中秦岭山阳—柞水地区岩浆岩及其成矿构造环境研究
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摘要
中秦岭山阳-柞水地区广泛出露燕山期花岗(斑)岩体和闪长(玢)岩脉、印支期花岗岩基以及新元古代岩块,围绕燕山期花岗(斑)岩体普遍发育斑岩-矽卡岩型Cu-Mo-Fe矿化。本文选取山阳-柞水地区9个典型花岗(斑)岩体和三处闪长(玢)岩脉进行了研究,通过详细的野外地质考察、岩相鉴定、矿物电子探针分析、LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb同位素成岩年代测定、岩石地球化学测试以及锆石Lu-Hf同位素分析,探讨区内燕山期花岗(斑)岩体的源区性质、岩石成因以及成岩构造背景,进而探讨斑岩-矽卡岩型成矿环境。同时对凤镇-山阳断层开展了40Ar-39Ar法同位素地质年龄测定,以此对研究区构造活动与岩浆作用及成矿间的关系进行研究。取得的认识和成果如下。
山阳-柞水地区存在新元古代、印支期和燕山期三期岩浆活动。新元古代岩浆活动(864.4-680Ma)以紧贴凤镇-山阳断层带南侧断续分布的板板山杂岩、十里沟二长花岗岩、冷水沟杂岩以及迷魂阵杂岩等岩块为代表,其主要岩性组合包括辉长-辉绿岩、二长花岗岩、钾长花岗岩以及石英闪长岩等基性-中酸性岩类,在秦岭造山带的俯冲-增生作用过程中,形成了中秦岭地区一条增生混杂岩。印支期岩浆活动(227-199Ma)以研究区北部及西部的东江口、柞水、曹坪以及沙河湾等花岗岩基为代表,主要岩性组合为二长花岗岩、黑云母二长花岗岩、花岗闪长岩、奥长环斑花岗岩等,岩体中普遍含辉长质-闪长质暗色包体。燕山期岩浆活动(141.5～150.2Ma)以广泛出露于全区的花岗(斑)岩枝、岩株以及闪长玢岩脉为代表,由闪长岩、石英闪长岩、花岗闪长岩以及二长花岗岩等岩性组成,主要矿物成分为斜长石、钾长石、石英等,主要暗色矿物有角闪石和黑云母,副矿物有锆石、磷灰石、磁铁矿和榍石等。
山阳-柞水地区燕山期花岗(斑)岩体以及闪长(玢)岩脉为I型花岗岩,总体显高钾钙碱性(少数为钾玄质)准铝质-弱过铝质花岗岩类。Mg#值变化于19-68之间,大多数介于45～60之间；岩体中黑云母的FeO/(FeO+MgO)与MgO投图结果、角闪石的Ti02和A1203投图结果；池沟岩体中包含有闪长质包体,这些均表明山阳-柞水地区燕山期花岗(斑)岩的岩浆源区为壳-幔混合。花岗(斑)岩体的稀土元素分异显著,LREE/HREE介于9.14～17.92,(La/Sm)N比值大于3,(Gd/Lu)N介于1-2之间,无明显Eu异常；富集K、Rb和Ba等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti和P等高场强元素；具有高Sr低Y和Yb、高La/Yb、高Sr/Y等微量元素组成,显示一定的埃达克质特征。锆石εHf(t)值为-4.50～2.17,平均-1.11暗示浆源区为高度混合的壳-幔混合岩浆,且以地壳熔融组分为主；Hf同位素二阶段模式年龄(TDM2)为0.9-1.6Ga,集中于1.2-1.4Ga,说明南秦岭中-新元古代地壳增生形成的基性物质重熔岩浆应为研究区燕山期花岗(斑)岩体的岩浆源区。
矿物学特征以及岩石地球化学组成共同表明山阳-柞水地区燕山期花岗(斑)岩体形成于碰撞后伸展的构造背景之下,属碰撞后花岗岩。随着晚侏罗世-早白垩世(J3-K1)秦岭造山带南北向外部挤压作用消失,造山带转为强烈的伸展,引发大规模岩浆活动,形成壳-幔混合型岩浆,上升侵位形成了研究区的燕山期花岗(斑)岩体。
山阳-柞水地区广泛发育钾化、硅化、绢英岩化、绿泥石化等斑岩型蚀变,并已发现池沟、冷水沟等多个斑岩型矿床(点),花岗(斑)岩体的地质特征、岩石地球化学特征都与大陆碰撞型斑岩矿床相近,成岩构造背景也与大陆碰撞型斑岩矿床相吻合。但花岗(斑)岩体的侵位深度较深(8～14km), Rb、Ba等大离子亲石元素富集不明显,花岗(斑)岩体Sr含量不够高,Mn值较高,Y、Yb值较高,Sr/Y和La/Yb比值相对较低等,与国内外典型的斑岩型矿床存在一定差异,制约了本区斑岩成矿作用,导致斑岩-矽卡岩型矿化强度普遍不高,可能蕴藏着中-小型斑岩-矽卡岩型矿床。
A large number of Yanshanian granite (porphyry) bodies, Indosinian graniteand dioritic porphyrite veins are widely exposed in the Shanyang-Zhashui area, middle Qinling Orogenic Belt. Most of those Yanshanian granite (porphyry) bodies are surrounded by porphyry-skarn Cu-Mo-Fe and Cu-Au-Fe mineralization. Nine typical granite (porphyry) bodies and three dioritic porphyrite veins in the Shanyang-Zhashui area were selected to be systematic studied in this thesis. Basic on the field geologic investigation, petrographic examination, electron microprobe analysis, LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb ages determination, geochemical analysis and Lu-Hf isotopic analysis, the source natures, petrogenesis and petrogenic tectonic setting for these granite (porphyry) bodies were studied in this paper. Finally, metallogenic geological setting for porphyry-skarn deposits was discussed. In order to study the relationship between the tectonic activity and magmatism and mineralization,40Ar-39Ar ages of the Fengzhen-Shanyang fault was determined in the thesis. According to previous works, this thesis yielded following understandings and results.
