黔南晚石炭世生物礁生态系统及造礁群落形成的初始条件研究
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摘要
纵观石炭纪生物礁生态系统的发展和演化,体现出受泥盆纪晚期生物灭绝事件的影响,造礁群落全面瓦解的基础上生物礁系统逐渐恢复的过程。中国石炭纪生物礁成熟度较低,造礁生物单调,每个造礁阶段都只有一、两种主要造礁生物,礁体发育规模一般不大,分布不广泛。中国石炭纪生物礁的发展模式和浅海平底群落的发展模式表现出了很好的一致性,平底群落稳定发展的时期为生物礁发育的时期。中国石炭纪生物礁生态系统的最大特点就是在全球范围内普遍缺失后生动物骨架礁的背景下,早、晚石炭世均有较大型的后生动物骨架礁发育。
本文对黔南晚石炭世叶状藻礁生态系统和大型珊瑚礁生态系统进行了详细的分析和系统的研究。黔南猴场地区晚石炭世叶状藻礁极为发育,叶状藻礁在沉积环境频繁变化条件下,与碎屑滩相、灰泥相共同形成独特的沉积序列。蠕虫很可能参与了基底的建造,并成为叶状藻礁的先驱。产于碳酸盐岩台地边缘的叶状藻生态适应范围较窄,不能忍受混浊的海水,喜欢清洁动荡中等水动力条件。通过对贵州黔南晚石炭世的叶状藻古生态特征进行全面的研究,发现叶状藻是靠类根器官固着在基底之上,叶状藻的形态多样,有单杯式、包叶式和杯状聚集式,叶状藻片具有一定的强度和韧性。叶状藻之间及与其它生物之间是生存空间的竞争关系。翁刀村附近的叶状藻礁不同于到目前为止报道的礁体实例,它们除了叶状藻之外有高的生物多样性,这与先前的“中毒假设”的推测是不一致的。因此,在生物多样性方面,猴场地区翁刀附近叶状藻礁代表了一个独特和新奇的情况。叶状藻礁体的建造过程是由叶状藻群落的发展和沉积环境所决定的,叶状藻具有主动建造礁体的能力。
黔南猴场地区扁平村发育有石炭纪全球罕见的、独特的大规模典型的后生动物骨架礁,该礁体的主体部分由大型笙状群体四射珊瑚Fomitchevella建造而成,下部发育点礁层。对该礁体的造礁群落详细研究,尤其是对Fomitchevella造礁群落的研究后发现,造礁群落内生物结构、物理结构决定了群落的整体面貌而造礁群落的营养结构是维持这种面貌持续发展的主要因素,这三个方面共同作用来达到复杂的造礁生态体系的平衡。在礁体的整个发展过程中,后生动物造礁群落的存在与发展是至关重要的,它们维持了一个相对复杂的造礁生态体系的平衡发展。群落的整体面貌、生态体系都是由群落内的关键种所决定的,如果将群落内起到核心作用的物种从群落内移走,那么群落的性质,生物的组成和功能都将发生变化。
在中国黔南晚石炭世地层中广泛发育群体四射珊瑚Ivanovia cf.manchurica,它们大多是位于原地保存的,表现出了非常好的结壳硬质基底的生长习性。揭示Ivanovia cf.manchurica与定殖基底的生态关系,对于正确判断建造大型珊瑚礁的Fomitchevella定殖基底性质有很大的帮助。Ivanovia cf.manchurica结壳的硬质基底类型包括:原地的碳酸盐硬底,碳酸盐硬底碎屑,钙质生物碎屑及Tubiphytes和微生物(藻席?)形成的碳酸盐建造体。定殖在基底上的Ivanovia cf.manchurica群体形态是以延伸的薄层、扁平状为主,也有孤立分布的“迷你丘”状。Ivanovia cf.manchurica群体为了获得有利的生存空间采用的生长策略有侧向外围生长策略、中心式的生长策略或两者都包括的混合式生长策略。Ivanovia cf.manchurica适宜生长在温暖、清洁的,透光带以内的浅水环境。Ivanovia cf.manchurica群体的外部形态和内部结构的变化显示出了适宜在浅水、动荡的高能环境中生存。沉积速率高,被大量沉积物覆盖是造成Ivanovia cf.manchurica死亡的主要原因。以一个低多样性的化石集合体为特征的Ivanovia cf.manchurica群落是与硬质基底群落在石炭纪的发育情况相一致的。
通过对扁平大型珊瑚礁造礁群落定殖基底和造礁生物初始定殖环境进行详细分析和研究,以探求石炭纪生物礁生态系统演化过程中后生动物格架礁群落形成的初始条件。珊瑚礁基底界面附近的沉积学和古生物学现象指示出Fomitchevella造礁珊瑚群落初始定殖在硬质基底之上,硬质基底为造礁珊瑚Fomitchevella的定殖提供了一个理想的固着场所。Fomitchevella在幼虫定殖阶段需要附着到硬质基底上,珊瑚体大部分的生长过程不是附着生长的,是自由生长的过程。Fomitchevella通过幼虫聚集生存占据硬质基底上生存空间,也有利于造礁珊瑚群落的形成。硬质基底的存在对于扁平村石炭纪大型珊瑚礁的发育起到了关键的作用。造礁珊瑚Fomitchevella初始定殖在浪基面附近,有波浪作用的中等水动力条件碳酸盐台地边缘的硬质基底上,水体中沉积物的沉积速率低,水体清洁、透光性好。造礁珊瑚Fomitchevella初始定殖时期应为中等营养水平的水体环境。Fomitchevella珊瑚层向珊瑚礁的转变过程,很好的反应出了平底群落向造礁群落的演化过程。在硬质基底区域上Fomitchevella幼体的聚集生存是形成格架建造群落的先决条件。具有格架建造功能的Fomitchevella群落形成后,需要一个相对稳定的沉积环境向能达到生态体系平衡的造礁群落转化,频繁变化的水体环境对于Fomitchevella群落的发展极其不利。
Any survey of the occurrence of reef during the Carboniferous reveals that development of reef ecosystems is a gradul re-establishment process after the reef-building community having collapsed completely up on the extinction event in late Devonian.The maturity of Carboniferous reefs is low in China.The composition of reef-building organism is very monotonous;there are only one or two main builders in each reef-building stage.The reefs are all relatively small and have not broad distribution.Carboniferous reefs of China conform well to the pattern of shallow marine level-bottom community evolution.They developed in the period of stable level-bottom community.When there had worldwide metazoan framework reef ecosystems absence in Carboniferous,larger size metazoan framework reefs developed in early and late Carboniferous of southern China.
