长期不同种植方式稻麦轮作系统中土壤养分和作物营养特性的互作研究
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摘要
淡水资源的不足和大量耗竭将严重影响我国农业的可持续发展,因此,人们对消耗我国农业用水80%左右的传统水稻栽培提出了挑战,其中水稻旱作栽培作为一种有效的农业节水途径而受到越来越多的关注,而地膜覆盖旱种水稻和利用半腐解秸秆替代地膜的覆盖旱种水稻都受到了广泛的重视。在我国南方地区,一般实行一年两熟稻麦轮作制度。近年来,许多研究集中在水稻栽培方式上,而关于水稻栽培方式对后茬作物的影响报道鲜见。本试验通过在盐城农科院实验场2006年和2007年两年的田间试验,研究了常规淹水栽培、覆盖薄膜旱作栽培、覆盖秸秆旱作栽培和裸地旱作等不同栽培方式下,稻麦轮作系统中作物生物学特征,土壤生产力差异,氮肥利用率差异,土壤微生物量碳氮和土壤矿质氮动态变化。试验旨在阐明水稻栽培方式对稻麦轮作系统中土壤供氮特征及其对作物的生长影响机制,为提高氮肥利用效率和增加土壤肥力提供解决方法,并为水稻旱作进一步推广提供理论依据。
试验结果表明,与常规水作相比,覆盖秸秆旱作水稻能够达到或超过常规淹水栽培水稻的产量,2006年水稻生物量常规水作处理、覆膜旱作处理和覆秸秆旱作处理无显著差异,但显著高于覆膜旱作处理,分别比裸露旱作处理高了16.7%、12.7%和10.8%;而2007年覆秸秆旱作处理生物量则显著高于其他处理,并且各处理之间的差异也达到显著水平,以裸露旱作处理的水稻生物量为最低。覆秸秆旱作处理分别比常规水作处理、覆膜旱作处理和裸露旱作处理处理高了1.6%、10.0%和17.6%。2006年和2007年均以覆秸秆旱作处理产量最高。
以常规水作处理为对照,在整个生育期内,覆秸秆旱作处理的土壤有机质和速效钾含量均始终高于其他旱作处理,而覆膜旱作处理的土壤速效磷含量则始终高于其他处理;覆秸秆旱作处理水稻与常规水作处理水稻的产量无明显差异,但覆秸秆旱作处理水稻的总生物量、产量和经济系数均高于其他旱作处理水稻。其中覆秸秆旱作处理水稻的籽粒产量比覆膜旱作处理和裸露旱作处理水稻的产量分别高8.57%和28.94%。
在营养生长和生殖生长前期,覆秸秆旱作水稻处理后茬大麦的土壤速效氮、速效磷以及速效钾含量均比其他水稻旱作后茬处理高;其大麦生物量、产量和经济系数也均最高。其中前茬为覆秸秆旱作水稻处理大麦的籽粒产量比前茬为水作水稻和裸露旱作水稻处理的大麦分别高16.9%和16.4%。
覆盖秸秆可以促进旱作水稻碳水化合物和氮素向籽粒的转移:扬花前,覆盖秸秆处理的水稻干物质累积量分别比淹水处理、覆膜处理和裸露处理的高37%,12%,和5%,氮素转移量则高出19%,19%和24%。从氮素表观平衡角度来看,旱作处理更能促进氮素盈余;覆盖秸秆处理能增加土壤无机氮残留,提高氮素有效性。覆盖秸秆比常规淹水处理增产13.3%,氮肥利用率达33.5%。因此,旱作水稻覆盖秸秆不仅能取得较高产量,而且具有良好的生态效应。
在旱作条件下,覆秸秆处理微生物量碳分别比水作、覆膜和覆秸秆处理高出50.7%,18.1%,和31.9%,微生物量氮高出55.4%,11.83%和48.9%。从总体上看,在不同种稻方式下,铵态氮呈现为:水作处理＞覆秸秆处理＞覆膜处理＞裸露处理,而硝态氮表现为:覆秸秆处理＞覆膜处理＞裸露处理＞水作处理,因此,以覆秸秆处理土壤的无机氮含量最高。此外,与水作处理不同,3个旱作处理土壤的无机氮与微生物量碳、氮之间存在着显著线性相关性;同时,尽管覆秸秆处理的无机氮残留最高,分别比覆膜处理和裸露处理高出13.7%和32.8%;但其氮肥利用率也最高,为33.5%,分别比水作处理、覆膜处理和裸露处理高出4.6%,27.2%和39.6%。由此可见,覆盖秸秆旱作水稻不但能够培肥土壤,提高土壤肥力,而且还提高氮肥利用率,是一种良好的种稻方式。
Water shortage is one of the main limitors in the development of sustainable agriculture.Since more than 80%of the freshwater used in agriculture system consumed in waterlogged peddy field,the traditional waterlogged mode has been challenged by water-saving cultivation of rice crop.Thus,a novel cultivation system of rice crop in aerobic soil was established and showed a great potential in water saving agriculture.In this system,about 90～100%of freshwater irrigated could be saved compared with waterlogged field.
