水位,土壤养分对其影响不大。根据环境因子的特征,可将8个样地中油桦种群划分为三类:
Ⅰ、水位较低,水体酸性较强;此处油桦种群具有一定的增长种群特征;
Ⅱ、水位较高,水体营养情况较差;油桦具有明显的增长种群特征,且在大尺度上基本均为随机分布格局;
Ⅲ、其环境特征为水体营养状况极好,油桦具有较明显的稳定种群特征。
Jinchuan mire-wetland wetland has located on east Jilin province——Huinan county,Changbai Mountain north slpoes and Longgang moutain middle. This paper has studied on the Betula fruticosa var. ruprechtiana Trauty. population and environmental factors and the relationships between them,by the CCA ordination way,find out the main environmental impact factors that has influence on the Betula fruticosa var. ruprechtiana Trauty. population distribution. According to the distance from the river and the Betula fruticosa var. ruprechtiana Trauty. species distribution,set up two transect with eight plots. Conclusions were as follows:
1. Based on age composition, Betula fruticosa var. ruprechtiana Trauty. population's population can be divided into two categories:
Ⅰ. Betula fruticosa var. ruprechtiana Trauty. in plots farther from the river have a certain degree of growth population characteristics.
Ⅱ. Betula fruticosa var. ruprechtiana Trauty. in plots close to the river have a more obvious characteristics of the stability populations.
2. Betula fruticosa var. ruprechtiana Trauty. population in the 8 survey plots showed three categories distribution pattern:
Ⅰ. Betula fruticosa var. population in plots that have lower water level and farther from the river showing a random distribution pattern at various scales .
Ⅱ. Distribution pattern of Betula fruticosa var. ruprechtiana Trauty. population in plots at northwest of the wetland showed: there is aggregated distribution in smaller scaler, and then as the scale increases, aggregation levels declined, while showing a random distributtion pattern.
Ⅲ. Betula fruticosa var. ruprechtiana Trauty. population at the sourth of the wetland close to the river and on a higher water level, it showing the aggregation distribution pattern trend or have little change as the scale increases.
3. Other shrubs have little effects on the distribution of Betula fruticosa var. ruprechtiana Trauty. population. The distribution of Betula fruticosa var. ruprechtiana Trauty. population was primarily affected by its own characteristics and environmental factors.
4. According to CCA results suggest: The environmental factors primarily affect the distribution of Betula fruticosa var. ruprechtiana Trauty. population are water level, water pH and total nitrogen content, but the soil nutrient has little influence on it. According to the characteristics of environmental factors, the eight quadrats can be divided into:
Ⅰ, Stronger acidity, have a certain degree of growth population characteristics.
Ⅱ, Lower water level and poor nurtion in water, have growth population characteristics and random distribution pattern at large scales .
Ⅲ, Well nourished in water, have obvious characteristics of the stability populations.
1根据油桦个体径级结构,油桦种群在金川沼泽湿地中可以划分为两类:
Ⅰ、距离河流较远的油桦种群具有一定程度上的增长种群的特征。
Ⅱ、距离河流较近的油桦种群具有比较明显的稳定种群的特征。
2根据油桦种群空间格局的分布特征,可以将其分为三类:
Ⅰ、距离河流较远且水位较低的湿地北部,油桦在各个尺度上均呈现出随机分布的格局。
Ⅱ、分布在湿地的西北角的油桦格局特点是:在较小尺度上呈聚集分布,而后随着尺度的增加,聚集程度下降,而呈现出随机分布的格局。
Ⅲ、距离河流较近,且水位较高的湿地南部,油桦分布格局随着尺度的增加聚集分布趋势加强或保持一定。
3样地中其它小灌木(沼柳(Salix rosmarinifolia L.)、蓝靛果忍冬(Lonicera edulis Turcz.)和绣线菊(Spiraea salicifolia L.))对油桦的分布格局影响很小,油桦在湿地中的分布主要受自身的生长特点和环境因子的影响。
4根据CCA排序结果可知,影响油桦种群分布的环境因子主要是水中营养元素含量、水体酸性和水位,土壤养分对其影响不大。根据环境因子的特征,可将8个样地中油桦种群划分为三类:
Ⅰ、水位较低,水体酸性较强;此处油桦种群具有一定的增长种群特征;
Ⅱ、水位较高,水体营养情况较差;油桦具有明显的增长种群特征,且在大尺度上基本均为随机分布格局;
Ⅲ、其环境特征为水体营养状况极好,油桦具有较明显的稳定种群特征。
Jinchuan mire-wetland wetland has located on east Jilin province——Huinan county,Changbai Mountain north slpoes and Longgang moutain middle. This paper has studied on the Betula fruticosa var. ruprechtiana Trauty. population and environmental factors and the relationships between them,by the CCA ordination way,find out the main environmental impact factors that has influence on the Betula fruticosa var. ruprechtiana Trauty. population distribution. According to the distance from the river and the Betula fruticosa var. ruprechtiana Trauty. species distribution,set up two transect with eight plots. Conclusions were as follows:
1. Based on age composition, Betula fruticosa var. ruprechtiana Trauty. population's population can be divided into two categories:
Ⅰ. Betula fruticosa var. ruprechtiana Trauty. in plots farther from the river have a certain degree of growth population characteristics.
