大型望远镜异构控制系统的研究
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摘要
基于现代计算机技术和电子技术的望远镜控制系统,是大型望远镜系统的重要组成部分。它在上世纪70年代的出现,帮助望远镜技术突破了传统技术口径上的局限,实现了观测能力的飞跃。而随着自动控制技术在望远镜中的应用,越来越多的设备必须由计算机主导才能实现精确的控制和观测,智能化的望远镜控制系统已成为望远镜中不可或缺的一部分。
当前天文技术和天文望远镜的发展进入了蓬勃发展的新时期。在国际上,无论是光学、射电望远镜,还是空间望远镜,它们在发展上都出现了巨型化复杂化、设备多样以及控制跨度大的趋势。而服务于望远镜观测的控制系统,需要提供相当的灵活性和扩展性、跨平台、实时性和分布式等特性以满足望远镜的控制需求。近年来,我国已经或者计划建造了国际上光谱能力最强的郭守敬望远镜(LAMOST).最大的射电望远镜FAST等大型望远镜。而在控制系统方面,由于缺乏相关建设经验,我国在对该领域的研究还处于起步阶段。随着我国在大型科学装置上的投入不断加大,更多的大型望远镜将列入建设计划,对望远镜控制系统的研究也变得尤为迫切。在此背景下,本文对大型望远镜的控制系统展开了相关的研究和工作。
论文首先简述了天文望远镜的发展历程,讨论了光学、射电和空间领域的一些主要大型望远镜,并介绍了当前国内主要望远镜的情况,由望远镜大型化复杂化的趋势引出了望远镜控制系统的概念。
论文对现代望远镜的控制系统进行了分析。根据大型望远镜系统复杂、数据量大的特点,提出了望远镜控制系统的基本特征。在分析总结国内外现有望远镜控制系统的基础上,根据望远镜系统的层次化特征,提出了异构体系风格下的正交层次化控制系统体系结构。
论文对用于望远镜控制的分布式消息机制进行了研究。由于大型望远镜中数据量大、观测中的过程量众多,系统间通信的消息机制成为了望远镜运行控制的关键环节。本文对AMI/AMH技术、基于通知服务的消息总线技术以及数据分布服务技术进行了分析,通过实验测试,对几种技术方案的特点和适用情景进行了讨论。
其后对中央控制系统的结构进行了研究。根据分层的思想,对系统服务层、核心模块层、界面层以及子系统代理层的主要组件进行了讨论；同时按照正交化的体系结构,对命令、状态、警报和日志主线进行了设计。
根据适配器模式,实现了异构体系风格的子系统控制。并针对常见的子系统软件构架,以LAMOST和FAST望远镜中相关子系统为例,设计了基于EPICS框架、CORBA框架、基本Socket通讯架构三种子系统的控制。
最后,给出了一些望远镜控制系统体系结构开发的实际应用。在开发中,主要针对LAMOST观测控制系统、LAMOST CCD系统总控以及FAST总控系统,给出了主要的开发结果,从望远镜开发实践中验证了结构的可用性。
总的来说,本文研究了大型望远镜可异构的控制系统,为望远镜的观测提供了具有灵活性和扩展性、跨平台、实时性和分布式等特性的控制系统构架。论文主要有以下创新点：
(1)调研了国内外主要的大型望远镜,分析了望远镜控制系统的特点与需求,并总结了国际主要大型望远镜控制系统软件结构上的特点,在此基础上提出了支持异构的正交层次化体系结构。
(2)分别对望远镜的中央控制系统和子系统控制进行了研究。在中央控制系统中,按层次结构对主要组件进行了讨论,按正交结构对主线进行了设计；基于适配器模式设计了子系统的控制,并针对EPICS框架、CORBA框架和基本socket通讯架构实现了相关子系统。
(3)将控制系统构架首次应用于我国的两架大型望远镜,实现了LAMOST观测控制系统和CCD系统总控,以及FAST望远镜的总控和主动反射面控制,在望远镜开发和观测实践中,验证了系统结构的可用性。
Control system based on modern computer technology and electronic technology is one of the important components in large telescopes. The adoption of control systems in the1970s advanced telescope technology to break aperture limitations and bring leaps to observation abilities. With the application of automatic control technology in telescopes, more and more devices need computer domination to perform accurate control, and hence control system has become a necessary part in large telescopes.
Currently astronomical technology has entered a flourishing new era. And in all optical, radio and space telescopes over the world, there is a common trend toward increasing aperture, scale, complexity, and device diversity, etc. Control system that serves telescope observations should correspondingly supply flexibility, extensibility, real time, distribution and cross platform ability to meet the needs. In recent years, China has already or planned to build several large telescopes including LAMOST telescope with the highest spectrum acquiring rate in the world, and FAST telescope which would be the world's largest radio telescope. Meanwhile due to lack of large telescope construction experience, our research on control systems still stays in the beginning stage. With increasing national investment on large scientific facilities, more and more large telescopes will be enrolled into construction plan. Therefore research on control systems become an urgent need, and based on such background, the thesis carried out studies on large telescope control systems.