A field experiment was carried out in sandy loam soil in Yancheng Academy of Agriculture Science,Jiangsu province(33°27'N,120°11'E) in 2006 and 2007,plant biological traits,soil productivity characteristics,nitrogen use efficiency differences, mineral nitrogen dynamic changes,soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen dynamic changes were analyzed.The results showed:
There were no significant differences in rice yield.and biomass among W(waterlogged cultivation),PM(aerobic cultivation with plastic film mulching) and RSM(aerobic cultivation with rice straw mulching) treatment in 2006,but the biomass of these treatments were higher than NM by 16.7%,12.7%and 10.8%.The biomass in RSM treatment was the highest in all aerobic treatments in 2007.The biomass in RSM treatment was higher than W,PM, NM(aerobic cultivation without any mulching) by 1.6%,10.0%and 17.7%.
Organic matter and available K content in RSM soil were higher than other cultivations;and available P content in PM soil was higher than other treatments. Treatment of RSM produced a higher rice grain yield than PM and NM by 8.57%and 28.94%,respectively.Available N and K content in RSMB soil were higher than in any other cultivation;and available P content in PM soil were higher than other treatments.Treatment RSMB produced more barely grain yield than WB and NMB by 16.9%and 16.4%,respectively.Rice cultivation with rice straw mulching under aerobic condition has pronounced effect on yield of post-cultivated barely growth and this treatment can be used under water deficient conditions to grow rice.
RSM had 13.3%higher grain yield than W,while PM and NM could not increase rice grain yield.RSM could increase nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency,up to 33.5%. RSM enhanced the translocation of carbohydrate from straw to grain.In RSM treatment,dry matter translocation before anthesis was 37%,12%,5%higher than W,PM and NM,respectively;nitrogen translocation before anthesis was 19%,19% and 24%higher than W,PM and NM,respectively.Aerobic treatments had a higher nitrogen surplus than treatment W.Treatment RSM had maximum residual nitrogen compared with other treatments,and it improved soil avalbility nitrogen.Rice with straw mulching cultivated in aerobic condition not only improved yields,but also had agreeableness ecological effect.
Treatment RSM had maximum soil microbial biomass carbon(MBC) and soil microbial biomass nitrogen(MBN),MBC was higher than W,PM and NM by 50.7%,18.1%and 31.9%,respectively,while MBN was higher than W,PM and NM by 55.4%,11.83%and 48.9%,respectively.Soil mineral nitrogen content in RSM was higher than any other treatment,and soil ammonium content order was determined as follows,W＞RSM＞PM＞NM,while soil nitrate presented as,RSM＞PM＞NM＞W. There was a significant positive relationship among MBC,MBN and mineral nitrogen in aerobic treatments,however,no significant relationship was found in treatment W. RSM had maximum residual nitrogen after rice harvest,and was 13.7%and 32.8% higher than PM and NM,respectively.Treatment RSM improved nitrogen fertilizer efficiency,amount to 33.5%,higher4.6%,27.5%and 39.6%than W,PM and NM, respectively.All results showed that rice with straw mulching cultivated in aerobic condition could improve soil fertility.
试验结果表明,与常规水作相比,覆盖秸秆旱作水稻能够达到或超过常规淹水栽培水稻的产量,2006年水稻生物量常规水作处理、覆膜旱作处理和覆秸秆旱作处理无显著差异,但显著高于覆膜旱作处理,分别比裸露旱作处理高了16.7%、12.7%和10.8%;而2007年覆秸秆旱作处理生物量则显著高于其他处理,并且各处理之间的差异也达到显著水平,以裸露旱作处理的水稻生物量为最低。覆秸秆旱作处理分别比常规水作处理、覆膜旱作处理和裸露旱作处理处理高了1.6%、10.0%和17.6%。2006年和2007年均以覆秸秆旱作处理产量最高。
以常规水作处理为对照,在整个生育期内,覆秸秆旱作处理的土壤有机质和速效钾含量均始终高于其他旱作处理,而覆膜旱作处理的土壤速效磷含量则始终高于其他处理;覆秸秆旱作处理水稻与常规水作处理水稻的产量无明显差异,但覆秸秆旱作处理水稻的总生物量、产量和经济系数均高于其他旱作处理水稻。其中覆秸秆旱作处理水稻的籽粒产量比覆膜旱作处理和裸露旱作处理水稻的产量分别高8.57%和28.94%。
在营养生长和生殖生长前期,覆秸秆旱作水稻处理后茬大麦的土壤速效氮、速效磷以及速效钾含量均比其他水稻旱作后茬处理高;其大麦生物量、产量和经济系数也均最高。其中前茬为覆秸秆旱作水稻处理大麦的籽粒产量比前茬为水作水稻和裸露旱作水稻处理的大麦分别高16.9%和16.4%。
覆盖秸秆可以促进旱作水稻碳水化合物和氮素向籽粒的转移:扬花前,覆盖秸秆处理的水稻干物质累积量分别比淹水处理、覆膜处理和裸露处理的高37%,12%,和5%,氮素转移量则高出19%,19%和24%。从氮素表观平衡角度来看,旱作处理更能促进氮素盈余;覆盖秸秆处理能增加土壤无机氮残留,提高氮素有效性。覆盖秸秆比常规淹水处理增产13.3%,氮肥利用率达33.5%。因此,旱作水稻覆盖秸秆不仅能取得较高产量,而且具有良好的生态效应。
