多层通信网络业务流疏导问题研究
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摘要
光传送网(Optical Transport Network,OTN)包括基于SDH的第一代光网络和基于WDM/DWDM的第二代光网络,它为当前的通信业务提供了巨大的带宽容量,已发展成为通信网的骨干网络。IP/MPLS over OTN代表了下一代网的发展方向,并使传输网络结构呈现出多种层次的特征。无论SDH还是WDM网络,现阶段的交换机制仍属于电路交换,其本质是以固定颗粒度为通信业务分配带宽,而IP的交换机制是分组交换,可给数据业务流分配任意粒度的带宽,因此业务流疏导问题是当前IP/MPLS over OTN的研究热点,它直接影响到网络资源的优化利用、网络的吞吐量性能及业务流的服务质量。
本文对IP/MPLS over WDM和IP/MPLS over SDH over WDM网络中的业务流疏导问题进行了深入研究,提出了新的适合于多层网络结构的业务流疏导模型,给出了业务流疏导策略和相关算法,主要工作包括:
1.IP/MPLS over WDM光网络的动态路由优化模型及选路算法
IP/MPLS over WDM网络以光路承载具有不同带宽颗粒度的标记交换路径(Label Switched Path,LSP),WDM层通过路由和波长分配算法(Routing andWavelength Assignment,RWA)为IP/MPLS层建立光路,同一IP/MPLS层结点对之间不同的链路在WDM层具有不同的光路路径或波长。一条光路在WDM层的路径反映出该光路对WDM层光纤链路上波长资源的消耗情况。在动态业务环境下,随着LSP的建立或拆除,光路的可用带宽也在改变,因此光路的代价应当由光路所占用的WDM层波长链路总代价和光路可用带宽共同决定。论文第2章根据这一思想设计了IP/MPLS over WDM网络中最小化全网光路总代价(Minimizing the Total Cost of Lightpaths,MTCLP)的动态路由优化模型,结合该优化模型和分层图模型,提出MTCLP的综合选路算法,较之两种代表性的光网络选路算法——MinTH和MinLP,MTCLP对动态LSP连接请求具有更低的阻塞率和波长链路资源的消耗。
2.光收发器受限的MPLS over BDM光网络中多优先级LSP选路算法
波长一致性约束下的原始分层图模型主要用于全光网RWA问题的求解,当其应用于MPLS over WDM网络时,存在两个缺陷:(1)模型中各波长平面互不连通,在一个LSP需要被多跳光路承载的情况下,分层图模型要求这些光路的波长必须相同,但通过O-E-O转换,承载LSP的多跳光路的波长允许不一致,而且GMPLS规定波长本身可以被作为标记,因此采用原始分层图模型的LSP选路就增大了网络阻塞率;(2)原始分层图模型不考虑MPLS层和WDM层之间的光收发器资源,但在实际网络中,光收发器数通常是受限的,因此可用光收发器数可能成为LSP选路的制约瓶颈。
针对这两个缺陷,论文在第3章首先提出一种扩展分层图模型,将光收发器等效为一种链路资源,针对不同LSP具有不同QoS要求的特性,对LSP进行了优先级划分,设计了动态业务环境下的多优先级LSP选路算法——区分综合选路算法(Differentiating Integrated Routing Algorithm,DIRA)。DIRA把LSP的端到端时延转换成对承载LSP的光路的跳数约束,综合考虑了对标记交换路径QoS的满足和网络资源的优化利用。在提高网络总的吞吐量,降低有时延约束标记交换路径的阻塞率方面,DIRA具有良好性能。
3.融合IP、SDH和WDM网络的三层网络业务流疏导算法
就广大运营商而言,现阶段在发展WDM网络的同时,仍需保留SDH网络,通过SDH网络提供的传统语音业务来保证网络收益,而且SDH网络本身也可以通过SDH over WDM进行扩容。第4章提出一种融合IP over SDH、IP over WDM及SDH over WDM的三层网络结构,基于整数线性规划设计了这种三层网络结构下的业务流疏导问题的优化模型,并在小型网络中利用优化软件对模型进行了求解。由于三层网络业务流疏导问题是NP-Complete问题,我们给出了三种启发式算法——RS-IRAMN、MAF-IRAMN和LCBRF-IRAMN来求解大规模三层网络的业务流疏导问题。
4.三层网络中的虚拓扑优化重构
三层网络中SDH和IP层的拓扑都是可重构的,它们由特定的疏导算法基于某一业务矩阵生成,而采用贪婪算法的启发式疏导算法极易使网络资源(比如光纤链路上的波长、层间接口设备等)的利用陷入“局部最优”。针对此问题,第5章提出全局路径最优供给策略(Strategy of Global Path Provision,StraGPP)实现虚拓扑重构。StraGPP在保证没有业务流损失的前提下,利用禁忌搜索算法来进一步优化网络资源配置。
Optical transport networks(OTNs)include the first generation SDH networks and the second generation WDM/DWDM networks,which have evolved into the backbone for communication networks due to their enormous capacity.IP/MPLS over OTNs represents an evolution direction of Next Generation Networks,which is characterized by the framework involving multilayer transport networks.It is noted that the switching techniques in today's SDH and WDM networks still employ circuit switching,i.e.,the bandwidth is allocated to services according to some fixed granularities.However,the bandwidth of IP traffic flows is various.This results in traffic grooming becoming a research hotspot in IP over OTNs.The research on traffic grooming greatly influences the optimal utilization of network resource, network throughput and quality of service.