The granitoid magmatism can be divided into three periods (Neoproterozoic age, Indosinian and Yanshanian, respectively) in the researched region. The first period (Neoproterozoic magmatism:864.4-680Ma) was represented by the Banbanshan magmatic complex, Shiligou monzonitic granite, Lengshuigou magmatic complex and Mihunzhen magmatic complex, etc., all of them are small rock blocks interruptedly distributed along the southern side of Fengzhen-Shanyang fault. These rock blocks, consisted of gabbro, diabase, quartz diorite, moyite, and monzogranite, fromed the Fengzheng-Shanyang accretionary complex-melange in Middle Qinling Orogenic Belt during the process of subduction-accretionary. The second period (Indosinian magmatism:227-199Ma) was represented by the granitic batholiths (including Dongjiangkou, Zhashui, Caoping and Shahewan). These granitic batholiths located in the northern part of Shanyang-Zhashui area, and consisted of monzogranite, biotite monzogranite, granodiorite, rapakivi granite, and so on. Mafic microgranular enclaves are common in these batholiths. The last period (Yanshanian magmatism:150.2-141.5Ma):Showing as the granite (porphyry) apophysis or stock, widely exposed in the researched region. Most of them consisted of diorite, quartz diorite, granodiorite and monzonitic granit; contain plagioclase, potassium feldspar, quartz and other major mineral; also contain dark minerals such as hornblende and biotite; and include accessory minerals like zircon, apatite, magnetite and titanite.
Geochemical analysis indicated that plutons (porphyry) in Shanyang-Zhashui area belong to high-K calc-alkaline series (less samples belong to shoshonite series) with the metaluminous (most samples) to peraluminous (less samples) feature; geological and mineralogical characteristics testify their Ⅰ-type granite nature. Mg#ranging from19to68(most between45～60), correlation of biotite between FeO/(FeO+MgO) ratio and MgO, correlation of hornblende between TiO2and Al2O3and microgranular enclaves in the Chigou pluton proved the crust mantle migmatization in their magma source. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns showed 'shovel' feature, no manifest Eu anomaly, enriched in large ion lithophile elements (such as K, Rb and Ba), and depleted in high field strength elements(e.g. Nb, Ta, Ti and P), indicated these plutons possess the common features belong to adakite and arc magmatic rocks; but the northern small plutons (porphyry) belong primarily to Adakite. Zircon εHf(t) range from-4.5to2.17, indicating that the magma may sourcing from high degree of magma mixing by crustal material and mantle material, and crustal melting are main ingredients. Hf isotopes two-stage model ages (TDM2),09～1.6Ga (most1.2～1.4Ga), indicated the magma formed by the melting of southern Qinling Orogenic Belt mafic lower crustal which formed in the period of Neoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic can be the source of plutons (porphyry) from Shanyang-Zhashui area.
