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高强混凝土收缩开裂的研究
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摘要
混凝土由于各种收缩而引起的开裂问题一直是混凝土结构物裂缝控制的重点
    和难点。近年来,人们采用低水胶比,掺加粉煤灰、磨细矿渣和硅灰等矿物掺合
    料和高效减水剂的方法配制高强混凝土,但对高强混凝土的体积稳定性缺乏系统
    的研究,在工程实践中高强混凝土的收缩开裂问题也显得比较突出。因此,对高
    强混凝土的收缩及收缩开裂趋势的研究就显得十分重要,这方面已经成为国内外
    高强混凝土研究的热点。
     本文对高强混凝土收缩开裂的特点及影响因素进行了系统的研究,主要包括:
    比较研究了高强混凝土与普通混凝土收缩开裂趋势的不同;并分析了水胶比及各
    种矿物掺合料对高强混凝土收缩开裂趋势的影响;探索了纤维、膨胀剂、减缩剂
    对高强混凝土收缩开裂趋势的改善效果。采用了圆环试验方法直接评价混凝土的
    收缩开裂趋势,并采用与圆环试验同步的测长法研究了高强混凝土的收缩性能。
    对于混凝土早期的弹性模量和徐变等直接影响混凝土收缩开裂的指标进行了测
    试,并借助SEM、压汞法测孔等微观测试手段对高强混凝土的微结构进行了研究。
     研究结果表明:本文提出的采用圆环法和与圆环同步的测长法相结合共同评
    价高强混凝土的收缩开裂趋势的方法,能较好的评价高强混凝土的收缩性能。高
    强混凝土与普通混凝土相比,收缩开裂趋势明显大于普通混凝土。高强混凝土的
    早期收缩大,弹性模量高,抗拉强度增长幅度小,徐变对应力的松弛能力小,几
    种因素的综合作用使高强混凝土比普通混凝土在收缩受约束时更容易开裂。本文
    在综合混凝土收缩开裂的各种影响因素的基础上,提出了混凝土收缩开裂影响因
    素的分析模型。在影响因素方面,降低水胶比增大了高强混凝土的收缩开裂趋势;
    粉煤灰明显降低了高强混凝土的收缩开裂趋势;磨细矿渣增加了高强混凝土的收
    缩开裂趋势,且细度较大的磨细矿渣表现明显;硅灰使高强混凝土的收缩开裂趋
    势明显增加。
     本文最后探索了高强混凝土收缩开裂的几种改善措施,结果表明:有机合成
    纤维对硬化高强混凝土阻裂作用不明显,弹性模量大的钢纤维则能明显降低高强
    混凝土的收缩开裂趋势;UEA-H膨胀剂对高强混凝土的补偿收缩效果明显,圆环
    试验研究表明UEA-H膨胀剂能有效的降低混凝土的收缩开裂趋势;减缩剂SRA
    对高强混凝土的自由收缩有明显的降低作用,并能显著降低高强混凝土的收缩开
    裂趋势。
Shrinkage cracking is a critical problem in concrete construction. In recent years, various mineral admixtures such as fly ash, blast furnace slag, silica fume along with superplasticizers have been used to produce concrete with high strength and durability. But no systematic study has been done on volume stability of high-strength concrete (HSC) and the cracking problems become more serious in engineering practice. So it very important to research on shrinkage cracking of HSC.
     The paper presents a systematic study on characteristics and influencing factors of HSC. The result shows that the tests, which are used in this paper, including ring test and free shrinkage test, could do well in evaluating the shrinkage-cracking potential of HSC. USC is more sensitive to shrinkage cracking than normal concrete. The combined effects of higher free shrinkage lower specific creep and higher modulus of elasticity resulted in early cracking for USC. The paper presents an analytic model of factors that influence shrinkage tracking of USC.
     The influence of water binder ratio (w/b) and mineral admixtures on the shrinkage cracking of HSC are investigated, The smaller the w/b, the more serious the shrinkage cracking. Incorporating with fly ash could reduce the tendency of shrinkage cracking of HSC, due to reducing the free shrinkage effectively, and the opposite trend is found when silica fume is added to concrete. Fine blast furnace slag powder could increase the shrinkage potential of USC, although it could not increase the free shrinkage of concrete obviously.
     Several measures are tested for reducing the shrinkage cracking potential of HSC. It was found that polypropylene fiber could not prevent the crack opening due to its lower modulus of elasticity. Steel fiber could reduce the shrinkage cracking obviously because of its higher modulus of elasticity ~nd binder strength. The expansive agent UEA-H could compensate shrinkage remarkably, so it could reduce the tendency of shrinkage cracking significantly. USC with shrinkage reducing admixture (SRA) have lower tendency ef shrinkage cracking due to its lower free shrinkage.
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