山西灵空山林分冠层结构与草本植物群落分析
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摘要
本文通过对山西灵空山森林植被-环境关系的研究,重点探讨冠层结构和立地条件对林下草本植物群落组成和多样性的影响。通过运用快鸟(QuickBird)遥感影像对研究区植被分布格局进行分析,确定冠层结构分布的空间特征：进而通过典型林分标准样方调查探讨冠层斑块对林下草本植物群落组成和物种分布的影响。研究目的旨在系统了解暖温带森林林下草本植物分布与生物多样性的制约因素,从而为制定兼顾生物多样性保护的森林经营和管理措施提供部分指导理论。
首先,在研究区内的一个典型集水区——小蛇沟,通过布设标准样方和物种调查,对林下草本植物群落特征进行了分析。采用双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)和典范对应分析(CCA),以及生境、生物变量分离(partitioning of variance)等方法,结合环境因子,探讨了小蛇沟研究区内草本层物种分布与冠层结构的关系。其次,对景观尺度上具有显著差异的冠层斑块结构进行了林下草本群落组成、物种分布和多样性的分析。选取了油松、辽东栎、油松-辽东栎混交林三种不同的林分类型,结合地形和生物因子,运用多响应置换过程分析(MRPP)、指示种分析(ISA)、典范对应分析(CCA)等方法综合探讨了冠层结构因素和立地条件对林下草本群落的影响。
主要研究结果概述如下：
1.冠层的空间异质性直接决定了林下草本植物群落的组成,而地形则对林下草本物种的分布起着重要的影响作用。
2.在较小范围内,林分类型、土壤养分和坡度是影响林下草本物种分布和变异的最主要的环境因子。在影响林下草本物种分布的因子中,以地形和土壤养分所表示的生境变量对草本物种格局的变化解释百分比大于以冠层开阔度和林分类型所表示的生物变量。
3.在景观尺度上,林冠结构是影响林下草本群落组成和物种分布最重要的因素。不同的林分类型其林下草本物种组成和多样性存在差异。油松林与油松-辽东栎混交林的林下草本物种组成上更为相似,包含一些相同的指示种,两者均与辽东栎林表现出较大差异。影响景观尺度上林下草本物种分布和多样性的主要环境因子是凋落物量、坡向和冠层开阔度。
4.三种不同的森林斑块中,混交林有着较高的物种丰富度和较低的样方间的物种周转(β多样性),表明混交林对于暖温带森林生物多样性的维持和群落的稳定具有重要的生态学意义。
This study investigates the forest vegetation-environment relationship in Lingkong Mountain of Shanxi, with primary focus on the effects of canopy structure and site on the composition and diversity of herbaceous plant communities on forestfloor. The spatial pattern of vegetation and canopy structure was determined with QuickBird remote sensing imagery analysis, and then the effects of canopy patches on the composition and distribution of herbaceous plant communities on forestfloor were studied by establishing and surveying standard plots within representative forest stands. The purpose of the study was to gain scientific understanding on the controls of distribution and diversity of herbaceous plants on forestfloor under warm temperate climate and to provide some basic guiding principles for devising forest management strategies compromising biodiversity conservation.
Firstly, the community characteristics of herbaceous plants on forestfloor were investigated in a typical catchment within the study area-the Xiaoshegou (the little snake creek), by establishing standard plots and surveying plant species. Based on the methods of two-way indicator species analysis (TW1NSPAN), canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), and partitioning of variance of habitat and biotic factors, the relationship between herb-layer plant distribution and canopy structure in the Xiaoshegou was examined. Then at a landscape scale, the community composition, species distribution, and diversity of herbaceous plants on forestfloor were compared among stands of constrasting canopy patch types. The canopy patch types were differeantiated as Pinus tabidifonnis Carr (pine stand), Quercus wutaishanica Mayr (broadleaf stand), and P. tabuliformis-Q. wutaishanica mixture (mixed-wood stand). By incorporating topographic and biotic factors, the effects of canopy structures on herbaceous plant communities were examined with methods of multi-response permutation procedure (MRPP), indicator species analysis (ISA), and CCA ordination.
Major results are summarized as follows:
1. The spatial heterogeneity of canopy directly determines the composition of herbaceous plant communities; whereas topography exerts an important effect on the distribution of herbaceous plants.
2. At small level, forest types, soil fertility and slope position are the most important environmental factors explaining the spatial variations in the occurrence of herbaceous plants on foretfloor. Among the factors affecting distribution of herbaceous plants, habitat conditions in terms of topography and soil fertility explain more variances in the spatial pattern of herbaceous plants than biotic factors in terms of canopy openness and forest types.
3. At landscape scale, canopy structure is the most important determinant of community composition and species distribution of the herb-layer. There are distinct differences in herbaceous plant community among forests of the three contrasting canopy patch types. Pinus tabidifonnis stand and P. tabuliformis-Q. wtttaishanica stand support similar herbaceous plant communities and contain the same indicator species; whereas Q. wutaishanica stand differs with other two canopy patch types in herb-layer community. Litter mass, aspect and canopy openness are most important in explaining species composition and diversity of herb-layer at landscape scale.