Both mineralogical and geological characteristics show that these small plutons occurred under the tectonic setting from post-collision to extension, and belong to post-collision granitoid. After the north-south direction compressive stress disappeared in the period of late Jurassic to early Cretaceous, Qinling Orogenic Belt turned into the strong extension; large-scale magma activity were triggered; formed huge amount of crust-mantle mixed magma; finally ascended and emplaced to produce these plutons (porphyry) in Shanyang-Zhashui area.
Potassic alteration, silicification, phyllic, chlorite and other porphyry alteration were widely developed in Shanyang-Zhashui area. Furthermore, Chigou porphyry deposits, Lengshuigou porphyry deposits and Xiaohekou porphyry deposits were discovered after the recent porphyry deposits studying and exploring in this area. Geological characteristics, lithogeochemical compostion and tectonic setting of these granite (porphyry) bodies are consistent with their counterpart of porphyry deposits in continental settings; but more deep depth of emplacement(8～14km), slightly enriched in Rb and Ba, no significant content of Sr, overmuch content of Mn, Y and Yb and relatively lower ratio of Sr/Y and La/Yb of these granite (porphyry) bodies differ from those characteristics of typical porphyry deposits at home and abroad. These differences are likely to be constraints on the mineralization intensity of porphyry-skarn deposits. As a result, there would be small to medium-sized porphyry-skarn deposits output in Shanyang-Zhashui area.
山阳-柞水地区存在新元古代、印支期和燕山期三期岩浆活动。新元古代岩浆活动(864.4-680Ma)以紧贴凤镇-山阳断层带南侧断续分布的板板山杂岩、十里沟二长花岗岩、冷水沟杂岩以及迷魂阵杂岩等岩块为代表,其主要岩性组合包括辉长-辉绿岩、二长花岗岩、钾长花岗岩以及石英闪长岩等基性-中酸性岩类,在秦岭造山带的俯冲-增生作用过程中,形成了中秦岭地区一条增生混杂岩。印支期岩浆活动(227-199Ma)以研究区北部及西部的东江口、柞水、曹坪以及沙河湾等花岗岩基为代表,主要岩性组合为二长花岗岩、黑云母二长花岗岩、花岗闪长岩、奥长环斑花岗岩等,岩体中普遍含辉长质-闪长质暗色包体。燕山期岩浆活动(141.5～150.2Ma)以广泛出露于全区的花岗(斑)岩枝、岩株以及闪长玢岩脉为代表,由闪长岩、石英闪长岩、花岗闪长岩以及二长花岗岩等岩性组成,主要矿物成分为斜长石、钾长石、石英等,主要暗色矿物有角闪石和黑云母,副矿物有锆石、磷灰石、磁铁矿和榍石等。
山阳-柞水地区燕山期花岗(斑)岩体以及闪长(玢)岩脉为I型花岗岩,总体显高钾钙碱性(少数为钾玄质)准铝质-弱过铝质花岗岩类。Mg#值变化于19-68之间,大多数介于45～60之间；岩体中黑云母的FeO/(FeO+MgO)与MgO投图结果、角闪石的Ti02和A1203投图结果；池沟岩体中包含有闪长质包体,这些均表明山阳-柞水地区燕山期花岗(斑)岩的岩浆源区为壳-幔混合。花岗(斑)岩体的稀土元素分异显著,LREE/HREE介于9.14～17.92,(La/Sm)N比值大于3,(Gd/Lu)N介于1-2之间,无明显Eu异常；富集K、Rb和Ba等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti和P等高场强元素；具有高Sr低Y和Yb、高La/Yb、高Sr/Y等微量元素组成,显示一定的埃达克质特征。锆石εHf(t)值为-4.50～2.17,平均-1.11暗示浆源区为高度混合的壳-幔混合岩浆,且以地壳熔融组分为主；Hf同位素二阶段模式年龄(TDM2)为0.9-1.6Ga,集中于1.2-1.4Ga,说明南秦岭中-新元古代地壳增生形成的基性物质重熔岩浆应为研究区燕山期花岗(斑)岩体的岩浆源区。
矿物学特征以及岩石地球化学组成共同表明山阳-柞水地区燕山期花岗(斑)岩体形成于碰撞后伸展的构造背景之下,属碰撞后花岗岩。随着晚侏罗世-早白垩世(J3-K1)秦岭造山带南北向外部挤压作用消失,造山带转为强烈的伸展,引发大规模岩浆活动,形成壳-幔混合型岩浆,上升侵位形成了研究区的燕山期花岗(斑)岩体。
山阳-柞水地区广泛发育钾化、硅化、绢英岩化、绿泥石化等斑岩型蚀变,并已发现池沟、冷水沟等多个斑岩型矿床(点),花岗(斑)岩体的地质特征、岩石地球化学特征都与大陆碰撞型斑岩矿床相近,成岩构造背景也与大陆碰撞型斑岩矿床相吻合。但花岗(斑)岩体的侵位深度较深(8～14km), Rb、Ba等大离子亲石元素富集不明显,花岗(斑)岩体Sr含量不够高,Mn值较高,Y、Yb值较高,Sr/Y和La/Yb比值相对较低等,与国内外典型的斑岩型矿床存在一定差异,制约了本区斑岩成矿作用,导致斑岩-矽卡岩型矿化强度普遍不高,可能蕴藏着中-小型斑岩-矽卡岩型矿床。
