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中国碳金融市场发展研究
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摘要
全球气候变暖和极端灾害天气频现,严重影响了人类社会可持续发展。解决气候变暖的根本措施是减少温室气体,特别是二氧化碳的排放。面对日益严重的碳排放形势,如何实现碳减排越来越受到重视,这不仅催生了席卷全球的低碳经济浪潮,更成为经济转型、增长方式转变及产业结构调整的重要驱动因素,各国都在积极探索有效手段推动碳减排。
     按照外部性理论,碳排放行为具有显著的外部性影响,促进碳减排的手段主要有强制性行政命令、税收、补贴及排放权交易等。从国际经验来看,建立碳排放权交易市场逐渐成为各国温室气体减排政策工具的首要选择。
     碳排放权交易需要依托碳金融市场来开展和运行。碳金融市场是一个由人为规定而形成的市场,各种生产经营活动和能源使用过程中释放的二氧化碳都以标准化后的可交易形式在这个市场上交易,最终实现总量控制下的余缺调剂,达到碳排放权供给和需求的一般均衡。
     本文围绕如何构建我国的碳金融市场发展,主要从以下五个方面展开研究:
     一是搭建研究平台。通过分析我国在应对气候变化、减少碳排放问题上的实践与现状,提出在外有压力、内有动力的条件下,中国建立碳金融市场的必要性和可行性。并围绕碳金融市场的减排效率、市场条件、定价机制等对已有研究和文献进行评述,理顺研究起点和思路。
     二是构建理论基础。通过对碳金融市场的相关理论进行总结评价,如经济发展与碳排放的环境库兹涅茨曲线、碳排放的强外部性问题、产权界定与碳排放的科斯定理、以及碳金融交易市场的有效性问题等,为建立新的市场框架打下坚实的理论基础。
     三是完善比较借鉴。通过考察国外排放权交易市场的演变过程、运作机制以及效果评价,揭示碳金融交易对促进碳减排的作用。碳金融交易的基础在于碳排放权的稀缺性,稀缺性的基础在于经济激励或强制成本,这是碳金融市场减排有效性的关键因素。除此以外,碳金融市场的建立需要多种环境条件支持,如明确的减排意愿、政治预期、金融资本和工具的支持等。
     四是创新机制设计。在长期缺乏碳金融市场的情况下采取非市场化手段实施减排,将无法通过碳价格信号来引导企业行为。本文认为中国碳金融市场的架构应该从非强制的行业减排起步,并提出了一个比较完整的非强制碳金融市场架构。在此架构中,中央政府、地方政府、核心减排企业、其他企业、第三方支撑体系等都纳入了分析框架。最重要的是,这是一个阶段性框架,只是在中国碳金融市场建立的初期适用。
     五是提供案例应用。以电力行业为例,对上述研究结论进行案例分析,以此证明结论的可行性和准确性,并在案例研究中发现问题,提出中国发展碳排放权交易的政策建议。
     论文主要创新之处在于:一是通过运用环境库兹涅茨曲线理论,分析了减排对缓解与遏制环境恶化的重要性。并进一步通过外部性理论和科斯定理,分析了解决环境问题的可能方案,提出了发展中国家应从减少碳排放强度开始,且建立碳金融市场是最有效的市场化减排手段。尝试回答发展中国家在气候应对中对“控制什么”、“如何控制”等问题的长期争论。二是通过对国际碳金融市场研究文献的综合研究与国际碳金融市场的比较分析,提出了建立碳金融市场、确保碳金融市场运行成功的必要条件,为我国碳金融市场的建立与运行提供指导。三是通过对现行强制碳金融市场运行条件的分析,提出了强制性碳金融市场和完全的自愿减排市场在当前时期并不适合中国国情的结论。四是借鉴国际行业减排与清洁发展机制(CDM),提出了介于强制与自愿之间的非强制碳金融市场行业减排思路。这一思路在基本原理上源于碳金融市场基础方法学的无损设计和浮动线方法,借鉴了国际行业减排的一般思路,尝试在一定程度上能够解决影响碳金融市场减排效率的包括经济发展阶段、地区差异、产业转移、碳泄露等在内的诸多“中国特色”问题。
     总体看,非强制碳金融市场在激励机制设计上,是“不减不罚、减排有奖”。一方面试图规避强制碳金融市场减排的实施阻力,另一方面也对主动减排者构成了必要激励,这种激励同时也构成了不主动减排者的机会成本损失。在基准设立上,采取了浮动线设计原则,既有必要的基准约束以形成政策激励和排放权余缺交易,同时也兼顾了不同行业、地区发展水平的差异,试图以此减少产能在不同地区转移带来的碳泄漏。在市场边界设计上,提出了基于重点行业为突破口的碳金融市场减排机制,同时兼顾行业排放水平的地区差异确定减排标准。既着眼于推进重点排放行业内交易市场的形成,也通过必要的机制设计吸引国内外其他排放主体的参与,同时探讨了由区域行业市场逐步过渡为全国市场以及和国际碳市场接轨的步骤和方式。
     论文也存在尚需斟酌和深入研究的地方。由于碳排放问题在中国受关注的时间不长,缺乏有规律的、全面的时间序列数据供研究所用,相关资料较少,无法进行系统的实证与计量分析。同时,作者对碳排放及碳金融的认识和熟稔程度有限,因此本论文更多的是一种探索性的研究,尚存在许多未能涉及或无法深入剖析的地方。上述方面有待今后进一步完善,并结合实践进行深入研究。
Global warming and frequent occurrences of extreme weather have had severeimpact on the sustainable development of human society. The fundamental solution toaddress global warming is to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide inparticular. Faced with increasingly severe situation of carbon emission, importance isattached to the ways of reducing carbon emission, which not only leads to the tide oflow-carbon economy that sweeps across the whole world but becomes one of the vitalfactors for economic transition, transformation of growth mode and industrialrestructuring. Nations are making vigorous efforts to figure out effective means toadvance carbon emission reduction.