The thesis first introduced the development process of astronomical telescopes, discussed typical telescopes in optical, radio and space area, reviewed the situation of domestic large telescopes, and brought out the idea of telescope control system.
Then we gave an analysis to the control system of modern telescopes. Considering the huge data rate and complex characteristics of large telescopes, we summarized the basic features that control system should supply. After a review of current control systems for the world's main telescopes, we brought out the orthogonal layered control system architecture.
The distributed message mechanism for telescope control was studied. Communication between subsystems is a key aspect of telescope control because of their high data rate and numerous control variables during observations. This thesis discussed several technologies like AMI/AMH, notification service based Message Bus and Data Distribution Service. After experimental test we discussed the characteristics of different technologies and their application situation.
Then the thesis studied the architecture of central control system. Components of system service layer, core component layer, user interface layer and subsystem agent layer are briefly discussed according to the layered concept. Design of major threads in the orthogonal architecture including commanding thread, status thread, alarming thread and logging thread are given.
The control of subsystems is realized basing on the adaptor pattern. Aiming at common subsystem structures and taking subsystems of LAMOST and FAST as examples, designs are given for different types of subsystems including EPICS-based, CORBA-based and socket based architectures.
Finally the thesis presented several practical implements of control system architecture. We gave LAMOST Observatory Control System, LAMOST CCD system Master Control and FAST Central Control System as our main development results, and from practice result we verified the usability of our architecture.
Generally, this thesis studied the heterogeneous control system for large telescopes and provided a flex, extensible, distributed, real time and cross platform control system architecture. The main innovations of this thesis are:
(1) Investigated main large telescopes of the world and analyzed their characteristics and requirements, summarized the similarities of their control systems and then brought out the orthogonal layered control system architecture.
(2) Respectively studied central control system and subsystem control for large telescopes. Discussed the main components according to layered structure, and designed major threads according to orthogonal architecture; designed control for subsystems based on adaptor pattern, and implemented corresponding subsystem controls for EPICS, CORBA and socket based structures.
(3) For the first time applied the architecture to two of the national telescopes, and implemented LAMOST Observatory Control System, CCD system Master Control, FAST Central Control System and Active Reflector Control System. Through development and observation practice, system availability is validated.
当前天文技术和天文望远镜的发展进入了蓬勃发展的新时期。在国际上,无论是光学、射电望远镜,还是空间望远镜,它们在发展上都出现了巨型化复杂化、设备多样以及控制跨度大的趋势。而服务于望远镜观测的控制系统,需要提供相当的灵活性和扩展性、跨平台、实时性和分布式等特性以满足望远镜的控制需求。近年来,我国已经或者计划建造了国际上光谱能力最强的郭守敬望远镜(LAMOST).最大的射电望远镜FAST等大型望远镜。而在控制系统方面,由于缺乏相关建设经验,我国在对该领域的研究还处于起步阶段。随着我国在大型科学装置上的投入不断加大,更多的大型望远镜将列入建设计划,对望远镜控制系统的研究也变得尤为迫切。在此背景下,本文对大型望远镜的控制系统展开了相关的研究和工作。
论文首先简述了天文望远镜的发展历程,讨论了光学、射电和空间领域的一些主要大型望远镜,并介绍了当前国内主要望远镜的情况,由望远镜大型化复杂化的趋势引出了望远镜控制系统的概念。
论文对现代望远镜的控制系统进行了分析。根据大型望远镜系统复杂、数据量大的特点,提出了望远镜控制系统的基本特征。在分析总结国内外现有望远镜控制系统的基础上,根据望远镜系统的层次化特征,提出了异构体系风格下的正交层次化控制系统体系结构。
论文对用于望远镜控制的分布式消息机制进行了研究。由于大型望远镜中数据量大、观测中的过程量众多,系统间通信的消息机制成为了望远镜运行控制的关键环节。本文对AMI/AMH技术、基于通知服务的消息总线技术以及数据分布服务技术进行了分析,通过实验测试,对几种技术方案的特点和适用情景进行了讨论。
其后对中央控制系统的结构进行了研究。根据分层的思想,对系统服务层、核心模块层、界面层以及子系统代理层的主要组件进行了讨论；同时按照正交化的体系结构,对命令、状态、警报和日志主线进行了设计。
根据适配器模式,实现了异构体系风格的子系统控制。并针对常见的子系统软件构架,以LAMOST和FAST望远镜中相关子系统为例,设计了基于EPICS框架、CORBA框架、基本Socket通讯架构三种子系统的控制。
最后,给出了一些望远镜控制系统体系结构开发的实际应用。在开发中,主要针对LAMOST观测控制系统、LAMOST CCD系统总控以及FAST总控系统,给出了主要的开发结果,从望远镜开发实践中验证了结构的可用性。
总的来说,本文研究了大型望远镜可异构的控制系统,为望远镜的观测提供了具有灵活性和扩展性、跨平台、实时性和分布式等特性的控制系统构架。论文主要有以下创新点：
(1)调研了国内外主要的大型望远镜,分析了望远镜控制系统的特点与需求,并总结了国际主要大型望远镜控制系统软件结构上的特点,在此基础上提出了支持异构的正交层次化体系结构。
(2)分别对望远镜的中央控制系统和子系统控制进行了研究。在中央控制系统中,按层次结构对主要组件进行了讨论,按正交结构对主线进行了设计；基于适配器模式设计了子系统的控制,并针对EPICS框架、CORBA框架和基本socket通讯架构实现了相关子系统。
(3)将控制系统构架首次应用于我国的两架大型望远镜,实现了LAMOST观测控制系统和CCD系统总控,以及FAST望远镜的总控和主动反射面控制,在望远镜开发和观测实践中,验证了系统结构的可用性。