A large number of Yanshanian granite (porphyry) bodies, Indosinian graniteand dioritic porphyrite veins are widely exposed in the Shanyang-Zhashui area, middle Qinling Orogenic Belt. Most of those Yanshanian granite (porphyry) bodies are surrounded by porphyry-skarn Cu-Mo-Fe and Cu-Au-Fe mineralization. Nine typical granite (porphyry) bodies and three dioritic porphyrite veins in the Shanyang-Zhashui area were selected to be systematic studied in this thesis. Basic on the field geologic investigation, petrographic examination, electron microprobe analysis, LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb ages determination, geochemical analysis and Lu-Hf isotopic analysis, the source natures, petrogenesis and petrogenic tectonic setting for these granite (porphyry) bodies were studied in this paper. Finally, metallogenic geological setting for porphyry-skarn deposits was discussed. In order to study the relationship between the tectonic activity and magmatism and mineralization,40Ar-39Ar ages of the Fengzhen-Shanyang fault was determined in the thesis. According to previous works, this thesis yielded following understandings and results.
The granitoid magmatism can be divided into three periods (Neoproterozoic age, Indosinian and Yanshanian, respectively) in the researched region. The first period (Neoproterozoic magmatism:864.4-680Ma) was represented by the Banbanshan magmatic complex, Shiligou monzonitic granite, Lengshuigou magmatic complex and Mihunzhen magmatic complex, etc., all of them are small rock blocks interruptedly distributed along the southern side of Fengzhen-Shanyang fault. These rock blocks, consisted of gabbro, diabase, quartz diorite, moyite, and monzogranite, fromed the Fengzheng-Shanyang accretionary complex-melange in Middle Qinling Orogenic Belt during the process of subduction-accretionary. The second period (Indosinian magmatism:227-199Ma) was represented by the granitic batholiths (including Dongjiangkou, Zhashui, Caoping and Shahewan). These granitic batholiths located in the northern part of Shanyang-Zhashui area, and consisted of monzogranite, biotite monzogranite, granodiorite, rapakivi granite, and so on. Mafic microgranular enclaves are common in these batholiths. The last period (Yanshanian magmatism:150.2-141.5Ma):Showing as the granite (porphyry) apophysis or stock, widely exposed in the researched region. Most of them consisted of diorite, quartz diorite, granodiorite and monzonitic granit; contain plagioclase, potassium feldspar, quartz and other major mineral; also contain dark minerals such as hornblende and biotite; and include accessory minerals like zircon, apatite, magnetite and titanite.