In this dissertation,traffic grooming in IP/MPLS over WDM and/or IP/MPLS over SDH over WDM networks are researched thoroughly.Our work focus on the presentation of a novel multilayer network framework,the mathematic model for traffic grooming in multilayer networks,routing algorithm and resource allocation strategy.The main outcomes are depicted as follows.
1.Dynamic routing optimal model and routing algorithm in IP/MPLS over WDM networks
Label switched paths(LSP)with various bandwidth granularities in an IP/MPLS over WDM network are earried by lightpaths that are offered by WDM layer through routing and wavelength assignment(RWA)algorithm.A series of lightpaths between the same node pair at IP/MPLS layer have different paths or wavelengths at WDM layer.A lightpath's path at WDM layer,which is composed of a series of wavelength links,actually reflects the wavelength consumption in the fiber links passed by the lightpath.Additionally,the available bandwidth of a lightpath varies with the dynamic traffic flows which cause the LSP's establishing or tearing down dynamically.Thus,the cost of a lightpath should be determined by the number of wavelength links and the lightpath's available bandwidth.In chapter 2,a dynamic routing optimal model-minimizing the total cost of lightpaths(MTCLP)is proposed.Correspondingly,an integrated routing algorithm also called as MTCLP is developed on the basis of this kind of optimal model and layered graph.Compared with two representative routing algorithms in optical networks,MTCLP has lower blocking probability and less consumption to the wavelength links.
2.Routing algorithms for multi-priority label switched path in optical-transceiver-constraint MPLS over WDM networks
Original layered graph that must guarantee wavelength consistency is used to solve RWA problems in all-optical networks.As it is used in MPLS over WDM networks,there exist two shortcomings.Firstly,all wavelength planes in a layered graph are isolated each other.This case requires the multi-hop lightpaths to carry a LSP must have the same wavelength,whereas these lightpaths can have various wavelength through O-E-O conversion.Additionally,wavelength is viewed as a kind of label in GMPLS paradigm,which means it could be switched.As a result,the blocking probability of LSP establishment arises sharply when employing original layered graph.Secondly,optical transceiver is not considered in original layered graph,but the number of optical transceiver is limited in practical networks and sometimes optical transceiver is perhaps the main bottleneck when routing a LSP.
The extended layered graph is proposed in Chapter 3 to solve these problems,in which optical transceiver is processed as a kind of link resources.Furthmore,a LSP's priority is evaluated according to its QoS request,thus differentiating integrated routing algorithm(DIRA)is proposed for establishing multi-priority LSPs. DIRA takes into account a LSP's QoS and the optimal network resource usage comprehensively by the method that converts a LSP's end-to-end delay to the hop bound of lightpaths that carry this LSP,thus DIRA can reduce the blocking probability of delay-constraint LSP and improve network throughput.
3.Algorithms for traffic grooming in three-layer networks involving IP,SDH, and WDM networks
For most of telecom service providers,the development of WDM networks doesn't mean SDH networks should be abandoned because their important revenue-generating voice business and/or other services are still operated by SDH networks.In addition,the capacity of SDH networks can be expanded through SDH over WDM.For this case,a three-layer network framework that involves IP over SDH,IP over WDM,and SDH over WDM is proposed in chapter 4.An optimal model for traffic grooming in three-layer networks is presented on the basis of integer linear programming.Validity of the proposed optimal model is proved by employing the optimal software to get the model's solution in a small size network. Since our optimal model for traffic grooming in three-layer networks is NP-Complete,three kinds of heuristics-RS-IRAMN,MAF-IRAMN and LCBRF-IRAMN are developed.