Control system based on modern computer technology and electronic technology is one of the important components in large telescopes. The adoption of control systems in the1970s advanced telescope technology to break aperture limitations and bring leaps to observation abilities. With the application of automatic control technology in telescopes, more and more devices need computer domination to perform accurate control, and hence control system has become a necessary part in large telescopes.
Currently astronomical technology has entered a flourishing new era. And in all optical, radio and space telescopes over the world, there is a common trend toward increasing aperture, scale, complexity, and device diversity, etc. Control system that serves telescope observations should correspondingly supply flexibility, extensibility, real time, distribution and cross platform ability to meet the needs. In recent years, China has already or planned to build several large telescopes including LAMOST telescope with the highest spectrum acquiring rate in the world, and FAST telescope which would be the world's largest radio telescope. Meanwhile due to lack of large telescope construction experience, our research on control systems still stays in the beginning stage. With increasing national investment on large scientific facilities, more and more large telescopes will be enrolled into construction plan. Therefore research on control systems become an urgent need, and based on such background, the thesis carried out studies on large telescope control systems.
The thesis first introduced the development process of astronomical telescopes, discussed typical telescopes in optical, radio and space area, reviewed the situation of domestic large telescopes, and brought out the idea of telescope control system.
Then we gave an analysis to the control system of modern telescopes. Considering the huge data rate and complex characteristics of large telescopes, we summarized the basic features that control system should supply. After a review of current control systems for the world's main telescopes, we brought out the orthogonal layered control system architecture.
The distributed message mechanism for telescope control was studied. Communication between subsystems is a key aspect of telescope control because of their high data rate and numerous control variables during observations. This thesis discussed several technologies like AMI/AMH, notification service based Message Bus and Data Distribution Service. After experimental test we discussed the characteristics of different technologies and their application situation.
Then the thesis studied the architecture of central control system. Components of system service layer, core component layer, user interface layer and subsystem agent layer are briefly discussed according to the layered concept. Design of major threads in the orthogonal architecture including commanding thread, status thread, alarming thread and logging thread are given.
The control of subsystems is realized basing on the adaptor pattern. Aiming at common subsystem structures and taking subsystems of LAMOST and FAST as examples, designs are given for different types of subsystems including EPICS-based, CORBA-based and socket based architectures.
Finally the thesis presented several practical implements of control system architecture. We gave LAMOST Observatory Control System, LAMOST CCD system Master Control and FAST Central Control System as our main development results, and from practice result we verified the usability of our architecture.
Generally, this thesis studied the heterogeneous control system for large telescopes and provided a flex, extensible, distributed, real time and cross platform control system architecture. The main innovations of this thesis are:
(1) Investigated main large telescopes of the world and analyzed their characteristics and requirements, summarized the similarities of their control systems and then brought out the orthogonal layered control system architecture.
(2) Respectively studied central control system and subsystem control for large telescopes. Discussed the main components according to layered structure, and designed major threads according to orthogonal architecture; designed control for subsystems based on adaptor pattern, and implemented corresponding subsystem controls for EPICS, CORBA and socket based structures.
(3) For the first time applied the architecture to two of the national telescopes, and implemented LAMOST Observatory Control System, CCD system Master Control, FAST Central Control System and Active Reflector Control System. Through development and observation practice, system availability is validated.
引文
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