琼东南盆地陆坡区重力流沉积特征及其成因机制
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摘要
近年来,随着深水油气勘探逐渐向深水推进,深水沉积体系研究成为当前国际地质学界的研究热点。同时,深水沉积物重力流作为沉积物从浅水向深水搬运的重要方式,是深水沉积体系研究中的重要内容。本选题紧密追踪深水沉积这一国际前沿学科以及陆架陆坡沉积体系这研究热点,对陆架陆坡体系中发育的沉积物重力流进行研究。通过对琼东南盆地陆坡区中发育的沉积物重力流发育特征的研究,能够帮助更好的理解琼东南盆地陆架陆坡体系的发育演化史,同时深化沉积物重力流产物的内部构成特征及其记录的古海洋学意义的认识,具有一定的理论意义。论文研究取得的主要研究成果如下：
1.根据琼东南盆地陆坡地貌以及内部沉积构成特征将琼东南盆地陆坡体系由西至东划分为4种类型：进积型陆坡体系、滑塌型陆坡体系、水道化型陆坡体系和宽缓渐变型陆坡体系。进积型陆坡体系以快速进积体的发育和S犁的陆坡形态为特征,其内部层序叠加方式强烈的进积伴随较微弱的加积,陆架坡折迁移轨迹表现为略微上升的平坦轨迹：滑塌型陆坡以较陡的陆坡形态及陆坡处发育的大规模块体流沉积为特征,其内部层序叠加样式为微弱的进积和加积,陆架坡折迁移轨迹整体以斜向上升的轨迹为特征,同时受到块体流沉积的影响,滑塌型陆坡内常常发育后退的陆架坡折迁移轨迹；水道化型陆坡以最陡的陆坡形态和陆架陆坡上发育的大量峡谷水道为特征,其内部层序叠加样式以加积为主,并伴随微弱的退积,陆架坡折迁移轨迹表现为略斜向后的上升轨迹；宽缓渐变型陆坡以其宽缓的角度和加积的层序叠加方式为特征,没有明显的陆架坡折发育。
2.琼东南盆地陆坡至深水盆地区发育有大型深水块体流沉积。上陆坡和下陆坡块体流沉积内部具有不同的块体流沉积单元：在上陆坡区,主要发育有大型滑移体、陆坡陡崖、和异地搬运块体等。下陆坡区,块体流沉积内部发育残余块体、地层变形、同沉积逆冲断层等,同时下陆坡沉积的块体流具有很强的侵蚀能力,对块体流沉积底部先前沉积的地层具有较强的侵蚀作用。研究中发现块体流沉积的侵蚀作用导致了下伏海底扇原始结构遭到破坏,使用中储存的流体发生逸散。另外,块体流沉积顶部的不规则微地貌,对后期沉积具有一定的控制作用,其顶部规则小凹陷是后期浊流沉积的理想场所。同时,块体流沉积头部也能在下陆坡平缓地形条件下发育。
3.在琼东南盆地不同类型陆坡区内发育的块体流沉积具有不同的沉积特征。盆地西部松南三维区内块体流沉积从莺歌海组二段到莺歌海组一段期间,块体流沉积的范围是逐渐扩大的,不同期次发育的块体流沉积内的沉积朵体形态非常明显,块体流沉积的厚度也相刘较大(单期块体流沉积、平均厚度能够超过200m)。同时剖面上观察到的同沉积逆冲断层和平面上明显的逆冲断层脊线,反映了盆地西部块体流沉积内部的挤压应力表现的更加明显。而在盆地东部宽缓渐进型陆坡背景下发育的块体流沉积的厚度和面积都相对较小,同时块体流沉积内部挤压构造并不是很发育,侵蚀作用也相对较弱。研究发现,产生这种现象的原因可能与东西部陆坡的不同地貌特征有关。
4.将盆地主要块体流发育区所沉积的块体流分为9个期次。同时发现块体流沉积平而展布具有如下特征：①琼东南盆地块体流沉积发育的范围非常广,除了早期块体流沉积被限制在中央峡谷范围附近之外,几乎整个深水盆地区都有块体流沉积。最后一期块体流沉积的面积几乎占整个琼东南盆地面积的20%；②琼东南盆地块体流沉积中心主要位于在松南凹陷和陵水凹陷,其对应着滑塌型陆架陆坡体系。水道化型陆坡和进积型陆坡体系对应的深水盆地虽然也有块体流的沉积,但是其规模相对要小,在宽缓渐进型陆坡上块体流发育的规模非常有限。③通过对琼东南盆地莺歌海组的块体流沉积进行精细解剖发现,按照地层沉积从老到新的顺序,莺歌海组发育的九期块体流沉积的规模是逐渐扩大的,第一期的面积在1000km2左右,随后逐渐增大,第九期的块体流沉积面积达到9100km2。
5.琼东南盆地发育的陆坡峡谷体系根据其平面分布特征可以分为三段：宝岛陆坡峡谷、宝岛神狐过渡带陆坡峡谷和神狐段陆坡峡谷。虽然宝岛段陆坡峡谷和神狐段陆坡峡谷分别发育于水道化型陆坡和宽缓渐进型陆坡这两种不同的陆坡背景下,但是他们都具有头部位于陆坡上,未切入到陆架的特征,属于“无头型峡谷”,另外,神狐隆起陆架边缘发育的“无头型峡谷”还具有蘑菇状的平面外部形态。宝岛神狐过渡带陆坡峡谷,深切陆架并向陆架方向有一定延伸,与世界上其他区域与河口联系的峡谷具有类似的特征,是“有源型峡谷”。“有源型峡谷”和“无头型峡谷”地貌上表现出的深宽比在从峡谷头部向深海延伸方向都具有先变大在变小的趋势,但“有源型峡谷”的深宽比相对于“无头型峡谷”要大很多。
6.利用高精度三维地震资料,对琼东南盆地晚中新世发育的7条主要的陆架边缘峡谷内部构成和沉积演化进行精细刻画。这些陆架边缘峡谷的长度约10-30km,宽度约500-5000m,单个峡谷的最大深度可以达到300m。由于陆坡上发育的大规模深水块体流沉积对原始峡谷形态的破坏,这些峡谷往往只在陆架上才显示出明显的下切侵蚀特征及明显的外部形态特征。在这些峡谷中识别出了4种基本的沉积格架类型：侵蚀面、底部滞留沉积、块体流沉积和侧向加积体,其内部沉积充填的岩性以细粒的泥岩和粉砂质泥岩为主。同时,在峡谷头部区域,峡谷的剖面形态为“U”形,在靠近陆架坡折区域,峡谷的剖面形态以“V”形为特征。
