甜椒对硝酸盐胁迫的生理响应及硅藻土有机肥的缓解作用研究
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摘要
近年来,我国设施农业生产发展迅速,土壤次生盐渍化日益严重。土壤盐渍化是设施蔬菜栽培亟待解决的难题,并已成为制约设施蔬菜可持续发展的瓶颈问题而引起广泛的关注。本文通过培养实验、水培实验和盆栽试验,研究施肥对土壤盐分和组成的影响、硝酸盐胁迫对甜椒幼苗的伤害机理以及硅藻土有机肥对硝酸盐胁迫下甜椒若干生理代谢的影响,旨在为土壤次生盐渍化的治理和废弃硅藻土资源化利用提供依据。主要结论如下:
1施肥对土壤盐分含量和组成的影响
1.1.培养实验结果表明,相同养分施用量下,不同氮肥处理的土壤电导率和盐分含量的高低顺序为氯化铵>硫酸铵>硝酸铵>尿素、碳酸氢铵,氮肥种类对土壤pH的不同影响是导致不同处理土壤盐分差异的原因。磷肥为过磷酸钙>钙镁磷肥,钾肥为硫酸钾>氯化钾。等量有机肥对土壤电导率和盐分含量的影响是:鸡粪>菜籽饼>猪粪、牛粪。
1.2施用氮、磷、钾化肥和有机肥均可增加土壤盐分离子的含量。Ca~(2+)、K~+是土壤主要的阳离子,NO_3-是土壤主要的阴离子,为减轻设施蔬菜地土壤的盐渍化,氮肥宜选择尿素,磷肥宜选择钙镁磷肥,钾肥宜选择硫酸钾。对次生盐渍化土壤,施用牛粪等C/N比值高、养分含量低的有机肥可减轻土壤盐渍化。
2甜椒幼苗对硝酸盐胁迫的生理响应
2.1水培试验结果表明,硝酸盐胁迫对甜椒幼苗生长有明显的抑制作用,随培养液Ca(NO_3)2浓度提高(60 mmol/L~150 mmol/L),甜椒幼苗株高、地上部鲜重、根鲜重、根体积以及根系活力均显著降低。
2.2硝酸盐胁迫导致甜椒幼苗叶片的SOD、POD活性提高,CAT活性降低,O2.-产生速率提高,MDA和H_2O_2含量增加,引起膜脂过氧化,叶片膜透性升高。
2.3与CK相比较,Ca(NO_3)260 mmol/L处理的硝酸还原酶活性提高了10.06%,差异不显著,Ca(NO_3)_280 mmol/L、Ca(NO_3)2120 mmol/L、Ca(NO_3)2150 mmol/L处理硝酸还原酶活性分别降低了16.87%、40.62%、63.88%,差异均达到显著或极显著水平。
2.4硝酸盐胁迫使甜椒幼苗叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a+b含量降低,叶绿素a/叶绿素b比值上升。硝酸盐胁迫下甜椒幼苗叶片的蒸腾速率、气孔导度降低,胞间CO2浓度升高,净光合速率下降。
2.5硝酸盐胁迫使甜椒幼苗光化学效率(Fv/Fm)下降,PSⅡ反应中心的关闭程度升高,电子传递受阻,PSⅡ反应中心性能指数PIABS、PICS明显降低,受体侧醌受体大量累积,叶片吸收过多的能量导致PSⅡ反应中心失活。
3硅藻土有机肥对硝酸盐胁迫下甜椒若干生理代谢的影响
3.1施用硅藻土有机肥显著提高土壤的有机质含量,降低土壤溶液电导率、含盐量和NO_3-含量,缓解硝酸盐胁迫对甜椒生长的抑制,表现为株高、茎粗、地上部鲜重和根鲜重明显提高。
3.2施用硅藻土有机肥可明显提高硝酸盐胁迫下甜椒幼苗的抗氧化酶的活性,降低H_2O_2含量和O2.-产生速率,缓解活性氧对甜椒幼苗的伤害,表现为MDA含量下降、膜透性降低。
3.3施用硅藻土有机肥可明显提高硝酸盐胁迫下甜椒幼苗的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a+b含量,提高甜椒叶片的气孔导度、叶片蒸腾速率和光合速率。
3.4硅藻土有机肥可缓解硝酸盐胁迫对甜椒幼苗PSⅡ的伤害,表现为Fv/Fm提高,PSⅡ反应中心的关闭程度下降,电子传递效率增加,PSⅡ反应中心性能指数PIABS、PICS明显提高。
In recent years, the greenhouse cultivation of China develops rapidly and soil secondary salinization in protected farmland is becoming worse. Soil salinity is problem of vegetable cultivation being solved and has become the bottleneck for sustainable development of greenhouse cultivation, and cause widespread concern. In this paper, indoor culture experiments, hydroponic experiments and pot experiments are carried out to study on the impact of soil salinity of fertilize, nitrate stress on the damage mechanism of sweet pepper seedlings, and diatomaceous organic fertilizer on some physiological and metabolic effects of sweet pepper seedlings under nitrate stress, aim at offering the theoretical basis on the improvement of soil secondary salinization in protected farmland and the utilization of waste diatomaceous earth. The main results are as follows:
1 Effects of fertilization on the soil salt content and composition
1.1 Indoor culture experiments results showed that, under the same amount of nutrient applied, soil conductivity and salt content of treatment of different nitrogenous fertilizer were in the order: NH4Cl>(NH4)2SO4>NH4NO_3>CO(NH2)2, NH4HCO_3. Nitrogenous fertilizer species to affect the soil pH led to differences in soil salinity. Soil conductivity and salt content of treatment of different phosphate fertilizer were in the order: calcium superphosphate>calcium magnesium phosphate; soil conductivity and salt content of treatment of different potassium fertilizer were in the order: K2SO4>KCl. The effects of the same amount of organic fertilizer on soil conductivity and salt content were in the order: chicken dung > rapeseed cake > pig dung, cow dung.
