基于田面水总氮变化特点和“水—氮耦合”机制的稻田氮素径流流失模型研究
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摘要
随着农村和农业的现代化发展,南方农村水体富营养化的问题日益严重,主要表现在水体氮磷含量居高不下。大量研究分析表明农田的氮素流失是南方水网地区水体富营养化的重要原因之一,其中水田随地表径流发生的氮素流失占有相当大的比例。
本文通过盆栽试验、大田试验和精确控制模拟试验,对田面水总氮在不同施肥水平、不同施肥方式及其他农艺措施下动态变化进行研究,初步得到了田面水总氮含量在施肥后的动态变化规律,并对其变化规律进行了数值拟合;针对水稻耕作特点建立了降雨—径流—氮素流失的模拟模型(PRNSM),根据已有实验资料确定模型主要参数,运用自编的模拟计算机程序,在1951-2007年57年逐日降水资料的基础上进行了大量模拟实验,研究分析了降雨量和水田径流及径流氮流失的关系特点;利用降雨-径流-氮素径流流失模拟模型(PRNSM)对水稻不同种植时期(6月1日到30日)进行模拟,分析其氮素径流流失规律,为控制氮素径流流失寻找思路和途径。
整个研究主要结论如下:
1、不同措施下田面水总氮动态变化研究
田面水总氮浓度随时间不断降低,并且在每次施肥后7-9天下降到较低水平。其下降趋势可以用一级反应方程(y=C_0×e~(-kt))进行拟合,结果发现除了CK和部分处理不能用此方程进行拟合,其他施肥水平拟合结果均达到显著水平,大部分达到极显著水平。
施肥水平和田面水总氮浓度成正相关关系;施肥方式对田面水总氮有较大影响,随着施肥深度加深,田面水总氮含量降低;不同肥料种类对田面水总氮含量有影响,全部施用复合肥处理浓度最大,施用复合肥+碳铵处理浓度最小;有机肥作为缓释肥料在试验初期对田面水总氮含量贡献不大;沙土较粘壤土处理田面水浓度大,主要由于沙土土壤吸附能力较弱;随着温度的升高,田面水总氮浓度有逐渐降低趋势。
盆栽处理由于氮素没有渗漏,在施基肥后第9天仍然有较高氮素水平,因此对分蘖肥总氮浓度有一定的叠加效应;大田措施下,由于外界环境对系统的影响以及各小区之间的相互影响使得各处理之间的差异性减小。
2、南京市稻田氮素径流流失评估
对6月15日栽插水稻进行57次模拟实验,结果表明南京地区6月15日栽插水稻条件下,全生育期径流流失氮素总量平均约为24.2kg/hm~2,径流氮流失率约为9.0%,与前人研究的结果比较吻合。
以6月15日栽插为代表进行的57年模拟结果表明,降雨量和径流量之间呈极显著相关,但有的年份降雨量与径流量之间的偏差很大。降雨量与径流氮的关系与上述两指标之间相类似,虽然有较好的相关性,但仍有部分年份的偏离巨大。
除了降雨量、径流、施肥量和肥料品种以外,较强径流出现时期与施肥期之间的时间间隔也是生产实际中影响水田径流氮的重要因素。强径流氮主要发生于施肥后7天内,如果能控制这个时期的径流氮就可以有效避免生长期强径流氮的发生。
3、水稻不同栽插期流失风险研究
对6月1日到6月30日栽插30个处理的模拟后进行统计发现,施肥日期对径流氮影响很大,随着栽插时间的延迟,年均径流氮有上升趋势。南京地区6月1日到10日栽插水稻田的径流氮较小,6月11日到20日栽插对水环境污染的风险其次,6月21日到6月30日风险最大。
Along with the developmont of country and agricultural modernize, the problem of water eutrophication in South of China is become serious, its representation is that TN and TP in water is high. Many researchs make clear that nitrogen losing is one of the reasons why water eutrophication in South of China, and nitrogen loss by runoff possess a big proportion.
This text research of surface water TN dynamic change on the condition of different levels of fertilization、different modes of fertilization and other agriculture measure by potted plant test、field test and exactness control simulate test. Get the result of the rule that the dynamic change of surface water TN after feitilizatio, and fitting the rule.Built on the former of lose by rainfall- runoff-lose of TN. Make sure of parameter from the experiment date and then research the point of rainfall and water runoff、lose of TN simulate with the precipitation date from 1951 to 2007 with self-plait formality. Simulate the date of different growth time of rice by the former of lose by rainfall- runoff-lose of TN, analyze the rule of nitrogen lose by runoff, search the consideration and way to control nitrogen lose by runoff.
