硒锌对典型旱地主要作物产量及矿质营养的影响
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摘要
玉米、小麦是我国北方居民主要的粮食作物，是人体必需的硒、锌等微量元素的重要来源。论文针对黄土高原中北部旱地土壤硒、锌缺乏，导致玉米、小麦籽粒中硒、锌含量低，难以满足人体健康需求的问题，通过3年田间试验研究了硒（亚硒酸钠）、锌（硫酸锌）肥的不同施肥方式、时期、用量对玉米、小麦产量及矿质营养品质的影响，探讨了施肥量、施用方式、施肥时期与玉米、小麦籽粒硒、锌含量的关系，目标在于优化黄土高原旱地玉米、小麦硒、锌强化方式，为提高玉米、小麦矿质营养品质，解决这一地区人体硒、锌缺乏提供理论依据和有效的调控措施。取得的主要结论有：
1.无论是土施，还是叶面喷施，硒、锌肥均对玉米、小麦产量及生物量无显著影响，对两种作物籽粒的氮、磷、钾、硫、钙、镁、铁、锰、铜等大中微量元素含量也无显著影响，土施硒有增加玉米籽粒氮、钾含量的趋势，叶喷锌有增加玉米籽粒铁含量的趋势。
2.土施硒肥显著提高了玉米、小麦籽粒中的硒含量，籽粒硒含量与硒肥用量成线性关系。土施亚硒酸盐态硒1g ha-1可以使玉米、小麦籽粒硒含量分别提高0.1-0.3μg kg-1和0.5μg kg-1。因此，在黄土高原缺硒旱地，土施亚硒酸盐态硒300-835g ha-1及180g ha-1可以使玉米、小麦籽粒硒含量提高到100μg kg-1。
3.叶喷硒肥显著提高了玉米、小麦籽粒中的硒含量，籽粒硒含量与硒肥用量成线性关系。叶喷亚硒酸盐态硒1gha-1可以使玉米籽粒硒含量提高8μg kg-1；开花期和灌浆期分别喷施亚硒酸盐态硒1gha-1可使小麦籽粒中的硒含量提高5-7μg kg-1和16μg kg-1。因此，在黄土高原缺硒旱地，叶喷亚硒酸盐态硒14gha-1可以使玉米籽粒硒含量提高到100μg kg-1，而开花期和灌浆期分别喷施亚硒酸盐态硒14gha-1和2gha-1可以使小麦籽粒硒含量提高到100μg kg-1，以灌浆期喷施最为经济有效。
4.不同水平的土施锌肥对小麦、玉米籽粒锌含量、籽粒锌累积量、籽粒锌回收率均无显著影响。与对照相比，土施锌肥有增加玉米、小麦籽粒锌含量及籽粒锌累积量的趋势。土施条件下，玉米籽粒锌回收率很低，不超过3‰，小麦籽粒锌回收率和地上部总回收率不超过1.5‰和6‰。
5.叶喷锌肥显著提高了玉米、小麦籽粒锌含量，对小麦而言灌浆期喷施效果优于抽穗期的。与土施相比，喷施锌肥的籽粒锌回收率相对较高，最高可达58‰。黄土高原旱地叶喷锌肥是提高玉米、小麦籽粒锌含量的有效措施。
6.无论是硒、锌分别单独土施，还是配合土施，都对马铃薯、小白菜、大豆、玉米、小麦产量、生物量及可食部位氮、磷、钾、硫、钙、镁、铁、锰、铜含量无显著影响。硒肥单独土施或者与锌肥配合土施均显著提高了供试作物可食部位的硒含量，而锌肥单独土施或者与硒肥配施仅显著增加了小白菜叶片锌含量。硒、锌单独土施与配合土施对作物可食部位硒、锌含量的提高作用无显著差异。
7.无论是硒、锌分别单独喷施，还是配合喷施，都对玉米产量、生物量及籽粒氮、磷、钾、硫、钙、镁、铁、锰、铜含量无显著影响。硒肥单独喷施或者与锌肥配合喷施均显著提高了供试作物可食部位的硒含量，而锌肥单独喷施或者与硒肥配合喷施均显著增加了玉米籽粒锌含量，硒、锌配合喷施也不影响各自强化作物可食部位矿质营养的效果。
Maize and wheat are the major food crops for residents living in northern China, and alsois the main source of essential mineral elements, such as Se, and Zn. On the arid LoessPlateau in China, Se and Zn deficiencies not only affects crop yields, but also causes Se andZn deficiencies of agricultural products, sequentially affects human health. Thus, it is veryimportant to investigate biofortification effect of Se and Zn for improving crop yield andnutrition quality; In order to meet needs of human on Se and Zn, three years of fieldexperiments were conducted to investigate the effects of both soil and foliar application ofselenium (Se, applied as Na2SeO3), and zinc (Zn, applied as ZnSO4·7H2O) fertilizers, theircombination, different rates, and foliar application time on the yield and mineral nutrient,especially grain Se and Zn concentrations of maize and wheat. The main results are asfollows:
1. Both soil and foliar application of Se and Zn showed no significant impact on thegrain yield and biomass of maize and wheat， and also no significant effect on theconcentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu in the grain of maize and wheat, but a trend toincrease the concentration of N and K in maize grain with soil Se application and increase theFe concentration in maize grain with foliar Zn application.