This thesis mainly focuses on the phyllloid algal reef ecosystem and the large coral reef ecosystem in Late Carboniferous of south Guizhou.The Carboniferous phylloid algal reefs are widespread and well exposed in Houchang area,south Guizhou.Affected by frequent changes of depositional environments,phylloid algal reefs,bioclastic banks and mud facies form a unique depositional sequence.The worm may taked part in the construction of reef substrate,they are the pioneer of phylloid algal reef.The phylloid algae developed on the margin of carbonate platform display a narrow spectrum of ecological environment.They favor clean,turbulence,medium energy water environments and can not live in turbid water envrionment.Through studying the characteristics of the paleoecology of phylloid algae in the Late Carboniferous in well-exposed reefs in southern Guizhou Province,we find that Phylloid algae are attached via a holdfast or similar organ to substrate.Phylloid algae have a variety of morphological forms,such as single cup-shaped,cabbage-shaped and clustering cup-shaped. Its thalli have certain tenacity and intensity.The relation between phylloid algae and other normal organisms is the competition for living space.The phylloid algal reef near Wengdao village differ frome examples reported to date by the high biodiversity of organisms other than phylloid algae,this contradicts the previous "poisoning hypothesis".Thus,in terms of biodiversity,the Wengdao example represents a unique and novel case to date.The process of phylloid algal reef building was decided by phylloid algal community evolution and sedimentary entironment.Phylloid algal have active constructional ability and they could form framestone.
A large-scale Carboniferous metazon framework reef is found in Bianping Village, Houchang area,South Guizhou.The reef is scare as the huge metazon framework in Carboniferous Period all over the world.The Bianping reef is constructed mostly by big phacelloid Fomithevella and its basement is composed of patch reefs.Thus,the type of Bianping reef is unusual and unique in Carboniferous.Detailed research on the reef-building communities,especially Fomithevella community,shows that biologic and physical structures of the communities play decisive roles in constructing overall structure of reef-building communities,while tropic structure of the community is a main factor to maintain development of the communities.The combined effect of biologic structure,physical structure and tropic structure leads to ecosystem balance of reef-building communities.In the reef building process,the metazoan reef-building communities are very important,they maintain the balance development of reef ecosystem.The overall natures and ecosystem of the community are decided by the key species in the community.The character,composition and function of communities would change,if the key species were taken out.