The primary conclusion is that:
1、dynamic change of TN on surface water with different measure
TN on surface water is snap depress, and descend to a low level 7-9 days after fertilization. The downtrend can be fitting by stair reactivity equation(y=C0×e~(kt)) , the result is that except CK and some disposes other results reach markedness level by fitting, a majority reach damned markedness.
The fertilization level and the TN on surface water is positive correlativity, the fertilization mode has a big affect on TN on surface water, TN on surface water would depress with the deeper of fertilization deepness; different kind of fertilization has affect on TN on surface water, the consistence would reach the biggest by employ complex fat, it would get the least by employ complex fat+ ammonium bicarbonate; organic fertilizer has little contribute to the content of TN; the content by disposal of sandy soil is bigger than the disposal of loam, because that the adsorb ability of sandy soil is weak; with the hoist of temperature, the content of TN on surface water has a tide of depress.
The content of TN have a high level 9 days after employ radical fat because of that there is no leakage of TN in the disposal of potted plant, so it has a additive effect to the content of TN of tillering fertilizer; the otherness is minish on field condition because that the effect of environment and the one another effect of different section.
2、evaluate of runoff loss of rice field nitrogen in Nanjing
Having 57 times of simulate experiment for insert rice on June , the result is that on the insert condition,the gross of nitrogen by runoff loss is 24.2 kg/hm2,the rate of runoff lose is 9%, which is inosculate with forward research.
The simulate result shows that the relationship between rainfall and runoff amount has a damned marked diversity, but some years the relationship between rainfall and runoff amount have a very warp. The relationship between rainfall and TN runoff amount is the same with those two indexs, though they have a good pertinence, but some years have a big departure.
Except rainfall、runoff、fertilization amount and kinds of fertilization, the alternation of the date of force runoff appear and fertilization would effect runoff of TN on rice field. Force runoff appear 7days after fertilization,if we can control the TN cunoff on this date, wo could abstain force runoff appearment.
3、risk research of different insert time runoff of rice
After Statistic the simulation of 30 disposals from June 1 to June 30, the date of fertilization has a big effect to the runoff of TN, with the delay of insent time, the amount of runoff has a trend of raise. The amont of runoff is small from Jun 1 to June 10 in Nanjing, the risk is second from June 11 to Jun 20, the risk is the biggest from June 21 to June 30.
本文通过盆栽试验、大田试验和精确控制模拟试验,对田面水总氮在不同施肥水平、不同施肥方式及其他农艺措施下动态变化进行研究,初步得到了田面水总氮含量在施肥后的动态变化规律,并对其变化规律进行了数值拟合;针对水稻耕作特点建立了降雨—径流—氮素流失的模拟模型(PRNSM),根据已有实验资料确定模型主要参数,运用自编的模拟计算机程序,在1951-2007年57年逐日降水资料的基础上进行了大量模拟实验,研究分析了降雨量和水田径流及径流氮流失的关系特点;利用降雨-径流-氮素径流流失模拟模型(PRNSM)对水稻不同种植时期(6月1日到30日)进行模拟,分析其氮素径流流失规律,为控制氮素径流流失寻找思路和途径。
整个研究主要结论如下:
1、不同措施下田面水总氮动态变化研究
田面水总氮浓度随时间不断降低,并且在每次施肥后7-9天下降到较低水平。其下降趋势可以用一级反应方程(y=C_0×e~(-kt))进行拟合,结果发现除了CK和部分处理不能用此方程进行拟合,其他施肥水平拟合结果均达到显著水平,大部分达到极显著水平。
施肥水平和田面水总氮浓度成正相关关系;施肥方式对田面水总氮有较大影响,随着施肥深度加深,田面水总氮含量降低;不同肥料种类对田面水总氮含量有影响,全部施用复合肥处理浓度最大,施用复合肥+碳铵处理浓度最小;有机肥作为缓释肥料在试验初期对田面水总氮含量贡献不大;沙土较粘壤土处理田面水浓度大,主要由于沙土土壤吸附能力较弱;随着温度的升高,田面水总氮浓度有逐渐降低趋势。
盆栽处理由于氮素没有渗漏,在施基肥后第9天仍然有较高氮素水平,因此对分蘖肥总氮浓度有一定的叠加效应;大田措施下,由于外界环境对系统的影响以及各小区之间的相互影响使得各处理之间的差异性减小。
2、南京市稻田氮素径流流失评估
对6月15日栽插水稻进行57次模拟实验,结果表明南京地区6月15日栽插水稻条件下,全生育期径流流失氮素总量平均约为24.2kg/hm~2,径流氮流失率约为9.0%,与前人研究的结果比较吻合。
以6月15日栽插为代表进行的57年模拟结果表明,降雨量和径流量之间呈极显著相关,但有的年份降雨量与径流量之间的偏差很大。降雨量与径流氮的关系与上述两指标之间相类似,虽然有较好的相关性,但仍有部分年份的偏离巨大。
除了降雨量、径流、施肥量和肥料品种以外,较强径流出现时期与施肥期之间的时间间隔也是生产实际中影响水田径流氮的重要因素。强径流氮主要发生于施肥后7天内,如果能控制这个时期的径流氮就可以有效避免生长期强径流氮的发生。
3、水稻不同栽插期流失风险研究
对6月1日到6月30日栽插30个处理的模拟后进行统计发现,施肥日期对径流氮影响很大,随着栽插时间的延迟,年均径流氮有上升趋势。南京地区6月1日到10日栽插水稻田的径流氮较小,6月11日到20日栽插对水环境污染的风险其次,6月21日到6月30日风险最大。