7.晚中新世陆坡峡谷表现出明显的定向迁移特征,在地震剖面上表现为峡谷内部充填的侧向加积体只发育于峡谷的西侧,东部表现为明显的侵蚀特征。最大的侧向迁移距离可以达到10km。同一峡谷在沿峡谷走向不同剖面上表现出不同的叠加样式：峡谷远离陆坡的峡谷头部区域,峡谷表现出来的侧向加积最强烈,峡谷侧向迁移的距离也最大,剖面上各期次峡谷深泓线点的轨迹表现为微向上的平直轨迹。在峡谷的中段,峡谷侧向迁移的距离变小,同时还表现出垂向加积,各期次峡谷深泓线点表现为斜向上的迁移轨迹。在峡谷最靠近陆架边缘的末端,峡谷的侧向加积体发育微弱或者不发育,峡谷主要表现为垂向的叠加样式,各期次峡谷深泓线点表现为垂直向上或者略向东倾斜的大角度向上迁移轨迹。虽然整体上峡谷演化过程中其平面形态都是逐渐变化的,但是也存在一些峡谷在某个阶段的走向发生突然的变化。
8.分析了晚中新世峡谷发育演化与断层活动之间的关系。通过研究区内断层发育特征与陆架边缘峡谷之间的空间配置关系,具体表现为峡谷头部在其演化过程中逐渐偏向研究区中部发育的一系列小断层。同时,研究区内陆架边缘断层平面上规模有先变大再变小的趋势,与其相对应峡谷在断层规模较小时,峡谷的规模较小,当断层规模最大时,峡谷的规模也达到最大。另外,研究区内峡谷突然发生转向和断层发育空间位置具有很好的一致性,据此认为峡谷的形成演化受到研究区内断层活动的控制。
9.讨论了古南海表层洋流与陆架边缘峡谷之间的演化关系。认为古南海北部表层洋流产生的浅水底流对陆架边缘峡谷中侧向加积体的形成具有决定性的作用。研究区内只有浅水底流才能造成陆架边缘峡谷两侧沉积物供给的不对称型,并长期保持稳定。在此情况下才能有剖面上继承性和连续性很好的峡谷西侧边缘侧向加积体的形成。浅水底流与峡谷中浊流相互作用的结果导致了在峡谷不同区带表现出不同的沉积样式。峡谷头部区域,浅水底流的作用相对于浊流的作用更加强烈,因此,侧向加积体非常发育。在峡谷中段,浅水底流作用和浊流作用相当,因此中段峡谷表现出侧向迁移与加积的特征,在峡谷末端,浊流的侵蚀和搬运能力更加强烈,底流作用相对而言较小,因此峡谷内形成浊流沉积主导的垂向叠加样式。
10.总结了琼东南盆地块体流沉积的触发机制。琼东南盆地陆坡体系沉积演化受到海南岛物源和红河物源的控制。由于空间上盆地西部离红河物源更近,沉积物供给速率更强烈。东西部物源供给差异造成了4种不同陆坡体系的发育。根据块体流沉积中心与陆坡体系之间的对应关系,认为琼东南盆地陆坡沉积格架对块体流沉积发育具有很重要的控制作用,是块体流沉积发育的长期触发机制。由于晚中新世以来琼东南盆地演化进入加速热沉降阶段,并且加速热沉降使盆地内发育的主要断层活化。另外,在琼东南盆地中部的滑塌型陆坡和水道化型陆坡东部,块体流沉积的头部往往在断裂构造附近,因此认为琼东南盆地中部滑塌型陆坡和水道化型陆坡处块体流沉积的重要触发机制为构造运动及其伴随的地震活动。
In the recent years, deepwater depositional systems gradually become a hotspot in international geological research with the offshore oil and gas exploration advancing to the deep water area. Meanwhile, the gravity flow as an important way of delivering sediment from shallow to deep water is of significant importance in deep water depositional study. This thesis closely tracks the international frontier and focuses on shelf-slope system, and studied the sediment gravity flow in shelf-slope system. By characterizing the sediment gravity flow in shelf-slope of Qiongdongnan Basin, the evolutionary history of shelf-slope system in this basin could be better understood. Moreover, the internal architecture and paleoceanographical information within sediment gravity flow has some theoretical significance. The main achievements made by this thesis are listed below:
1. Based on the slope morphology and internal architecture of Qiongdongnan Basin, four kinds of slope have been indentified from west to east:progradational slope, slumping slope, channelized slope, wide and gental slope. The progradational slope is characterized by rapid development of progradation and "S" type slope, and the stacking pattern of internal sequence shows a strong progradation with weak aggradation, the shelf break migrates in a smoothly ascending trend. The slumping slope is marked by steep slope morphology along with large-scale MTDs on slope, the stacking pattern of internal sequence shows a weak progradation and aggradation, the shelf break migrates in a up-dip pattern; when influenced by MTDs, the shelf-break will show a backward migrating trend. The channelized slope has the steepest slope morphology, characterized by a mass of canyon and channels on shelf and slope, the internal sequence stacks as aggradation along with weak retrogradation, the shelf-slope migrates in a slightly up-dip pattern and shows a backward trend. The wide and gental slope displays gentle slope morphology and the stacking pattern of the slope is characterized by aggradation, with no obvious shelf break.
2. There are large-scale MTDs developed in slope and deep water areas of Qiongdongnan Basin, and the upper slope and lower slope have different MTDs elements. The upper slope is dominated by large-scale slides, escarpments and transported blocks, while the lower slope is mainly comprised of remnant blocks, stratum deformation and synsedimentary thrust faults. Moreover, MTDs on the lower slope shows more intensive erosion. In this study, the erosion caused by MTDs was proved to destroy the primary features of underlying submarine fan, leading to the fluid escaping. In addition, the irregular top surface of MTDs controls the succedent deposition in some extent, and the small-scale depression is an ideal place for turbidity currents to deposit. At the same time, the head of MTDs can also develops on gentle lower slope areas.