Geochemical analysis indicated that plutons (porphyry) in Shanyang-Zhashui area belong to high-K calc-alkaline series (less samples belong to shoshonite series) with the metaluminous (most samples) to peraluminous (less samples) feature; geological and mineralogical characteristics testify their Ⅰ-type granite nature. Mg#ranging from19to68(most between45～60), correlation of biotite between FeO/(FeO+MgO) ratio and MgO, correlation of hornblende between TiO2and Al2O3and microgranular enclaves in the Chigou pluton proved the crust mantle migmatization in their magma source. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns showed 'shovel' feature, no manifest Eu anomaly, enriched in large ion lithophile elements (such as K, Rb and Ba), and depleted in high field strength elements(e.g. Nb, Ta, Ti and P), indicated these plutons possess the common features belong to adakite and arc magmatic rocks; but the northern small plutons (porphyry) belong primarily to Adakite. Zircon εHf(t) range from-4.5to2.17, indicating that the magma may sourcing from high degree of magma mixing by crustal material and mantle material, and crustal melting are main ingredients. Hf isotopes two-stage model ages (TDM2),09～1.6Ga (most1.2～1.4Ga), indicated the magma formed by the melting of southern Qinling Orogenic Belt mafic lower crustal which formed in the period of Neoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic can be the source of plutons (porphyry) from Shanyang-Zhashui area.
Both mineralogical and geological characteristics show that these small plutons occurred under the tectonic setting from post-collision to extension, and belong to post-collision granitoid. After the north-south direction compressive stress disappeared in the period of late Jurassic to early Cretaceous, Qinling Orogenic Belt turned into the strong extension; large-scale magma activity were triggered; formed huge amount of crust-mantle mixed magma; finally ascended and emplaced to produce these plutons (porphyry) in Shanyang-Zhashui area.
Potassic alteration, silicification, phyllic, chlorite and other porphyry alteration were widely developed in Shanyang-Zhashui area. Furthermore, Chigou porphyry deposits, Lengshuigou porphyry deposits and Xiaohekou porphyry deposits were discovered after the recent porphyry deposits studying and exploring in this area. Geological characteristics, lithogeochemical compostion and tectonic setting of these granite (porphyry) bodies are consistent with their counterpart of porphyry deposits in continental settings; but more deep depth of emplacement(8～14km), slightly enriched in Rb and Ba, no significant content of Sr, overmuch content of Mn, Y and Yb and relatively lower ratio of Sr/Y and La/Yb of these granite (porphyry) bodies differ from those characteristics of typical porphyry deposits at home and abroad. These differences are likely to be constraints on the mineralization intensity of porphyry-skarn deposits. As a result, there would be small to medium-sized porphyry-skarn deposits output in Shanyang-Zhashui area.
引文
①王宗起,等.2011.西秦岭成矿地质背景与铅锌、银、铜、金资源评价技术研究(科研报告).1-662
①王宗起,等.2011.西秦岭成矿地质背景与铅锌、银、铜、金资源评价技术研究(科研报告).1-662
①王宗起,等.2011.西秦岭成矿地质背景与铅锌、银、铜、金资源评价技术研究(科研报告).1-662
①王宗起,等.2011.西秦岭成矿地质背景与铅锌、银、铜、金资源评价技术研究(科研报告).1-662
①王宗起,等.2011.西秦岭成矿地质背景与铅锌、银、铜、金资源评价技术研究(科研报告).1-662
①陕西省地质矿产局.1990.1：5万陕西省区域地质调查报告(石嘴幅、凤凰咀幅).1-152
②陕西省地质矿产局.1992.1：5万陕西省区域地质调查报告(镇安县幅、大坪幅、沪家垣幅).1-119
①王宗起,等.2011.西秦岭成矿地质背景与铅锌、银、铜、金资源评价技术研究(科研报告).1-662
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