Along with the developmont of country and agricultural modernize, the problem of water eutrophication in South of China is become serious, its representation is that TN and TP in water is high. Many researchs make clear that nitrogen losing is one of the reasons why water eutrophication in South of China, and nitrogen loss by runoff possess a big proportion.
This text research of surface water TN dynamic change on the condition of different levels of fertilization、different modes of fertilization and other agriculture measure by potted plant test、field test and exactness control simulate test. Get the result of the rule that the dynamic change of surface water TN after feitilizatio, and fitting the rule.Built on the former of lose by rainfall- runoff-lose of TN. Make sure of parameter from the experiment date and then research the point of rainfall and water runoff、lose of TN simulate with the precipitation date from 1951 to 2007 with self-plait formality. Simulate the date of different growth time of rice by the former of lose by rainfall- runoff-lose of TN, analyze the rule of nitrogen lose by runoff, search the consideration and way to control nitrogen lose by runoff.
The primary conclusion is that:
1、dynamic change of TN on surface water with different measure
TN on surface water is snap depress, and descend to a low level 7-9 days after fertilization. The downtrend can be fitting by stair reactivity equation(y=C0×e~(kt)) , the result is that except CK and some disposes other results reach markedness level by fitting, a majority reach damned markedness.
The fertilization level and the TN on surface water is positive correlativity, the fertilization mode has a big affect on TN on surface water, TN on surface water would depress with the deeper of fertilization deepness; different kind of fertilization has affect on TN on surface water, the consistence would reach the biggest by employ complex fat, it would get the least by employ complex fat+ ammonium bicarbonate; organic fertilizer has little contribute to the content of TN; the content by disposal of sandy soil is bigger than the disposal of loam, because that the adsorb ability of sandy soil is weak; with the hoist of temperature, the content of TN on surface water has a tide of depress.
The content of TN have a high level 9 days after employ radical fat because of that there is no leakage of TN in the disposal of potted plant, so it has a additive effect to the content of TN of tillering fertilizer; the otherness is minish on field condition because that the effect of environment and the one another effect of different section.
2、evaluate of runoff loss of rice field nitrogen in Nanjing
Having 57 times of simulate experiment for insert rice on June , the result is that on the insert condition,the gross of nitrogen by runoff loss is 24.2 kg/hm2,the rate of runoff lose is 9%, which is inosculate with forward research.
The simulate result shows that the relationship between rainfall and runoff amount has a damned marked diversity, but some years the relationship between rainfall and runoff amount have a very warp. The relationship between rainfall and TN runoff amount is the same with those two indexs, though they have a good pertinence, but some years have a big departure.
Except rainfall、runoff、fertilization amount and kinds of fertilization, the alternation of the date of force runoff appear and fertilization would effect runoff of TN on rice field. Force runoff appear 7days after fertilization,if we can control the TN cunoff on this date, wo could abstain force runoff appearment.
3、risk research of different insert time runoff of rice
After Statistic the simulation of 30 disposals from June 1 to June 30, the date of fertilization has a big effect to the runoff of TN, with the delay of insent time, the amount of runoff has a trend of raise. The amont of runoff is small from Jun 1 to June 10 in Nanjing, the risk is second from June 11 to Jun 20, the risk is the biggest from June 21 to June 30.
引文
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