The well-preserved Pennsylvanian encrusting colonial rugose coral Ivanovia cf. manchurica is widespread and easily observed in south Guizhou,China.The documents of ecological relation between Ivanovia cf.manchurica and substrate are applied to further research the characteristic of substrate colonized by Fomitchevella reef-building community which buit a large coral reef.There are three common types of hard substrate encrusted by Ivanovia cf.manchurica:in situ carbonate hardgrounds,carbonate hardground clasts,and calcareous bioclasts.Thin,spreading sheets are the most common growth form of Ivanovia cf. manchurica in the study region.A mini-domal growth form is also found.Ivanovia cf. manchurica employed peripheral,medial and mixed growth strategies to occupy a sufficient area of substrate.It favored a shallow,warm,and clear marine environment within the photic zone and had a high tolerance of water movement.In shallow,higher energy conditions,the growth forms and internal structures of Ivanovia cf.manchurica were influenced by ambient environments.Ivanovia cf.manchurica was generally smothered and covered by mud in the studied area.The Ivanovia cf.manchurica fossil communities in south Guizhou are characterized by a low-diversity assemblage conforming to the typical pattern of hard substrate marine community evolution in the Carboniferous.
Through studying the substrate colonized by reef-building community of Bianping coral reef and analyzing the initial environmental conditions of the reef-building corals,in order to seek initial forming conditions of metazoan framework reef-building community in the evolution process of Carboniferous reef ecosystem.The sedimentological and paleontological phenomena underneath the coral reef indicates that Fomitchevella colonized a hard substrate. The hard substrate offered a stable habitat for Fomitchevella during its colonization stage. Fomitchevella juveniles attached to hard substrates while the adults were free-living.The strategy employed by Fomitchevella to secure a sufficient area of hard substrate was by larval aggregation.A large number of larval Fomitchevella aggregated on areas of hard substrate to form some initial small reef-building communities.The presence of a hard substrate was the key factor in the development of Bianping coral reef.Fomitchevella initially colonized a hard substrate near wave base with medium wave energy.The sedimentation rates were low and the water was relatively clear and warm during Fomitchevella colonization.The initial colonized Fomitchevella were well-adapted to mesotrophic conditions.The transformation of Fomitchevella biostrome to coral reef well reveals that the evolution process of reef-building community from level-bottom community.On some hard substrate areas,the larval aggregation of Fomitchevella is the precondition of the framework reef-building community forming.After forming the Fomitchevella community with framework reef-building function, a relative stable depositional environment is very important for Fomitchevella community to form a reef ecosystem with the balance development.The frequent changes of environment are adverse for the development of Fomitchevella community.