1.2 Application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and organic manure could increase soil salt-ion content. The major cation in soil was Ca2+、K+ , and the main anion was NO_3-. To reduce soil secondary salinization in protected farmland, we should choose CO (NH2)2 in nitrogenous fertilizer; we should choose calcium superphosphate in phosphate fertilizer; and we should choose K2SO4 in potassium fertilizer. In soil of secondary salinization, application of cow dung and other high C/N ratio and low nutrient content of organic fertilizer could reduce soil salinization.
2 The physiological response of sweet pepper seedlings under nitrate stress
2.1 Hydroponic experiments results showed that, the growth of sweet pepper seedlings was inhibited under nitrate stress, and plant height, stem diameter, fresh weight root volume and root activity of sweet pepper seedlings were reduced significantly with the concentration of Ca(NO_3)2 in the medium increased.
2.2 Nitrate stress led to SOD, POD activities increased, CAT activities decreased, O2·- producing rate and H2O2 and MDA content increased of sweet pepper seedlings, which eventually caused membrane lipid peroxidation and membrane system damage.
2.3 Compared with CK, the nitrate reductase activity of treatment with 60mmol/L Ca(NO_3)2 increased 10.06%, and the difference was not significant. The nitrate reductase activity of treatment with 80 mmol/L, 120mmol/L, 150 mmol/L Ca(NO_3)2 decreased by 16.87%, 40.62%, 63.88%, and the differences were significant or highly significant.
2.4 Under nitrate stress, stomatal conductance and the content of Chla, Chlb, Chla+b, decreased significantly, intercellular CO2 concentration and Chla/Chlb increased, and net photosynthetic rate were dropped.
2.5 Under nitrate stress, the leaves of sweet pepper seedlings optical system response reduced the maximum energy conversion efficiency central, close degree of increased electron transfer blocked, a large number of acceptor side quinone receptor accumulation, leaves absorb too much energy led to inactivation of PSⅡreaction centers, photosynthetic apparatus damage, PSⅡreaction center performance index PIABS、PICS significantly reduced, thus weakening the leaf photosynthesis rate.
3 Effects of diatomaceous organic fertilizers on some physiological metabolism of sweet pepper seedlings under nitrate stress
3.1 After diatomaceous organic fertilizer manuring into the soil, the soil conductivity, soil salinity and NO_3- levels of soil were reduced, and soil organic matter content was significantly increased, and the impact of sweet pepper seedlings under nitrate stress have been alleviated and plant height, stem diameter and fresh weight has improved significantly.
3.2 Application of diatomaceous earth organic fertilizer significantly reduced O2·- producing rate, and H_2O_2 content; effectively alleviate the damage being caused by active oxygen on lipid membranes ,and manifested as MDA content decreased, membrane permeability decreased.
3.3 Application of diatomaceous organic fertilizer significantly increased the content of Chla, Chlb, Chla+b, stomatal conductance, leaf transpiration rate, and photosynthesis rate of sweet pepper seedlings.