4.Virtual topology reconfiguration in three-layer networks
In three-layer networks the topology of SDH and IP layer,which are constructed by a specific algorithm for traffic grooming according to some traffic matrices,are both reconfigurable.Some greedy algorithms make the utilization of network resource(wavelength in fiber link,the interface equipment between layers,etc.) limited to some status which are corresponding to local optimization.Strategy of global path provision(StraGPP)which is used for virtual topology reconfiguration is proposed in Chapter 5.StraGPP utilizes tabu-search heuristic to optimize network resource utilization on the condition of no loss of traffic flows.
本文对IP/MPLS over WDM和IP/MPLS over SDH over WDM网络中的业务流疏导问题进行了深入研究,提出了新的适合于多层网络结构的业务流疏导模型,给出了业务流疏导策略和相关算法,主要工作包括:
1.IP/MPLS over WDM光网络的动态路由优化模型及选路算法
IP/MPLS over WDM网络以光路承载具有不同带宽颗粒度的标记交换路径(Label Switched Path,LSP),WDM层通过路由和波长分配算法(Routing andWavelength Assignment,RWA)为IP/MPLS层建立光路,同一IP/MPLS层结点对之间不同的链路在WDM层具有不同的光路路径或波长。一条光路在WDM层的路径反映出该光路对WDM层光纤链路上波长资源的消耗情况。在动态业务环境下,随着LSP的建立或拆除,光路的可用带宽也在改变,因此光路的代价应当由光路所占用的WDM层波长链路总代价和光路可用带宽共同决定。论文第2章根据这一思想设计了IP/MPLS over WDM网络中最小化全网光路总代价(Minimizing the Total Cost of Lightpaths,MTCLP)的动态路由优化模型,结合该优化模型和分层图模型,提出MTCLP的综合选路算法,较之两种代表性的光网络选路算法——MinTH和MinLP,MTCLP对动态LSP连接请求具有更低的阻塞率和波长链路资源的消耗。
2.光收发器受限的MPLS over BDM光网络中多优先级LSP选路算法
波长一致性约束下的原始分层图模型主要用于全光网RWA问题的求解,当其应用于MPLS over WDM网络时,存在两个缺陷:(1)模型中各波长平面互不连通,在一个LSP需要被多跳光路承载的情况下,分层图模型要求这些光路的波长必须相同,但通过O-E-O转换,承载LSP的多跳光路的波长允许不一致,而且GMPLS规定波长本身可以被作为标记,因此采用原始分层图模型的LSP选路就增大了网络阻塞率;(2)原始分层图模型不考虑MPLS层和WDM层之间的光收发器资源,但在实际网络中,光收发器数通常是受限的,因此可用光收发器数可能成为LSP选路的制约瓶颈。
针对这两个缺陷,论文在第3章首先提出一种扩展分层图模型,将光收发器等效为一种链路资源,针对不同LSP具有不同QoS要求的特性,对LSP进行了优先级划分,设计了动态业务环境下的多优先级LSP选路算法——区分综合选路算法(Differentiating Integrated Routing Algorithm,DIRA)。DIRA把LSP的端到端时延转换成对承载LSP的光路的跳数约束,综合考虑了对标记交换路径QoS的满足和网络资源的优化利用。在提高网络总的吞吐量,降低有时延约束标记交换路径的阻塞率方面,DIRA具有良好性能。
3.融合IP、SDH和WDM网络的三层网络业务流疏导算法
就广大运营商而言,现阶段在发展WDM网络的同时,仍需保留SDH网络,通过SDH网络提供的传统语音业务来保证网络收益,而且SDH网络本身也可以通过SDH over WDM进行扩容。第4章提出一种融合IP over SDH、IP over WDM及SDH over WDM的三层网络结构,基于整数线性规划设计了这种三层网络结构下的业务流疏导问题的优化模型,并在小型网络中利用优化软件对模型进行了求解。由于三层网络业务流疏导问题是NP-Complete问题,我们给出了三种启发式算法——RS-IRAMN、MAF-IRAMN和LCBRF-IRAMN来求解大规模三层网络的业务流疏导问题。
4.三层网络中的虚拓扑优化重构
三层网络中SDH和IP层的拓扑都是可重构的,它们由特定的疏导算法基于某一业务矩阵生成,而采用贪婪算法的启发式疏导算法极易使网络资源(比如光纤链路上的波长、层间接口设备等)的利用陷入“局部最优”。针对此问题,第5章提出全局路径最优供给策略(Strategy of Global Path Provision,StraGPP)实现虚拓扑重构。StraGPP在保证没有业务流损失的前提下,利用禁忌搜索算法来进一步优化网络资源配置。
Optical transport networks(OTNs)include the first generation SDH networks and the second generation WDM/DWDM networks,which have evolved into the backbone for communication networks due to their enormous capacity.IP/MPLS over OTNs represents an evolution direction of Next Generation Networks,which is characterized by the framework involving multilayer transport networks.It is noted that the switching techniques in today's SDH and WDM networks still employ circuit switching,i.e.,the bandwidth is allocated to services according to some fixed granularities.However,the bandwidth of IP traffic flows is various.This results in traffic grooming becoming a research hotspot in IP over OTNs.The research on traffic grooming greatly influences the optimal utilization of network resource, network throughput and quality of service.
