长吻鮠投喂管理和污染评估动态模型的研究
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摘要
本文以肉食性鱼类长吻鮠(Leiocassis longirostris Gunther)为研究对象,通过生 物能量学和氮磷收支式建立了长吻鮠投喂管理和污染评估动态模型。本研究由生 长实验和模型的建立及验证两部分组成。五个生长实验主要研究了6g的长吻鮠幼 鱼在饥饿及初始体重的0.8%/d、1.6%/d、2.4%/d、3.2%/d和饱食投喂水平下的生 长、摄食和能量收支;体重为17g一303g的长吻鮠在20℃、24℃、28℃和32℃四 组水温条件下的最大摄食率、特定生长率和能值;3g长吻℃幼鱼的昼夜摄食节律; 体重为5g的长吻鮠在0.15、0.98、2.46、3.82和5.28 gmol/s/m~2(5、74、198、312 和434 1x)五种光照强度下的生长和体色的变化;体重为114g的长吻鮠在四组水温 (20℃、25℃、30~C和35℃)处理下的内分泌及免疫状况。主要研究结果如下:
1 长吻鮠的特定生长率随着摄食水平的上升而呈减速增长,当到达最佳摄食率 后特定生长率增加不大。
2 长吻鮠的特定生长率(sGR,%/d)与体重(W,g)和水温(T,℃)之间的回归关系 为:In(SGRw+0.1)=-14.1—0.57~lnW+1.22xT-0.023×T~2。在低水温下,胃蛋白酶 和胰蛋白酶活性能够直接抑制长吻鮠的摄食和生长。
3 水温能够显著影响长吻鮠的生长、血浆游离胰岛素、血浆游离甲状腺素和血 清溶菌酶的活性,但不影响血浆游离3—碘甲状腺氨酸和白细胞吞噬活性。 血清溶菌酶活性和长吻鮠生长之间表现出较好的负相关关系。
4 长吻鮠摄食节律的高峰值分别出现在6:00,11:00,17:00。不同投喂时间投喂 的长吻鮠表现出的生长和摄食上的显著差异可能是摄食节律和排空时间共同 作用的结果。
5 长吻鮠的生长受到光照水平的显著影响。在312 lx光照强度下,长吻鮠表现 出较好的生长和存活。
6 长吻鮠的生物能量学模型包括以下子模型:
The modeling for feeding system and pollution evaluation of Chinese longsnout catfish (Leiocassis longirostris Giinther) was established by bioenergetics models, based on growth experiments. All submodels for energy budget were built up in relation to ration level, body size and water temperature. Then the model was evaluated by two separate trials in ponds. The five growth experiments investigated the energy budget of Chinese longsnout catfish (6g) at different rations (starvation, 0.8%, 1.6%, 2.4%, 3.2% of initial body weight per day, and apparent satiation); the maximum food consumption (Cmax), specific growth rate (SGR) and energy content (E) of Chinese longsnout catfish (17g-303g) at four rearing temperatures (20°C, 24°C, 28°C and 32°C); the endocrine and immune responses of Chinese longsnout catfish (114g) at four water temperatures (20°C, 25°C, 30°C and 35°C); the diel feeding rhythm of Chinese longsnout catfish (3g); the growth and skin color of Chinese longsnout catfish (5g) reared at different light intensities (0.15, 0.98, 2.46, 3.82 and 5.28 μumol-s~(-1)·m(-2) or 5, 74, 198, 312 and 434 lx). The main results are shown as follows:
1 SGR of Chinese longsnout catfish increased with increasing rations while no significant increase in growth was shown over the optimum ration.
2 The combined relationship between specific growth rate (SGR, %/d), fish size (W, g) and temperature (T, °C) could be described as: ln(SGRw+0.1)=-14.1 -0.57x lnW+ 1.22xT-0.023xT2. At low rearing temperatures, the activity of pepsin and trypsin could directly decrease the growth and feeding of Chinese longsnout catfish.