3. MTDs developed in the east and west have different depositional features. In the Songnan3D survey, western part of the basin, the area of the MTDs becomes larger from the early stage to the later one in the Yinggehai Formation. The MTDs always have different lobes with clear outline, with larger thickness (up to200m). Meanwhile, thrusts are more developed in this area, which indicates that the compression here is more intense. However, in the wide and gental slope, eastern part of the basin, not only the dimision of the MTDs is much smaller, but also the MTDs have less compressional texture and erosional features. The different morphology between western and eastern part of the basin could be the reason for the different features developed in the MTDs.
4. The mass transport deposits in the central basin have been divided into nine stages. Three kinds of features about the distribution of the MTDs have been figured out. Firstly, MTDs are well developed and nearly all of the central bansin has been covered by the MTDs except for the early stages. For instance, area of the MTDs in the last stage could occupy20%of the total area of the basin. Secondly, depocenters of MTDs of each stage keep staying at the Songnan and Lingshui depression, in which the slumping slopes are developed. Although there are MTDs developed in the region conresponding to channelized slope and progradational slope, the area and thickness is much smaller. In the wide and gental slope, there is only a small amount of MTDs. Thirdly, the area of the MTDs is becoming larger from the older stage to the younger one, and the area of the last stage could be up to9100km2.
5. The slope canyon system developed in Qiongdongnan Basin can be divided into three sections based on its distribution features, whicht are Baodao slope canyon, Baodao-Shenhu transition zone slope canyon and Shenhu slope canyon. Although the Baodao slope canyon and Shenhu slope canyon were developed on different slope systems, which are channelized slope and wide and gental slope, respectively, the head part of the canyons are located on the upper slope and do not erode into the shelf, which are named blind canyons. Meanwhile, in the planview, the canyons developed on the Shenhu margin exhibit mushroom-shaped outline. However, the canyons developed on the Baodao-Shenhu transition zone erode into the shelf, just as the canyons developed elsewhere in the world, which are named general canyons. The ration of depth to width in these two kinds of canyons have similar shifting trend, which is lower in the proximal and distal part, and higher in the central part, but the value of the ratio is higher in the general canyons than blind ones.
6. By using high-resolution3D seismic data, architecture and evolution of the7submarine canyons developed on the shelf margin in the Late Miocene has been studied. Genenrally, the length of the canyons are10-30kilometers, with a width of500-5000meters and a maximum relief of300meters. For the original architecture of the canyons on the slope has been destroyed by the well developed MTDs, they only could be distinguished on the shelf. There are four kinds of architecture elements developed in these canyons, which are erosional surfaces, basal lags, MTDs and lateral accretion packages (LAPs), and the lithology are dominated by mudstone and silty stone. Meanwhile, the morphology of them is characterized by U-shape at the proximal part and V-shape at the distal part.
7. In the late Miocene, the slope canyon show significant unidirectional migration features. On seismic profiles, lateral accretion packages only developed on the west flank, while the canyons show erosional characteristics on the east. The maximum lateral migration distance can be up to10km. Along the canyon, the stacking pattern varies in different profiles. At the canyon head part, lateral aggradation is intensest and the canyons have maximum lateral migration. In the central part, the lateral migration becomes weaker and shows vertical aggradation, with the thalweg trend shows up-dip trend. At the distal part of the canyons, the distance of lateral migration becomes smaller or even disappears and canyons subsequently shows vertical aggradation. The thalweg trends are vertically upwards or large angle upwards with weak eastward migration. Although the morphology gradually varies during the entire evolution history of the canyon, there are also some canyons that evolved with abrupt changes in strike during a certain stage.
8. Analyze the relations between the evolutions of late-Miocene canyons and the fault activities. Through the spatial configuration relationships between the fault developments in the studied areas and the shelf margin canyons, it was illustrated that the head of the canyon was gradually deflecting towards a series of small fault systems developed in the center of the studied area. Meanwhile, the plane scales of the faults in the shelf margin first grow large followed by a subsequent tendency of getting small, which is in accordance with the evolutions of the canyon scales. Furthermore, the deflection of the canyons is also well consistent with the spatial developments of the faults, which indicating that the formations and evolutions of the canyons are controlled by the fault activities in the study area.