2. Soil Se application significantly enhanced the Se concentration in maize and wheatgrain, and a significant linear correlatin was found between the grain Se concentration inmaize and wheat and the rates of soil-applied Se. One g Se ha-1applied as Na2SeO3to soilincreased the grain Se concentration by0.1-0.3μg kg-1in maize and0.5μg kg-1in wheat.Thus in the Loess Plateau areas, the soil application of300-835g Se ha-1and180g Se ha-1could elevate the grain Se concentration in maize and wheat to100μg kg-1.
3. Foiliar Se application significantly enhanced the Se concentration in maize and wheatgrain, and also a significant linear correlatin was found between the grain Se concentration inmaize and wheat and the rates of foliar-applied Se. One g Se ha-1applied as Na2SeO3by foliarapplication increased the grain Se concentration by8μg kg-1in maize, and One g Se ha-1applied as Na2SeO3by foliar application at heading stage and filling stage improved the grainSe concentration in wheat by5-7μg kg-1and16μg kg-1, respectively. Thus, in the Loess Plateau areas, the foliar application of14g Se ha-1could elevate the grain Se concentration inmaize to100μg kg-1, while the foliar application of14g Se ha-1at heading and2g Se ha-1atgrain filling stage could elevate the grain Se concentration in wheat to the same level. Foliarapllication of Se are therfore the effective and economical method to increase Seconcentration in maize and wheat grain.
4. Soil Zn application had no significant effect on the grain Zn concentration andaccumulation, grain Zn recovery, and total Zn recovery in the above ground parts of maizeand wheat, but showed a trend to increase them compred to the control. The grain Zn recoveryin maize is very low as3‰, and both the grain Zn recovery and total Zn recovery of winterwheat are also very low, not more than1.5‰and6‰.
5. Foliar Zn application caused evident increase in grain Zn concentration of maize andgrain, and the increase is more noticeable when applied at filling than that at heading stage forwheat. Compared to soil Zn application, foliar Zn application had higher grain Zn recoverywith the maximum of58‰. On the Loess Plateau, foliar Zn application is an effective methodto raise the grain Zn concentration of maize and wheat.
6. Neither soil Se application nor soil Zn application alone or coordinate with each otherdistinctly affected the grain yield, biomass, and also the concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe,Mn, Cu in the edible parts of potato, cabbage, soybean, maize and wheat. Soil application ofSe alone or combined with Zn significantly elevated the Se concentration in the edible part ofall tested crops, while soil application of Zn alone or combined with Se significantlyimproved only the Zn concentration in cabbage leaf. The raise of Se and Zn concentrationcaused by their application was not affected by seperate or combined application.