本文对黔南晚石炭世叶状藻礁生态系统和大型珊瑚礁生态系统进行了详细的分析和系统的研究。黔南猴场地区晚石炭世叶状藻礁极为发育,叶状藻礁在沉积环境频繁变化条件下,与碎屑滩相、灰泥相共同形成独特的沉积序列。蠕虫很可能参与了基底的建造,并成为叶状藻礁的先驱。产于碳酸盐岩台地边缘的叶状藻生态适应范围较窄,不能忍受混浊的海水,喜欢清洁动荡中等水动力条件。通过对贵州黔南晚石炭世的叶状藻古生态特征进行全面的研究,发现叶状藻是靠类根器官固着在基底之上,叶状藻的形态多样,有单杯式、包叶式和杯状聚集式,叶状藻片具有一定的强度和韧性。叶状藻之间及与其它生物之间是生存空间的竞争关系。翁刀村附近的叶状藻礁不同于到目前为止报道的礁体实例,它们除了叶状藻之外有高的生物多样性,这与先前的“中毒假设”的推测是不一致的。因此,在生物多样性方面,猴场地区翁刀附近叶状藻礁代表了一个独特和新奇的情况。叶状藻礁体的建造过程是由叶状藻群落的发展和沉积环境所决定的,叶状藻具有主动建造礁体的能力。
黔南猴场地区扁平村发育有石炭纪全球罕见的、独特的大规模典型的后生动物骨架礁,该礁体的主体部分由大型笙状群体四射珊瑚Fomitchevella建造而成,下部发育点礁层。对该礁体的造礁群落详细研究,尤其是对Fomitchevella造礁群落的研究后发现,造礁群落内生物结构、物理结构决定了群落的整体面貌而造礁群落的营养结构是维持这种面貌持续发展的主要因素,这三个方面共同作用来达到复杂的造礁生态体系的平衡。在礁体的整个发展过程中,后生动物造礁群落的存在与发展是至关重要的,它们维持了一个相对复杂的造礁生态体系的平衡发展。群落的整体面貌、生态体系都是由群落内的关键种所决定的,如果将群落内起到核心作用的物种从群落内移走,那么群落的性质,生物的组成和功能都将发生变化。
在中国黔南晚石炭世地层中广泛发育群体四射珊瑚Ivanovia cf.manchurica,它们大多是位于原地保存的,表现出了非常好的结壳硬质基底的生长习性。揭示Ivanovia cf.manchurica与定殖基底的生态关系,对于正确判断建造大型珊瑚礁的Fomitchevella定殖基底性质有很大的帮助。Ivanovia cf.manchurica结壳的硬质基底类型包括:原地的碳酸盐硬底,碳酸盐硬底碎屑,钙质生物碎屑及Tubiphytes和微生物(藻席?)形成的碳酸盐建造体。定殖在基底上的Ivanovia cf.manchurica群体形态是以延伸的薄层、扁平状为主,也有孤立分布的“迷你丘”状。Ivanovia cf.manchurica群体为了获得有利的生存空间采用的生长策略有侧向外围生长策略、中心式的生长策略或两者都包括的混合式生长策略。Ivanovia cf.manchurica适宜生长在温暖、清洁的,透光带以内的浅水环境。Ivanovia cf.manchurica群体的外部形态和内部结构的变化显示出了适宜在浅水、动荡的高能环境中生存。沉积速率高,被大量沉积物覆盖是造成Ivanovia cf.manchurica死亡的主要原因。以一个低多样性的化石集合体为特征的Ivanovia cf.manchurica群落是与硬质基底群落在石炭纪的发育情况相一致的。
通过对扁平大型珊瑚礁造礁群落定殖基底和造礁生物初始定殖环境进行详细分析和研究,以探求石炭纪生物礁生态系统演化过程中后生动物格架礁群落形成的初始条件。珊瑚礁基底界面附近的沉积学和古生物学现象指示出Fomitchevella造礁珊瑚群落初始定殖在硬质基底之上,硬质基底为造礁珊瑚Fomitchevella的定殖提供了一个理想的固着场所。Fomitchevella在幼虫定殖阶段需要附着到硬质基底上,珊瑚体大部分的生长过程不是附着生长的,是自由生长的过程。Fomitchevella通过幼虫聚集生存占据硬质基底上生存空间,也有利于造礁珊瑚群落的形成。硬质基底的存在对于扁平村石炭纪大型珊瑚礁的发育起到了关键的作用。造礁珊瑚Fomitchevella初始定殖在浪基面附近,有波浪作用的中等水动力条件碳酸盐台地边缘的硬质基底上,水体中沉积物的沉积速率低,水体清洁、透光性好。造礁珊瑚Fomitchevella初始定殖时期应为中等营养水平的水体环境。Fomitchevella珊瑚层向珊瑚礁的转变过程,很好的反应出了平底群落向造礁群落的演化过程。在硬质基底区域上Fomitchevella幼体的聚集生存是形成格架建造群落的先决条件。具有格架建造功能的Fomitchevella群落形成后,需要一个相对稳定的沉积环境向能达到生态体系平衡的造礁群落转化,频繁变化的水体环境对于Fomitchevella群落的发展极其不利。
Any survey of the occurrence of reef during the Carboniferous reveals that development of reef ecosystems is a gradul re-establishment process after the reef-building community having collapsed completely up on the extinction event in late Devonian.The maturity of Carboniferous reefs is low in China.The composition of reef-building organism is very monotonous;there are only one or two main builders in each reef-building stage.The reefs are all relatively small and have not broad distribution.Carboniferous reefs of China conform well to the pattern of shallow marine level-bottom community evolution.They developed in the period of stable level-bottom community.When there had worldwide metazoan framework reef ecosystems absence in Carboniferous,larger size metazoan framework reefs developed in early and late Carboniferous of southern China.