4. Pinus labulifonnis-Q. wutaishanica stand is found to have highest species richness and lowest Whittaker's measure of inter-site variability in species composition (i.e. β-diversity) in the herb-layer among the three forest patch types, highlighting the ecological significance of the mixed-wood forest in maintaining biodiversity and community stability in warm temperate forest ecosystems.
首先,在研究区内的一个典型集水区——小蛇沟,通过布设标准样方和物种调查,对林下草本植物群落特征进行了分析。采用双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)和典范对应分析(CCA),以及生境、生物变量分离(partitioning of variance)等方法,结合环境因子,探讨了小蛇沟研究区内草本层物种分布与冠层结构的关系。其次,对景观尺度上具有显著差异的冠层斑块结构进行了林下草本群落组成、物种分布和多样性的分析。选取了油松、辽东栎、油松-辽东栎混交林三种不同的林分类型,结合地形和生物因子,运用多响应置换过程分析(MRPP)、指示种分析(ISA)、典范对应分析(CCA)等方法综合探讨了冠层结构因素和立地条件对林下草本群落的影响。
主要研究结果概述如下：
1.冠层的空间异质性直接决定了林下草本植物群落的组成,而地形则对林下草本物种的分布起着重要的影响作用。
2.在较小范围内,林分类型、土壤养分和坡度是影响林下草本物种分布和变异的最主要的环境因子。在影响林下草本物种分布的因子中,以地形和土壤养分所表示的生境变量对草本物种格局的变化解释百分比大于以冠层开阔度和林分类型所表示的生物变量。
3.在景观尺度上,林冠结构是影响林下草本群落组成和物种分布最重要的因素。不同的林分类型其林下草本物种组成和多样性存在差异。油松林与油松-辽东栎混交林的林下草本物种组成上更为相似,包含一些相同的指示种,两者均与辽东栎林表现出较大差异。影响景观尺度上林下草本物种分布和多样性的主要环境因子是凋落物量、坡向和冠层开阔度。
4.三种不同的森林斑块中,混交林有着较高的物种丰富度和较低的样方间的物种周转(β多样性),表明混交林对于暖温带森林生物多样性的维持和群落的稳定具有重要的生态学意义。
This study investigates the forest vegetation-environment relationship in Lingkong Mountain of Shanxi, with primary focus on the effects of canopy structure and site on the composition and diversity of herbaceous plant communities on forestfloor. The spatial pattern of vegetation and canopy structure was determined with QuickBird remote sensing imagery analysis, and then the effects of canopy patches on the composition and distribution of herbaceous plant communities on forestfloor were studied by establishing and surveying standard plots within representative forest stands. The purpose of the study was to gain scientific understanding on the controls of distribution and diversity of herbaceous plants on forestfloor under warm temperate climate and to provide some basic guiding principles for devising forest management strategies compromising biodiversity conservation.
Firstly, the community characteristics of herbaceous plants on forestfloor were investigated in a typical catchment within the study area-the Xiaoshegou (the little snake creek), by establishing standard plots and surveying plant species. Based on the methods of two-way indicator species analysis (TW1NSPAN), canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), and partitioning of variance of habitat and biotic factors, the relationship between herb-layer plant distribution and canopy structure in the Xiaoshegou was examined. Then at a landscape scale, the community composition, species distribution, and diversity of herbaceous plants on forestfloor were compared among stands of constrasting canopy patch types. The canopy patch types were differeantiated as Pinus tabidifonnis Carr (pine stand), Quercus wutaishanica Mayr (broadleaf stand), and P. tabuliformis-Q. wutaishanica mixture (mixed-wood stand). By incorporating topographic and biotic factors, the effects of canopy structures on herbaceous plant communities were examined with methods of multi-response permutation procedure (MRPP), indicator species analysis (ISA), and CCA ordination.
Major results are summarized as follows:
1. The spatial heterogeneity of canopy directly determines the composition of herbaceous plant communities; whereas topography exerts an important effect on the distribution of herbaceous plants.
2. At small level, forest types, soil fertility and slope position are the most important environmental factors explaining the spatial variations in the occurrence of herbaceous plants on foretfloor. Among the factors affecting distribution of herbaceous plants, habitat conditions in terms of topography and soil fertility explain more variances in the spatial pattern of herbaceous plants than biotic factors in terms of canopy openness and forest types.
3. At landscape scale, canopy structure is the most important determinant of community composition and species distribution of the herb-layer. There are distinct differences in herbaceous plant community among forests of the three contrasting canopy patch types. Pinus tabidifonnis stand and P. tabuliformis-Q. wtttaishanica stand support similar herbaceous plant communities and contain the same indicator species; whereas Q. wutaishanica stand differs with other two canopy patch types in herb-layer community. Litter mass, aspect and canopy openness are most important in explaining species composition and diversity of herb-layer at landscape scale.
4. Pinus labulifonnis-Q. wutaishanica stand is found to have highest species richness and lowest Whittaker's measure of inter-site variability in species composition (i.e. β-diversity) in the herb-layer among the three forest patch types, highlighting the ecological significance of the mixed-wood forest in maintaining biodiversity and community stability in warm temperate forest ecosystems.
引文
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