Ⅱ. Betula fruticosa var. ruprechtiana Trauty. in plots close to the river have a more obvious characteristics of the stability populations.
2. Betula fruticosa var. ruprechtiana Trauty. population in the 8 survey plots showed three categories distribution pattern:
Ⅰ. Betula fruticosa var. population in plots that have lower water level and farther from the river showing a random distribution pattern at various scales .
Ⅱ. Distribution pattern of Betula fruticosa var. ruprechtiana Trauty. population in plots at northwest of the wetland showed: there is aggregated distribution in smaller scaler, and then as the scale increases, aggregation levels declined, while showing a random distributtion pattern.
Ⅲ. Betula fruticosa var. ruprechtiana Trauty. population at the sourth of the wetland close to the river and on a higher water level, it showing the aggregation distribution pattern trend or have little change as the scale increases.
3. Other shrubs have little effects on the distribution of Betula fruticosa var. ruprechtiana Trauty. population. The distribution of Betula fruticosa var. ruprechtiana Trauty. population was primarily affected by its own characteristics and environmental factors.
4. According to CCA results suggest: The environmental factors primarily affect the distribution of Betula fruticosa var. ruprechtiana Trauty. population are water level, water pH and total nitrogen content, but the soil nutrient has little influence on it. According to the characteristics of environmental factors, the eight quadrats can be divided into:
Ⅰ, Stronger acidity, have a certain degree of growth population characteristics.
Ⅱ, Lower water level and poor nurtion in water, have growth population characteristics and random distribution pattern at large scales .
Ⅲ, Well nourished in water, have obvious characteristics of the stability populations.
引文
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[3]张金屯.数量生态学.[m].北京:科学出版社,2004.243-244.
[4]韩路,王海珍,彭杰等.不同生境胡杨种群径级结构与格局动态研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2010,32(1).
[5]李明辉.天山云杉天然林林分空间格局的研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2000.
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[10]尤海舟,贾成,樊华等.格局分析的最新方法——点格局分析[J].四川林业科技,2009,30(6):106-110.
[11] Cressie,N.A.Statistics for spatial data[m].New York:Wiley,1993.
[12] Batista,J.& maguire,D.modeling the spatial structure of tropical forests[J]. Forest ecology: 1998, 110: 293～314.
[13] Wells,m.L.&Getis,A.The spatial characteristics of stand structure in Pinus torreyana[J]. Plant Ecology, 1999,143:153～170.
[14] Szwagrzyk,J.Small scale patterns of trees in a mixed Pinus sy lvestris-Fagus sy lvatica forest[J]. Forest ecology and management,1992,51:301～315.
[15]张金屯.植物种群空间分布的点格局分析.植物生态学报,1998,22(4):344～349.
[16]张金屯,孟东平.芦芽山华北落叶松林不同龄级立木的点格局分析.生态学报,2004,1(24):35～40.
[17]鲁为华,朱进忠,王东江等.天山北坡两种退化梯度下伊犁绢蒿种群空间分布的点格局分析[J].草业学报,2009,18(5):142～149.
[18]李秋爽,张超,王飞等.鄂尔多斯高原油蒿种群分布格局对降水梯度的反应[J].应用生态学报, 2009,20(9):2105～2110.
[19]张峰,张金屯.我国植被数量分类和排序研究进展[J].山西大学学报(自然科学版),2000,23(3):278～282.
[20]张金屯.植被数量分析方法的发展.当代生态学博论[m].北京:中国科学技术出版社, 1992.249～265.
[21]李绍忠.辽宁省白石磖子自然保护区森林的排序和分类[J].生态学杂志,1985,4:13～15.
[22]吴东丽,上官铁梁,张金屯等.滹沱河流域湿地植被的数量分类和排序[J],西北植物学报,2005,25 (4):648～654.
[23]郝占庆,郭水良.长白山北坡草本植物分布与环境关系的典范对应分析[J].生态学报,2003,10(10):2000～2008.
[24]张金屯.典范指示种分析——一个新的外在分类方法[J].植物生报,1994,18(4):379～384.
[25]邱扬,张金屯. DCCA排序轴分类及其在关帝山八水沟植物群落生态梯度分析中的应用[J].生态学报,2000,20(2):199-～06.
[26]宋永昌.植被生态学[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2001～10.
[27]王杰,王升忠.长白山区泥炭沼泽植物多样性研究[J].湿地科学,2005,(3)2:121～126.
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