In this dissertation,traffic grooming in IP/MPLS over WDM and/or IP/MPLS over SDH over WDM networks are researched thoroughly.Our work focus on the presentation of a novel multilayer network framework,the mathematic model for traffic grooming in multilayer networks,routing algorithm and resource allocation strategy.The main outcomes are depicted as follows.
1.Dynamic routing optimal model and routing algorithm in IP/MPLS over WDM networks
Label switched paths(LSP)with various bandwidth granularities in an IP/MPLS over WDM network are earried by lightpaths that are offered by WDM layer through routing and wavelength assignment(RWA)algorithm.A series of lightpaths between the same node pair at IP/MPLS layer have different paths or wavelengths at WDM layer.A lightpath's path at WDM layer,which is composed of a series of wavelength links,actually reflects the wavelength consumption in the fiber links passed by the lightpath.Additionally,the available bandwidth of a lightpath varies with the dynamic traffic flows which cause the LSP's establishing or tearing down dynamically.Thus,the cost of a lightpath should be determined by the number of wavelength links and the lightpath's available bandwidth.In chapter 2,a dynamic routing optimal model-minimizing the total cost of lightpaths(MTCLP)is proposed.Correspondingly,an integrated routing algorithm also called as MTCLP is developed on the basis of this kind of optimal model and layered graph.Compared with two representative routing algorithms in optical networks,MTCLP has lower blocking probability and less consumption to the wavelength links.
2.Routing algorithms for multi-priority label switched path in optical-transceiver-constraint MPLS over WDM networks
Original layered graph that must guarantee wavelength consistency is used to solve RWA problems in all-optical networks.As it is used in MPLS over WDM networks,there exist two shortcomings.Firstly,all wavelength planes in a layered graph are isolated each other.This case requires the multi-hop lightpaths to carry a LSP must have the same wavelength,whereas these lightpaths can have various wavelength through O-E-O conversion.Additionally,wavelength is viewed as a kind of label in GMPLS paradigm,which means it could be switched.As a result,the blocking probability of LSP establishment arises sharply when employing original layered graph.Secondly,optical transceiver is not considered in original layered graph,but the number of optical transceiver is limited in practical networks and sometimes optical transceiver is perhaps the main bottleneck when routing a LSP.
The extended layered graph is proposed in Chapter 3 to solve these problems,in which optical transceiver is processed as a kind of link resources.Furthmore,a LSP's priority is evaluated according to its QoS request,thus differentiating integrated routing algorithm(DIRA)is proposed for establishing multi-priority LSPs. DIRA takes into account a LSP's QoS and the optimal network resource usage comprehensively by the method that converts a LSP's end-to-end delay to the hop bound of lightpaths that carry this LSP,thus DIRA can reduce the blocking probability of delay-constraint LSP and improve network throughput.
3.Algorithms for traffic grooming in three-layer networks involving IP,SDH, and WDM networks
For most of telecom service providers,the development of WDM networks doesn't mean SDH networks should be abandoned because their important revenue-generating voice business and/or other services are still operated by SDH networks.In addition,the capacity of SDH networks can be expanded through SDH over WDM.For this case,a three-layer network framework that involves IP over SDH,IP over WDM,and SDH over WDM is proposed in chapter 4.An optimal model for traffic grooming in three-layer networks is presented on the basis of integer linear programming.Validity of the proposed optimal model is proved by employing the optimal software to get the model's solution in a small size network. Since our optimal model for traffic grooming in three-layer networks is NP-Complete,three kinds of heuristics-RS-IRAMN,MAF-IRAMN and LCBRF-IRAMN are developed.
4.Virtual topology reconfiguration in three-layer networks
In three-layer networks the topology of SDH and IP layer,which are constructed by a specific algorithm for traffic grooming according to some traffic matrices,are both reconfigurable.Some greedy algorithms make the utilization of network resource(wavelength in fiber link,the interface equipment between layers,etc.) limited to some status which are corresponding to local optimization.Strategy of global path provision(StraGPP)which is used for virtual topology reconfiguration is proposed in Chapter 5.StraGPP utilizes tabu-search heuristic to optimize network resource utilization on the condition of no loss of traffic flows.
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