我国碳排放权交易市场体系的完善
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摘要
如何完善中国的碳排放权交易市场体系?对这个问题的回答在中国有着巨大的现实意义。我国还没有形成统一的碳排放权交易市场,而仅仅依靠CDM项目来参与到国际相关交易,这存在许多弊端,会影响到中国的切身利益,我们应及早进行碳排放权交易市场体系建立和完善的相关探索。国外碳交易开展较早,为我们提供了借鉴,但各国的碳排放权交易市场或计划方案由于政治、经济、文化等方面的原因,互有不同,并存在着相对的问题,国外在为中国提供经验的同时也提出了选择吸收的难题,只有认清碳排放权交易市场建立和完善的内在逻辑,才能借鉴适合中国具体实际的市场设计、运行经验,为我国碳排放权交易市场体系的完善提供具体、可行的对策。
基于以上思路,本文主要分为四部分,首先,从碳排放权交易市场体系与经济社会的关系及其交易运行机制两个角度进行了文献的综述；随后,对欧美碳排放权交易市场体系进行分析,以比较其利弊；然后,对我国开展碳排放交易的实践加以概括；最终,借鉴发达国家的经验,并结合我国的实际,为我国碳排放权交易市场体系的完善提出建议。
对于发达国家的经验借鉴,本文通过对欧盟EU ETS体系和美国的酸雨计划、芝加哥气候交易所等相关排放权交易市场体系进行了对比分析,从交易体系的发展模式、市场主体及交易规则(如交易的对象、配额初始分配方式、承诺期跨度、配额跨期借入和储存、监管和惩罚制度)等角度总结出各体系的异同,并具体阐述了各种机制、制度的利弊,以便为我国自己的碳排放权交易市场体系的完善提供参考。
同时国内的相关探索实践已经开展,主要包括开发CDM项目、建立环境交易所、进行排污权交易试点三个方面,本文将进一步从各探索实践的具体情况和存在的问题两个角度加以分析,特别对于我国目前市场体系存在的市场分割、市场主体参与度低、价格机制缺失这三个最紧迫的问题进行了重点的探讨,以探寻碳排放权交易的规律,总结经验,从而对我国碳排放权交易市场的建立方式、目标模式以及今后的完善路径等进行理论研究,其最终目的在于明确如何建立并采取怎样的运作方式才能更好地发展我国自己的碳排放权交易市场体系。
而对于我国自己的碳排放权交易市场体系到底应如何完善,本文将从欧美发达国家碳排放权交易市场的经验借鉴和在实践中完善我国的碳排放权交易市场的层面着手,对于借鉴欧美发达国家的经验,先要总结出欧美碳交易实践中得出的经验哪些是好的、普遍适用的,再结合我国的技术水平、能源利用方式、管理方式、经济影响等多方面的现实情况,从尽快建立全国统一的市场、培育减排企业和金融机构等市场主体、完善交易机制、健全监管法律等配套政策这四个方面提出了完善我国碳排放权交易市场体系的建议。
How to improve China's carbon emissions trading market system? The answer to this question in China has great practical significance. China has not yet formed a unified carbon emissions trading market, but simply rely on participating in CDM projects related to international trade. There are many drawbacks, which will affect China's vital interests, so that we should try to establish and improve our carbon emissions trading market system. Carbon trading abroad carried out early providing a reference for us, but their carbon emissions trading markets or planned programs are different because of political, economic, cultural and other reasons and there are relative problems. They provide experience for us, while also raise the problem of selective absorption. A clear understanding of carbon emissions trading market's internal logic can help us to learn operation experience for China's carbon emissions trading market system and provide specific and feasible countermeasures.
Based on the above ideas, this paper is divided into four parts. Firstly, from angles of carbon emissions trading market system's influence on economy and transactions operating mechanism, I review some literature; Subsequently, this paper compares the European and American emissions trading systems to analysis the pros and cons; Then, China's carbon emissions trading practice should be summarized; In the end, for the improvement of our carbon emissions trading market system, we should combine the experience of developed countries with China's reality.
Learning from the experience of developed countries, EU ETS and the U.S. Acid Rain Program, the Chicago Climate Exchange and other related emissions trading market systems are compared and analyzed, from the points of market breadth, market players and trading rules (such as the transaction object, the initial quota allocation, commitment period span, borrowing and storage quotas, monitoring and punishment system). I sum up the similarities and differences of each system and provide details on varieties of each mechanism, such as the system's advantages and disadvantages, so that we can have references for our carbon emissions trading market system.
While the domestic practice has been carried out, including the development of CDM projects, the establishment of environmental exchange and so on. This paper will analysis the status and problems of our current market system and focus on the problems like market segmentation, less market players to participate, the price mechanism missing to explore inherent of the carbon emissions trading. The ultimate goal is to identify how to build and take what kind of rules to better develop our own carbon emissions trading market system.
In the end how to improve our own carbon emissions trading market system, we need to learn from the experience of developed countries in Europe and America and also our practice. Firstly, I sum up the practice of carbon trading in Europe and America to analysis what is good and universally applicable. Then combine these experiences with our country's technological level, energy using patterns, management, economic impact and other aspects of reality. In the end I propose recommendations. Establishing a unified national market, cultivating corporate and financial institutions and other emission reduction market players, improving the trading mechanism, improving the regulatory and legal aspects of supporting policies will be four key points to improve our carbon emissions trading market system.