3.4 Diatomaceous organic fertilizer could alleviate the damage of PSⅡof sweet pepper seedlings under nitrate stress, and manifested as Fv/Fm increased, the closure level of PSⅡactive reaction center decreased, and the electronic transmission of PSⅡreaction center and PSⅡperformance index increased significantly.
1施肥对土壤盐分含量和组成的影响
1.1.培养实验结果表明,相同养分施用量下,不同氮肥处理的土壤电导率和盐分含量的高低顺序为氯化铵>硫酸铵>硝酸铵>尿素、碳酸氢铵,氮肥种类对土壤pH的不同影响是导致不同处理土壤盐分差异的原因。磷肥为过磷酸钙>钙镁磷肥,钾肥为硫酸钾>氯化钾。等量有机肥对土壤电导率和盐分含量的影响是:鸡粪>菜籽饼>猪粪、牛粪。
1.2施用氮、磷、钾化肥和有机肥均可增加土壤盐分离子的含量。Ca~(2+)、K~+是土壤主要的阳离子,NO_3-是土壤主要的阴离子,为减轻设施蔬菜地土壤的盐渍化,氮肥宜选择尿素,磷肥宜选择钙镁磷肥,钾肥宜选择硫酸钾。对次生盐渍化土壤,施用牛粪等C/N比值高、养分含量低的有机肥可减轻土壤盐渍化。
2甜椒幼苗对硝酸盐胁迫的生理响应
2.1水培试验结果表明,硝酸盐胁迫对甜椒幼苗生长有明显的抑制作用,随培养液Ca(NO_3)2浓度提高(60 mmol/L~150 mmol/L),甜椒幼苗株高、地上部鲜重、根鲜重、根体积以及根系活力均显著降低。
2.2硝酸盐胁迫导致甜椒幼苗叶片的SOD、POD活性提高,CAT活性降低,O2.-产生速率提高,MDA和H_2O_2含量增加,引起膜脂过氧化,叶片膜透性升高。
2.3与CK相比较,Ca(NO_3)260 mmol/L处理的硝酸还原酶活性提高了10.06%,差异不显著,Ca(NO_3)_280 mmol/L、Ca(NO_3)2120 mmol/L、Ca(NO_3)2150 mmol/L处理硝酸还原酶活性分别降低了16.87%、40.62%、63.88%,差异均达到显著或极显著水平。
2.4硝酸盐胁迫使甜椒幼苗叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a+b含量降低,叶绿素a/叶绿素b比值上升。硝酸盐胁迫下甜椒幼苗叶片的蒸腾速率、气孔导度降低,胞间CO2浓度升高,净光合速率下降。
2.5硝酸盐胁迫使甜椒幼苗光化学效率(Fv/Fm)下降,PSⅡ反应中心的关闭程度升高,电子传递受阻,PSⅡ反应中心性能指数PIABS、PICS明显降低,受体侧醌受体大量累积,叶片吸收过多的能量导致PSⅡ反应中心失活。
3硅藻土有机肥对硝酸盐胁迫下甜椒若干生理代谢的影响
3.1施用硅藻土有机肥显著提高土壤的有机质含量,降低土壤溶液电导率、含盐量和NO_3-含量,缓解硝酸盐胁迫对甜椒生长的抑制,表现为株高、茎粗、地上部鲜重和根鲜重明显提高。
3.2施用硅藻土有机肥可明显提高硝酸盐胁迫下甜椒幼苗的抗氧化酶的活性,降低H_2O_2含量和O2.-产生速率,缓解活性氧对甜椒幼苗的伤害,表现为MDA含量下降、膜透性降低。
3.3施用硅藻土有机肥可明显提高硝酸盐胁迫下甜椒幼苗的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a+b含量,提高甜椒叶片的气孔导度、叶片蒸腾速率和光合速率。
3.4硅藻土有机肥可缓解硝酸盐胁迫对甜椒幼苗PSⅡ的伤害,表现为Fv/Fm提高,PSⅡ反应中心的关闭程度下降,电子传递效率增加,PSⅡ反应中心性能指数PIABS、PICS明显提高。
In recent years, the greenhouse cultivation of China develops rapidly and soil secondary salinization in protected farmland is becoming worse. Soil salinity is problem of vegetable cultivation being solved and has become the bottleneck for sustainable development of greenhouse cultivation, and cause widespread concern. In this paper, indoor culture experiments, hydroponic experiments and pot experiments are carried out to study on the impact of soil salinity of fertilize, nitrate stress on the damage mechanism of sweet pepper seedlings, and diatomaceous organic fertilizer on some physiological and metabolic effects of sweet pepper seedlings under nitrate stress, aim at offering the theoretical basis on the improvement of soil secondary salinization in protected farmland and the utilization of waste diatomaceous earth. The main results are as follows:
1 Effects of fertilization on the soil salt content and composition
1.1 Indoor culture experiments results showed that, under the same amount of nutrient applied, soil conductivity and salt content of treatment of different nitrogenous fertilizer were in the order: NH4Cl>(NH4)2SO4>NH4NO_3>CO(NH2)2, NH4HCO_3. Nitrogenous fertilizer species to affect the soil pH led to differences in soil salinity. Soil conductivity and salt content of treatment of different phosphate fertilizer were in the order: calcium superphosphate>calcium magnesium phosphate; soil conductivity and salt content of treatment of different potassium fertilizer were in the order: K2SO4>KCl. The effects of the same amount of organic fertilizer on soil conductivity and salt content were in the order: chicken dung > rapeseed cake > pig dung, cow dung.