3 Water temperature significantly influenced growth, plasma insulin levels, free thyroxine and serum lysozyme of Chinese longsnout catfish, but not on plasma free 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and blood leukocyte phagocytosis. Serum lysozyme
activity showed a better relationship to body growth than other immune andendocrine parameters.Chinese longsnout catfish showed a significant diel feeding rhythm with the peakat 6:00, 11:00 and 17:00. The significant difference of growth of the fish fed atdifferent time was probably caused by feeding rhythm and evacuation time.Growth of Chinese longsnout catfish was significantly affected by light intensity,and a light intensity of 312 lx resulted in high growth rate and survival.The bioenergetics model included the following submodels:Body energy content lnE =1.65091+1.02946xlnW-0.0014xTx lnWFaecal production F = 0.1261 C + 0.0215Excretion energy U = 0.0704C -0.0199Maximum feeding rate lnCmax=-11.9+l.lxlnW+0.6xT-0.01xT2-0.02xTxlnWSpecific dynamic action SDA= (9.03+0.0502xDp-0.0541W)xC/100Standard metabolismand activity metabolism (Ra+Rs)/C= 0.0558RL2 -0.2844RL + 0.8855where C (kJ/fish/d) is food energy, E (kJ/fish) is body energy content, Cmax(g/fish/d) is maximum feeding rate, F (kJ/fish/d) is faecal production, U (kJ/fish/d)is excretion energy, SDA is specific dynamic action, Rs is standard metabolism,Ra is activity metabolism, W (g) is body weight, T (°C) is water temperature, Dp(%) is dietary protein content, RL (%BW/d) is ration level.The optimum feeding model for Chinese longsnout catfish could be described as:Copt=G+Ropt+Fopt+Uopt, where G was close to the growth of fish at maximumration, Ropt was 61 percent of metabolism of fish at maximum ration, the faecalproduction (Fopt, kJ/d/fish) was expressed as: Fopt = 0.1261Copt + 0.0215, thenitrogen excretion (Uopt, kJ/d/fish) was described as: Uopt = 0.0704Copt -0.0199.The bioenergetics model for nitrogen and phosphorus loading was composed ofthe following submodels:Nitrogen intake Ni = FIxNPhosphorus intake Pi = FIxPFaecal nitrogen Nf = (1000xF/Ef)xFp/6.25Excretion nitrogen Ne = 1000xUxl4/17/24.83
Faecal phosphorus Pf = (1000xF/Ef)xPFExcretion phosphorus lnPe = 1.0916xln Pi -1.9179where Ni (mg/fish/d) is nitrogen intake, Nf (mg/fish/d) is faecal nitrogen, Ne (mg/fish/d) is excretion nitrogen, Pi (mg/fish/d) is phosphorus intake, Pf (mg/fish/d) is faecal phosphorus, Pe (mg/fish/d) is excretion phosphorus, FI (mg) is predicted food intake, N (%) is dietary nitrogen content, P (%) is dietary phosphorus content, Ef (kJ/g) is faecal energy content, Fp (%) is faecal protein content, F (kJ/fish/d) is faecal energy, U (kJ/fish/d) is excretion energy, 24.83 (kJ/g) is energy coefficient of ammonia nitrogen, PF(%) is faecal phosphorus content.9 The observed values from validation experiments in indoors concrete pools and field ponds agreed well with the predicted growth and nitrogen and phosphorus loading from the present models.In conclusion, the present modeling for feeding system could help to significantly improve feed conversion efficiency, reduce feed cost and waste production. Models for pollution evaluation could predict nitrogen and phosphorus loading. This research provides a new approach for aquaculture management and pollution abatement in China.
1 长吻鮠的特定生长率随着摄食水平的上升而呈减速增长,当到达最佳摄食率 后特定生长率增加不大。
2 长吻鮠的特定生长率(sGR,%/d)与体重(W,g)和水温(T,℃)之间的回归关系 为:In(SGRw+0.1)=-14.1—0.57~lnW+1.22xT-0.023×T~2。在低水温下,胃蛋白酶 和胰蛋白酶活性能够直接抑制长吻鮠的摄食和生长。
3 水温能够显著影响长吻鮠的生长、血浆游离胰岛素、血浆游离甲状腺素和血 清溶菌酶的活性,但不影响血浆游离3—碘甲状腺氨酸和白细胞吞噬活性。 血清溶菌酶活性和长吻鮠生长之间表现出较好的负相关关系。
4 长吻鮠摄食节律的高峰值分别出现在6:00,11:00,17:00。不同投喂时间投喂 的长吻鮠表现出的生长和摄食上的显著差异可能是摄食节律和排空时间共同 作用的结果。
5 长吻鮠的生长受到光照水平的显著影响。在312 lx光照强度下,长吻鮠表现 出较好的生长和存活。
6 长吻鮠的生物能量学模型包括以下子模型:
The modeling for feeding system and pollution evaluation of Chinese longsnout catfish (Leiocassis longirostris Giinther) was established by bioenergetics models, based on growth experiments. All submodels for energy budget were built up in relation to ration level, body size and water temperature. Then the model was evaluated by two separate trials in ponds. The five growth experiments investigated the energy budget of Chinese longsnout catfish (6g) at different rations (starvation, 0.8%, 1.6%, 2.4%, 3.2% of initial body weight per day, and apparent satiation); the maximum food consumption (Cmax), specific growth rate (SGR) and energy content (E) of Chinese longsnout catfish (17g-303g) at four rearing temperatures (20°C, 24°C, 28°C and 32°C); the endocrine and immune responses of Chinese longsnout catfish (114g) at four water temperatures (20°C, 25°C, 30°C and 35°C); the diel feeding rhythm of Chinese longsnout catfish (3g); the growth and skin color of Chinese longsnout catfish (5g) reared at different light intensities (0.15, 0.98, 2.46, 3.82 and 5.28 μumol-s~(-1)·m(-2) or 5, 74, 198, 312 and 434 lx). The main results are shown as follows:
1 SGR of Chinese longsnout catfish increased with increasing rations while no significant increase in growth was shown over the optimum ration.