7. Neither seprate or combined foiliar application of Se and Zn application haddistinguished effect on grain yield, biomass, and also the concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe,Mn, Cu in maize grain. Foliar application of Se alone or combined with Zn significantlyincreased the Se concentration in maize grain, and foliar application of Zn alone or combinedwith Se significantly increased the Zn concentration in maize grain. The increase of grain Seand Zn concentration caused by their application was not affected by seperate or combinedapplication.
1.无论是土施，还是叶面喷施，硒、锌肥均对玉米、小麦产量及生物量无显著影响，对两种作物籽粒的氮、磷、钾、硫、钙、镁、铁、锰、铜等大中微量元素含量也无显著影响，土施硒有增加玉米籽粒氮、钾含量的趋势，叶喷锌有增加玉米籽粒铁含量的趋势。
2.土施硒肥显著提高了玉米、小麦籽粒中的硒含量，籽粒硒含量与硒肥用量成线性关系。土施亚硒酸盐态硒1g ha-1可以使玉米、小麦籽粒硒含量分别提高0.1-0.3μg kg-1和0.5μg kg-1。因此，在黄土高原缺硒旱地，土施亚硒酸盐态硒300-835g ha-1及180g ha-1可以使玉米、小麦籽粒硒含量提高到100μg kg-1。
3.叶喷硒肥显著提高了玉米、小麦籽粒中的硒含量，籽粒硒含量与硒肥用量成线性关系。叶喷亚硒酸盐态硒1gha-1可以使玉米籽粒硒含量提高8μg kg-1；开花期和灌浆期分别喷施亚硒酸盐态硒1gha-1可使小麦籽粒中的硒含量提高5-7μg kg-1和16μg kg-1。因此，在黄土高原缺硒旱地，叶喷亚硒酸盐态硒14gha-1可以使玉米籽粒硒含量提高到100μg kg-1，而开花期和灌浆期分别喷施亚硒酸盐态硒14gha-1和2gha-1可以使小麦籽粒硒含量提高到100μg kg-1，以灌浆期喷施最为经济有效。
4.不同水平的土施锌肥对小麦、玉米籽粒锌含量、籽粒锌累积量、籽粒锌回收率均无显著影响。与对照相比，土施锌肥有增加玉米、小麦籽粒锌含量及籽粒锌累积量的趋势。土施条件下，玉米籽粒锌回收率很低，不超过3‰，小麦籽粒锌回收率和地上部总回收率不超过1.5‰和6‰。
5.叶喷锌肥显著提高了玉米、小麦籽粒锌含量，对小麦而言灌浆期喷施效果优于抽穗期的。与土施相比，喷施锌肥的籽粒锌回收率相对较高，最高可达58‰。黄土高原旱地叶喷锌肥是提高玉米、小麦籽粒锌含量的有效措施。
6.无论是硒、锌分别单独土施，还是配合土施，都对马铃薯、小白菜、大豆、玉米、小麦产量、生物量及可食部位氮、磷、钾、硫、钙、镁、铁、锰、铜含量无显著影响。硒肥单独土施或者与锌肥配合土施均显著提高了供试作物可食部位的硒含量，而锌肥单独土施或者与硒肥配施仅显著增加了小白菜叶片锌含量。硒、锌单独土施与配合土施对作物可食部位硒、锌含量的提高作用无显著差异。
7.无论是硒、锌分别单独喷施，还是配合喷施，都对玉米产量、生物量及籽粒氮、磷、钾、硫、钙、镁、铁、锰、铜含量无显著影响。硒肥单独喷施或者与锌肥配合喷施均显著提高了供试作物可食部位的硒含量，而锌肥单独喷施或者与硒肥配合喷施均显著增加了玉米籽粒锌含量，硒、锌配合喷施也不影响各自强化作物可食部位矿质营养的效果。
Maize and wheat are the major food crops for residents living in northern China, and alsois the main source of essential mineral elements, such as Se, and Zn. On the arid LoessPlateau in China, Se and Zn deficiencies not only affects crop yields, but also causes Se andZn deficiencies of agricultural products, sequentially affects human health. Thus, it is veryimportant to investigate biofortification effect of Se and Zn for improving crop yield andnutrition quality; In order to meet needs of human on Se and Zn, three years of fieldexperiments were conducted to investigate the effects of both soil and foliar application ofselenium (Se, applied as Na2SeO3), and zinc (Zn, applied as ZnSO4·7H2O) fertilizers, theircombination, different rates, and foliar application time on the yield and mineral nutrient,especially grain Se and Zn concentrations of maize and wheat. The main results are asfollows:
1. Both soil and foliar application of Se and Zn showed no significant impact on thegrain yield and biomass of maize and wheat， and also no significant effect on theconcentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu in the grain of maize and wheat, but a trend toincrease the concentration of N and K in maize grain with soil Se application and increase theFe concentration in maize grain with foliar Zn application.