     According to Externality Theory, methods or policies to promote carbon emissionreduction mainly include enforced administrative order, tax, subsidy, emission permitstrading, etc. Based on the global practice, it is the priority of all nations to establish thecarbon emission permits trading market in implementing carbon emission.
     The carbon emission permits trading is implementing and operating by leaning uponthe carbon financial market. Carbon Financial Market is the one formed bycustom-made rules, and on this market, the carbon dioxide emitted during themanufacturing, operation and utilization process is transferred and trade-off in a tradableform upon standardization. And eventually the supply and demand under the control intotal can be regulated, and then a general balance between carbon supply and demand ofcarbon emission permits is achieved.
     Focusing on the development of carbon financial market, the paper elaborates on theissue from the following five aspects:
     (1) Establishment the research platform. Based on the analysis result on currentstatus and the practice of China’s efforts to climate change and carbon emission reduction,the paper puts forward the necessity and feasibility of establishing carbon financialmarket under the external pressure and internal motivation. Besides, combining theavailable research and literatures on the topic of emission reduction efficiency, marketconditions and pricing mechanism of carbon financial market, the paper straightens outthe starting point and the route map of research.
     (2) Construction of the theories foundation. The paper lays a new and solidtheoretical foundation for the establishment of new market framework by studying therelated and available theories concerning carbon financial market, e.g. Environmental Kuznets Curve for economic development and carbon emission, external problemsconcerning carbon emission, property right determination and Coase Theorem, and theefficiency of carbon finance trading market.
     (3) Improvement of the comparison and references mechanism related to CarbonFinancial Trading. By examining the evolution of emission permits trading market, itsoperation mechanism and its effect assessment of foreign nations, the paper reveals theeffect of carbon financial trading on carbon emission reduction. Carbon emissionreduction is based on the scarcity of carbon emission permits, and the scarcity is resultedfrom the economic incentive or enforced cost. This is a key factor as to the efficiency ofemission in carbon financial market. In addition, the establishment of carbon financialmarket requires support of surrounding conditions, such as definite will for emissionreduction, political expectancy and financial capital, etc.