2 The combined relationship between specific growth rate (SGR, %/d), fish size (W, g) and temperature (T, °C) could be described as: ln(SGRw+0.1)=-14.1 -0.57x lnW+ 1.22xT-0.023xT2. At low rearing temperatures, the activity of pepsin and trypsin could directly decrease the growth and feeding of Chinese longsnout catfish.
3 Water temperature significantly influenced growth, plasma insulin levels, free thyroxine and serum lysozyme of Chinese longsnout catfish, but not on plasma free 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and blood leukocyte phagocytosis. Serum lysozyme
activity showed a better relationship to body growth than other immune andendocrine parameters.Chinese longsnout catfish showed a significant diel feeding rhythm with the peakat 6:00, 11:00 and 17:00. The significant difference of growth of the fish fed atdifferent time was probably caused by feeding rhythm and evacuation time.Growth of Chinese longsnout catfish was significantly affected by light intensity,and a light intensity of 312 lx resulted in high growth rate and survival.The bioenergetics model included the following submodels:Body energy content lnE =1.65091+1.02946xlnW-0.0014xTx lnWFaecal production F = 0.1261 C + 0.0215Excretion energy U = 0.0704C -0.0199Maximum feeding rate lnCmax=-11.9+l.lxlnW+0.6xT-0.01xT2-0.02xTxlnWSpecific dynamic action SDA= (9.03+0.0502xDp-0.0541W)xC/100Standard metabolismand activity metabolism (Ra+Rs)/C= 0.0558RL2 -0.2844RL + 0.8855where C (kJ/fish/d) is food energy, E (kJ/fish) is body energy content, Cmax(g/fish/d) is maximum feeding rate, F (kJ/fish/d) is faecal production, U (kJ/fish/d)is excretion energy, SDA is specific dynamic action, Rs is standard metabolism,Ra is activity metabolism, W (g) is body weight, T (°C) is water temperature, Dp(%) is dietary protein content, RL (%BW/d) is ration level.The optimum feeding model for Chinese longsnout catfish could be described as:Copt=G+Ropt+Fopt+Uopt, where G was close to the growth of fish at maximumration, Ropt was 61 percent of metabolism of fish at maximum ration, the faecalproduction (Fopt, kJ/d/fish) was expressed as: Fopt = 0.1261Copt + 0.0215, thenitrogen excretion (Uopt, kJ/d/fish) was described as: Uopt = 0.0704Copt -0.0199.The bioenergetics model for nitrogen and phosphorus loading was composed ofthe following submodels:Nitrogen intake Ni = FIxNPhosphorus intake Pi = FIxPFaecal nitrogen Nf = (1000xF/Ef)xFp/6.25Excretion nitrogen Ne = 1000xUxl4/17/24.83
Faecal phosphorus Pf = (1000xF/Ef)xPFExcretion phosphorus lnPe = 1.0916xln Pi -1.9179where Ni (mg/fish/d) is nitrogen intake, Nf (mg/fish/d) is faecal nitrogen, Ne (mg/fish/d) is excretion nitrogen, Pi (mg/fish/d) is phosphorus intake, Pf (mg/fish/d) is faecal phosphorus, Pe (mg/fish/d) is excretion phosphorus, FI (mg) is predicted food intake, N (%) is dietary nitrogen content, P (%) is dietary phosphorus content, Ef (kJ/g) is faecal energy content, Fp (%) is faecal protein content, F (kJ/fish/d) is faecal energy, U (kJ/fish/d) is excretion energy, 24.83 (kJ/g) is energy coefficient of ammonia nitrogen, PF(%) is faecal phosphorus content.9 The observed values from validation experiments in indoors concrete pools and field ponds agreed well with the predicted growth and nitrogen and phosphorus loading from the present models.In conclusion, the present modeling for feeding system could help to significantly improve feed conversion efficiency, reduce feed cost and waste production. Models for pollution evaluation could predict nitrogen and phosphorus loading. This research provides a new approach for aquaculture management and pollution abatement in China.
引文
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