2. Soil Se application significantly enhanced the Se concentration in maize and wheatgrain, and a significant linear correlatin was found between the grain Se concentration inmaize and wheat and the rates of soil-applied Se. One g Se ha-1applied as Na2SeO3to soilincreased the grain Se concentration by0.1-0.3μg kg-1in maize and0.5μg kg-1in wheat.Thus in the Loess Plateau areas, the soil application of300-835g Se ha-1and180g Se ha-1could elevate the grain Se concentration in maize and wheat to100μg kg-1.
3. Foiliar Se application significantly enhanced the Se concentration in maize and wheatgrain, and also a significant linear correlatin was found between the grain Se concentration inmaize and wheat and the rates of foliar-applied Se. One g Se ha-1applied as Na2SeO3by foliarapplication increased the grain Se concentration by8μg kg-1in maize, and One g Se ha-1applied as Na2SeO3by foliar application at heading stage and filling stage improved the grainSe concentration in wheat by5-7μg kg-1and16μg kg-1, respectively. Thus, in the Loess Plateau areas, the foliar application of14g Se ha-1could elevate the grain Se concentration inmaize to100μg kg-1, while the foliar application of14g Se ha-1at heading and2g Se ha-1atgrain filling stage could elevate the grain Se concentration in wheat to the same level. Foliarapllication of Se are therfore the effective and economical method to increase Seconcentration in maize and wheat grain.
4. Soil Zn application had no significant effect on the grain Zn concentration andaccumulation, grain Zn recovery, and total Zn recovery in the above ground parts of maizeand wheat, but showed a trend to increase them compred to the control. The grain Zn recoveryin maize is very low as3‰, and both the grain Zn recovery and total Zn recovery of winterwheat are also very low, not more than1.5‰and6‰.
5. Foliar Zn application caused evident increase in grain Zn concentration of maize andgrain, and the increase is more noticeable when applied at filling than that at heading stage forwheat. Compared to soil Zn application, foliar Zn application had higher grain Zn recoverywith the maximum of58‰. On the Loess Plateau, foliar Zn application is an effective methodto raise the grain Zn concentration of maize and wheat.
6. Neither soil Se application nor soil Zn application alone or coordinate with each otherdistinctly affected the grain yield, biomass, and also the concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe,Mn, Cu in the edible parts of potato, cabbage, soybean, maize and wheat. Soil application ofSe alone or combined with Zn significantly elevated the Se concentration in the edible part ofall tested crops, while soil application of Zn alone or combined with Se significantlyimproved only the Zn concentration in cabbage leaf. The raise of Se and Zn concentrationcaused by their application was not affected by seperate or combined application.
7. Neither seprate or combined foiliar application of Se and Zn application haddistinguished effect on grain yield, biomass, and also the concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe,Mn, Cu in maize grain. Foliar application of Se alone or combined with Zn significantlyincreased the Se concentration in maize grain, and foliar application of Zn alone or combinedwith Se significantly increased the Zn concentration in maize grain. The increase of grain Seand Zn concentration caused by their application was not affected by seperate or combinedapplication.
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