基于以上思路,本文主要分为四部分,首先,从碳排放权交易市场体系与经济社会的关系及其交易运行机制两个角度进行了文献的综述；随后,对欧美碳排放权交易市场体系进行分析,以比较其利弊；然后,对我国开展碳排放交易的实践加以概括；最终,借鉴发达国家的经验,并结合我国的实际,为我国碳排放权交易市场体系的完善提出建议。
对于发达国家的经验借鉴,本文通过对欧盟EU ETS体系和美国的酸雨计划、芝加哥气候交易所等相关排放权交易市场体系进行了对比分析,从交易体系的发展模式、市场主体及交易规则(如交易的对象、配额初始分配方式、承诺期跨度、配额跨期借入和储存、监管和惩罚制度)等角度总结出各体系的异同,并具体阐述了各种机制、制度的利弊,以便为我国自己的碳排放权交易市场体系的完善提供参考。
同时国内的相关探索实践已经开展,主要包括开发CDM项目、建立环境交易所、进行排污权交易试点三个方面,本文将进一步从各探索实践的具体情况和存在的问题两个角度加以分析,特别对于我国目前市场体系存在的市场分割、市场主体参与度低、价格机制缺失这三个最紧迫的问题进行了重点的探讨,以探寻碳排放权交易的规律,总结经验,从而对我国碳排放权交易市场的建立方式、目标模式以及今后的完善路径等进行理论研究,其最终目的在于明确如何建立并采取怎样的运作方式才能更好地发展我国自己的碳排放权交易市场体系。
而对于我国自己的碳排放权交易市场体系到底应如何完善,本文将从欧美发达国家碳排放权交易市场的经验借鉴和在实践中完善我国的碳排放权交易市场的层面着手,对于借鉴欧美发达国家的经验,先要总结出欧美碳交易实践中得出的经验哪些是好的、普遍适用的,再结合我国的技术水平、能源利用方式、管理方式、经济影响等多方面的现实情况,从尽快建立全国统一的市场、培育减排企业和金融机构等市场主体、完善交易机制、健全监管法律等配套政策这四个方面提出了完善我国碳排放权交易市场体系的建议。
How to improve China's carbon emissions trading market system? The answer to this question in China has great practical significance. China has not yet formed a unified carbon emissions trading market, but simply rely on participating in CDM projects related to international trade. There are many drawbacks, which will affect China's vital interests, so that we should try to establish and improve our carbon emissions trading market system. Carbon trading abroad carried out early providing a reference for us, but their carbon emissions trading markets or planned programs are different because of political, economic, cultural and other reasons and there are relative problems. They provide experience for us, while also raise the problem of selective absorption. A clear understanding of carbon emissions trading market's internal logic can help us to learn operation experience for China's carbon emissions trading market system and provide specific and feasible countermeasures.
Based on the above ideas, this paper is divided into four parts. Firstly, from angles of carbon emissions trading market system's influence on economy and transactions operating mechanism, I review some literature; Subsequently, this paper compares the European and American emissions trading systems to analysis the pros and cons; Then, China's carbon emissions trading practice should be summarized; In the end, for the improvement of our carbon emissions trading market system, we should combine the experience of developed countries with China's reality.
Learning from the experience of developed countries, EU ETS and the U.S. Acid Rain Program, the Chicago Climate Exchange and other related emissions trading market systems are compared and analyzed, from the points of market breadth, market players and trading rules (such as the transaction object, the initial quota allocation, commitment period span, borrowing and storage quotas, monitoring and punishment system). I sum up the similarities and differences of each system and provide details on varieties of each mechanism, such as the system's advantages and disadvantages, so that we can have references for our carbon emissions trading market system.
While the domestic practice has been carried out, including the development of CDM projects, the establishment of environmental exchange and so on. This paper will analysis the status and problems of our current market system and focus on the problems like market segmentation, less market players to participate, the price mechanism missing to explore inherent of the carbon emissions trading. The ultimate goal is to identify how to build and take what kind of rules to better develop our own carbon emissions trading market system.
In the end how to improve our own carbon emissions trading market system, we need to learn from the experience of developed countries in Europe and America and also our practice. Firstly, I sum up the practice of carbon trading in Europe and America to analysis what is good and universally applicable. Then combine these experiences with our country's technological level, energy using patterns, management, economic impact and other aspects of reality. In the end I propose recommendations. Establishing a unified national market, cultivating corporate and financial institutions and other emission reduction market players, improving the trading mechanism, improving the regulatory and legal aspects of supporting policies will be four key points to improve our carbon emissions trading market system.
引文
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①Benjamin K, Sovacool.The policy challenges of tradable credits:A critical review of eight markets [J].Energy Policy.2011(2),575-585
②Marjan Peeters, Stefan Weishaar. Exploring uncertainties in the EU ETS:"Learning by doing" continues beyond 2012 [J]. Carbon & Climate Law.2009(1),88-101.
①杨红梅.北京环交所环境权益挂牌金额累计达到145亿元[N].中国财经报,2011-06-28.
①根据天津排污权交易所网站资料整理所得
②李荣.上海自愿减排交易平台开户数突破20万户[N].经济日报,2011-05-17.
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①Benjamin K, Sovacool.The policy challenges of tradable credits:A critical review of eight markets [J].Energy Policy.2011(2),575-585
②Marjan Peeters, Stefan Weishaar. Exploring uncertainties in the EU ETS:"Learning by doing" continues beyond 2012 [J]. Carbon & Climate Law.2009(1),88-101.
①杨红梅.北京环交所环境权益挂牌金额累计达到145亿元[N].中国财经报,2011-06-28.
①根据天津排污权交易所网站资料整理所得
②李荣.上海自愿减排交易平台开户数突破20万户[N].经济日报,2011-05-17.
[1]陈晓红,王陟昀.欧洲碳排放权交易价格机制的实证研究[J].科技进步与对策.2010(19),142-147.
[2]李布.欧盟碳排放交易体系的特征、绩效与启示[J].重庆理工大学学报(社会科学).2010(3)
[3]曹华磊.欧盟排放交易体系回顾与启示[J].金融纵横.2010(6),15-18.
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