1.2 Application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and organic manure could increase soil salt-ion content. The major cation in soil was Ca2+、K+ , and the main anion was NO_3-. To reduce soil secondary salinization in protected farmland, we should choose CO (NH2)2 in nitrogenous fertilizer; we should choose calcium superphosphate in phosphate fertilizer; and we should choose K2SO4 in potassium fertilizer. In soil of secondary salinization, application of cow dung and other high C/N ratio and low nutrient content of organic fertilizer could reduce soil salinization.
2 The physiological response of sweet pepper seedlings under nitrate stress
2.1 Hydroponic experiments results showed that, the growth of sweet pepper seedlings was inhibited under nitrate stress, and plant height, stem diameter, fresh weight root volume and root activity of sweet pepper seedlings were reduced significantly with the concentration of Ca(NO_3)2 in the medium increased.
2.2 Nitrate stress led to SOD, POD activities increased, CAT activities decreased, O2·- producing rate and H2O2 and MDA content increased of sweet pepper seedlings, which eventually caused membrane lipid peroxidation and membrane system damage.
2.3 Compared with CK, the nitrate reductase activity of treatment with 60mmol/L Ca(NO_3)2 increased 10.06%, and the difference was not significant. The nitrate reductase activity of treatment with 80 mmol/L, 120mmol/L, 150 mmol/L Ca(NO_3)2 decreased by 16.87%, 40.62%, 63.88%, and the differences were significant or highly significant.
2.4 Under nitrate stress, stomatal conductance and the content of Chla, Chlb, Chla+b, decreased significantly, intercellular CO2 concentration and Chla/Chlb increased, and net photosynthetic rate were dropped.
2.5 Under nitrate stress, the leaves of sweet pepper seedlings optical system response reduced the maximum energy conversion efficiency central, close degree of increased electron transfer blocked, a large number of acceptor side quinone receptor accumulation, leaves absorb too much energy led to inactivation of PSⅡreaction centers, photosynthetic apparatus damage, PSⅡreaction center performance index PIABS、PICS significantly reduced, thus weakening the leaf photosynthesis rate.
3 Effects of diatomaceous organic fertilizers on some physiological metabolism of sweet pepper seedlings under nitrate stress
3.1 After diatomaceous organic fertilizer manuring into the soil, the soil conductivity, soil salinity and NO_3- levels of soil were reduced, and soil organic matter content was significantly increased, and the impact of sweet pepper seedlings under nitrate stress have been alleviated and plant height, stem diameter and fresh weight has improved significantly.
3.2 Application of diatomaceous earth organic fertilizer significantly reduced O2·- producing rate, and H_2O_2 content; effectively alleviate the damage being caused by active oxygen on lipid membranes ,and manifested as MDA content decreased, membrane permeability decreased.
3.3 Application of diatomaceous organic fertilizer significantly increased the content of Chla, Chlb, Chla+b, stomatal conductance, leaf transpiration rate, and photosynthesis rate of sweet pepper seedlings.
3.4 Diatomaceous organic fertilizer could alleviate the damage of PSⅡof sweet pepper seedlings under nitrate stress, and manifested as Fv/Fm increased, the closure level of PSⅡactive reaction center decreased, and the electronic transmission of PSⅡreaction center and PSⅡperformance index increased significantly.
引文
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