在旱作条件下,覆秸秆处理微生物量碳分别比水作、覆膜和覆秸秆处理高出50.7%,18.1%,和31.9%,微生物量氮高出55.4%,11.83%和48.9%。从总体上看,在不同种稻方式下,铵态氮呈现为:水作处理＞覆秸秆处理＞覆膜处理＞裸露处理,而硝态氮表现为:覆秸秆处理＞覆膜处理＞裸露处理＞水作处理,因此,以覆秸秆处理土壤的无机氮含量最高。此外,与水作处理不同,3个旱作处理土壤的无机氮与微生物量碳、氮之间存在着显著线性相关性;同时,尽管覆秸秆处理的无机氮残留最高,分别比覆膜处理和裸露处理高出13.7%和32.8%;但其氮肥利用率也最高,为33.5%,分别比水作处理、覆膜处理和裸露处理高出4.6%,27.2%和39.6%。由此可见,覆盖秸秆旱作水稻不但能够培肥土壤,提高土壤肥力,而且还提高氮肥利用率,是一种良好的种稻方式。
Water shortage is one of the main limitors in the development of sustainable agriculture.Since more than 80%of the freshwater used in agriculture system consumed in waterlogged peddy field,the traditional waterlogged mode has been challenged by water-saving cultivation of rice crop.Thus,a novel cultivation system of rice crop in aerobic soil was established and showed a great potential in water saving agriculture.In this system,about 90～100%of freshwater irrigated could be saved compared with waterlogged field.
A field experiment was carried out in sandy loam soil in Yancheng Academy of Agriculture Science,Jiangsu province(33°27'N,120°11'E) in 2006 and 2007,plant biological traits,soil productivity characteristics,nitrogen use efficiency differences, mineral nitrogen dynamic changes,soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen dynamic changes were analyzed.The results showed:
There were no significant differences in rice yield.and biomass among W(waterlogged cultivation),PM(aerobic cultivation with plastic film mulching) and RSM(aerobic cultivation with rice straw mulching) treatment in 2006,but the biomass of these treatments were higher than NM by 16.7%,12.7%and 10.8%.The biomass in RSM treatment was the highest in all aerobic treatments in 2007.The biomass in RSM treatment was higher than W,PM, NM(aerobic cultivation without any mulching) by 1.6%,10.0%and 17.7%.
Organic matter and available K content in RSM soil were higher than other cultivations;and available P content in PM soil was higher than other treatments. Treatment of RSM produced a higher rice grain yield than PM and NM by 8.57%and 28.94%,respectively.Available N and K content in RSMB soil were higher than in any other cultivation;and available P content in PM soil were higher than other treatments.Treatment RSMB produced more barely grain yield than WB and NMB by 16.9%and 16.4%,respectively.Rice cultivation with rice straw mulching under aerobic condition has pronounced effect on yield of post-cultivated barely growth and this treatment can be used under water deficient conditions to grow rice.
RSM had 13.3%higher grain yield than W,while PM and NM could not increase rice grain yield.RSM could increase nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency,up to 33.5%. RSM enhanced the translocation of carbohydrate from straw to grain.In RSM treatment,dry matter translocation before anthesis was 37%,12%,5%higher than W,PM and NM,respectively;nitrogen translocation before anthesis was 19%,19% and 24%higher than W,PM and NM,respectively.Aerobic treatments had a higher nitrogen surplus than treatment W.Treatment RSM had maximum residual nitrogen compared with other treatments,and it improved soil avalbility nitrogen.Rice with straw mulching cultivated in aerobic condition not only improved yields,but also had agreeableness ecological effect.
Treatment RSM had maximum soil microbial biomass carbon(MBC) and soil microbial biomass nitrogen(MBN),MBC was higher than W,PM and NM by 50.7%,18.1%and 31.9%,respectively,while MBN was higher than W,PM and NM by 55.4%,11.83%and 48.9%,respectively.Soil mineral nitrogen content in RSM was higher than any other treatment,and soil ammonium content order was determined as follows,W＞RSM＞PM＞NM,while soil nitrate presented as,RSM＞PM＞NM＞W. There was a significant positive relationship among MBC,MBN and mineral nitrogen in aerobic treatments,however,no significant relationship was found in treatment W. RSM had maximum residual nitrogen after rice harvest,and was 13.7%and 32.8% higher than PM and NM,respectively.Treatment RSM improved nitrogen fertilizer efficiency,amount to 33.5%,higher4.6%,27.5%and 39.6%than W,PM and NM, respectively.All results showed that rice with straw mulching cultivated in aerobic condition could improve soil fertility.
引文
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