This thesis mainly focuses on the phyllloid algal reef ecosystem and the large coral reef ecosystem in Late Carboniferous of south Guizhou.The Carboniferous phylloid algal reefs are widespread and well exposed in Houchang area,south Guizhou.Affected by frequent changes of depositional environments,phylloid algal reefs,bioclastic banks and mud facies form a unique depositional sequence.The worm may taked part in the construction of reef substrate,they are the pioneer of phylloid algal reef.The phylloid algae developed on the margin of carbonate platform display a narrow spectrum of ecological environment.They favor clean,turbulence,medium energy water environments and can not live in turbid water envrionment.Through studying the characteristics of the paleoecology of phylloid algae in the Late Carboniferous in well-exposed reefs in southern Guizhou Province,we find that Phylloid algae are attached via a holdfast or similar organ to substrate.Phylloid algae have a variety of morphological forms,such as single cup-shaped,cabbage-shaped and clustering cup-shaped. Its thalli have certain tenacity and intensity.The relation between phylloid algae and other normal organisms is the competition for living space.The phylloid algal reef near Wengdao village differ frome examples reported to date by the high biodiversity of organisms other than phylloid algae,this contradicts the previous "poisoning hypothesis".Thus,in terms of biodiversity,the Wengdao example represents a unique and novel case to date.The process of phylloid algal reef building was decided by phylloid algal community evolution and sedimentary entironment.Phylloid algal have active constructional ability and they could form framestone.
A large-scale Carboniferous metazon framework reef is found in Bianping Village, Houchang area,South Guizhou.The reef is scare as the huge metazon framework in Carboniferous Period all over the world.The Bianping reef is constructed mostly by big phacelloid Fomithevella and its basement is composed of patch reefs.Thus,the type of Bianping reef is unusual and unique in Carboniferous.Detailed research on the reef-building communities,especially Fomithevella community,shows that biologic and physical structures of the communities play decisive roles in constructing overall structure of reef-building communities,while tropic structure of the community is a main factor to maintain development of the communities.The combined effect of biologic structure,physical structure and tropic structure leads to ecosystem balance of reef-building communities.In the reef building process,the metazoan reef-building communities are very important,they maintain the balance development of reef ecosystem.The overall natures and ecosystem of the community are decided by the key species in the community.The character,composition and function of communities would change,if the key species were taken out.
The well-preserved Pennsylvanian encrusting colonial rugose coral Ivanovia cf. manchurica is widespread and easily observed in south Guizhou,China.The documents of ecological relation between Ivanovia cf.manchurica and substrate are applied to further research the characteristic of substrate colonized by Fomitchevella reef-building community which buit a large coral reef.There are three common types of hard substrate encrusted by Ivanovia cf.manchurica:in situ carbonate hardgrounds,carbonate hardground clasts,and calcareous bioclasts.Thin,spreading sheets are the most common growth form of Ivanovia cf. manchurica in the study region.A mini-domal growth form is also found.Ivanovia cf. manchurica employed peripheral,medial and mixed growth strategies to occupy a sufficient area of substrate.It favored a shallow,warm,and clear marine environment within the photic zone and had a high tolerance of water movement.In shallow,higher energy conditions,the growth forms and internal structures of Ivanovia cf.manchurica were influenced by ambient environments.Ivanovia cf.manchurica was generally smothered and covered by mud in the studied area.The Ivanovia cf.manchurica fossil communities in south Guizhou are characterized by a low-diversity assemblage conforming to the typical pattern of hard substrate marine community evolution in the Carboniferous.
Through studying the substrate colonized by reef-building community of Bianping coral reef and analyzing the initial environmental conditions of the reef-building corals,in order to seek initial forming conditions of metazoan framework reef-building community in the evolution process of Carboniferous reef ecosystem.The sedimentological and paleontological phenomena underneath the coral reef indicates that Fomitchevella colonized a hard substrate. The hard substrate offered a stable habitat for Fomitchevella during its colonization stage. Fomitchevella juveniles attached to hard substrates while the adults were free-living.The strategy employed by Fomitchevella to secure a sufficient area of hard substrate was by larval aggregation.A large number of larval Fomitchevella aggregated on areas of hard substrate to form some initial small reef-building communities.The presence of a hard substrate was the key factor in the development of Bianping coral reef.Fomitchevella initially colonized a hard substrate near wave base with medium wave energy.The sedimentation rates were low and the water was relatively clear and warm during Fomitchevella colonization.The initial colonized Fomitchevella were well-adapted to mesotrophic conditions.The transformation of Fomitchevella biostrome to coral reef well reveals that the evolution process of reef-building community from level-bottom community.On some hard substrate areas,the larval aggregation of Fomitchevella is the precondition of the framework reef-building community forming.After forming the Fomitchevella community with framework reef-building function, a relative stable depositional environment is very important for Fomitchevella community to form a reef ecosystem with the balance development.The frequent changes of environment are adverse for the development of Fomitchevella community.
引文
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