     (4) Design of the innovative mechanism. When faced with absence of the CarbonFinancial Market for a long period, it will be impossible to guide enterprises via carbonprice if we adopt non-market ways to reduce emissions. Based on EnvironmentalKuznets Curve, Externality Theory and Coase Theorem, the paper creats an unforcedcarbon financial market mechanism and states that this mechanism in China should startfrom industry sector, which are not forced to follow the carbon emission reductionrequirement.. In this architecture, the central government, local governments, coreenterprises with emission reduction, other enterprises, the third-party supporting systemand alike shall be incorporated into this analytical structure. Most importantly, the papershows that this phased framework only applicable at the preliminary phase in theestablishment of carbon financial market in China.
     (5) Case application and verification. The paper takes the power industry forexample, and conducts case study on the aforesaid research conclusions, so as todemonstrate the feasibility and correctness of these conclusions. In addition, feedbackwas summarized in case study, and policy suggestions are proposed concerning thedevelopment of carbon emission permits trading in China.
     Main innovations in this paper are:1. Based on Environmental Kuznets Curve, thepaper conducts analysis on the importance of carbon emission reduction for curbingenvironmental deterioration. Based on the Externality Theory and Coase Theorem, thepaper analyzes the possible solutions to environmental problems, proposes that thedeveloping countries should start from reducing the intensity of emission reduction, and holds that the establishment of carbon financial market is the most effective marketmeans to reduce emissions. In addition, the paper makes an attempt to respond to theongoing debate over “what and how to control” in developing countries.2. Based on acomprehensive study on literatures of international carbon financial market as well as acomparative study on international carbon financial market, the paper presents thenecessary conditions for successful establishment and guaranteed operation of carbonfinancial market. This is instructive for establishing and operating the carbon financialmarket in China.3. Based on the analysis on the conditions for the existing enforcedcarbon financial market in China, the paper presents the conclusion that the enforcedcarbon financial market is not fit for China’s actual conditions.4. Based on emissionreduction and CDM mechanism of international practices, the paper presents specificideas about one of the unforced modes of emission reduction, i.e. industry sectoremission reduction. Its basic principle derives from the no-lose design and float linemethod of basic methodology of carbon financial market. At the same time, it borrowsthe general idea of international industry sector emission reduction in design, andattempts to address such problems with “Chinese Characteristics” as economicdevelopment, regional disparity, industrial transfer, carbon leakage, and so on.
     All in all, in the design of incentive mechanism, the unforced carbon financialmarket follows such a principle:“Reward those who reduce carbon emission but do notpunish those who don’t”. On one hand, it attempts to evade from the pressure whenimplementing emission reduction via enforced carbon financial market; on the otherhand, it is a necessary incentive for those who are actively engaged in emissionreduction. Such incentive also leads to the loss of opportunity cost for those inactiveones. As for benchmark setting, the principle of float line design is applied. Thus notonly there are the basic the benchmark constraints, which can be used to establishpolicy incentive and trading of surplus emission permits, but also the regional disparityin terms of economic development is considered; and this benchmark could reducecarbon leakage due to capacity transfer. In terms of market boundary design, priorityshall be given to pushing the formation of trading market in key emission industrysectors, and mechanism shall be designed to attract the involvement of other emissionsubjects at home and abroad. In addition, the paper discusses on the procedures andmethods by which the regional sector market is transferring to the national market andfinally integrating with the world market.
     Because that it is still a short time since the carbon emission attracted attention inChina, regular and comprehensive time series data are absent as reference in currentstudy; and systematic empirical and quantitative analysis was curried out limitly. Inaddition, based on the knowledge and understanding on carbon emission and carbonfinance of the author, the paper is more of an exploratory study, and in-depth researchbased on practice would be continyed in the future.
引文
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