9. The bottom current generated by the Paleo-South China Sea Warm Current has a important controlling effect on the development of the lateral accretion packages (LAPs), for only the bottom current could result in the constantly asymmetric sediment supply. Interplay of the bottom current and the turbidity current results in the different stacking pattern. In the proximal part of the canyons, comparing to the bottom current, the intensity of the turbidity current is relatively weak, which leads to the well development of the LAPs on the west side of the canyons and subsequent migration of them. In the distal part of the canyons, the intensity of the turbidity current becomes stronger and could result in more erosion, so the stacking pattern of canyons is characterized by aggradation and the canyons show much less migration.
10. The trigger mechanism of MTDs in the Qiongdongnan Basin has been summarized. The evolution of slope system in Qiongdongnan Basin is dominated by the provenances from Hainan Island and the Red River. Due to spatially closer to the sources, sedimentary rate is higher in the west part of the basin than the east, which subsequently results in the development of four different slope systems. According to the spatial relationship between the MTDs and the slope, we conclude that the architecture of the slope, surposed to be long term trigger, has an important control on the development of MTDs. Meanwhile, for the Qiongdongnan Basin has entered into accelerating subsidence stage since late Miocene, main faults of the basin have been experienced reactivation. In addition, in the east of slumping and channelized slope in the central section pf the Qiongdongnan basin, since the head part of the MTDs is generally around the faults developed on the shelf margin, it is reasonable to conclude that the reactivation of the faults since the Late Miocece and subsequent earthquicks due to the tectonics could be another trigger for the MTDs, which is suppose to be short-term trigger.
1.根据琼东南盆地陆坡地貌以及内部沉积构成特征将琼东南盆地陆坡体系由西至东划分为4种类型：进积型陆坡体系、滑塌型陆坡体系、水道化型陆坡体系和宽缓渐变型陆坡体系。进积型陆坡体系以快速进积体的发育和S犁的陆坡形态为特征,其内部层序叠加方式强烈的进积伴随较微弱的加积,陆架坡折迁移轨迹表现为略微上升的平坦轨迹：滑塌型陆坡以较陡的陆坡形态及陆坡处发育的大规模块体流沉积为特征,其内部层序叠加样式为微弱的进积和加积,陆架坡折迁移轨迹整体以斜向上升的轨迹为特征,同时受到块体流沉积的影响,滑塌型陆坡内常常发育后退的陆架坡折迁移轨迹；水道化型陆坡以最陡的陆坡形态和陆架陆坡上发育的大量峡谷水道为特征,其内部层序叠加样式以加积为主,并伴随微弱的退积,陆架坡折迁移轨迹表现为略斜向后的上升轨迹；宽缓渐变型陆坡以其宽缓的角度和加积的层序叠加方式为特征,没有明显的陆架坡折发育。
2.琼东南盆地陆坡至深水盆地区发育有大型深水块体流沉积。上陆坡和下陆坡块体流沉积内部具有不同的块体流沉积单元：在上陆坡区,主要发育有大型滑移体、陆坡陡崖、和异地搬运块体等。下陆坡区,块体流沉积内部发育残余块体、地层变形、同沉积逆冲断层等,同时下陆坡沉积的块体流具有很强的侵蚀能力,对块体流沉积底部先前沉积的地层具有较强的侵蚀作用。研究中发现块体流沉积的侵蚀作用导致了下伏海底扇原始结构遭到破坏,使用中储存的流体发生逸散。另外,块体流沉积顶部的不规则微地貌,对后期沉积具有一定的控制作用,其顶部规则小凹陷是后期浊流沉积的理想场所。同时,块体流沉积头部也能在下陆坡平缓地形条件下发育。
3.在琼东南盆地不同类型陆坡区内发育的块体流沉积具有不同的沉积特征。盆地西部松南三维区内块体流沉积从莺歌海组二段到莺歌海组一段期间,块体流沉积的范围是逐渐扩大的,不同期次发育的块体流沉积内的沉积朵体形态非常明显,块体流沉积的厚度也相刘较大(单期块体流沉积、平均厚度能够超过200m)。同时剖面上观察到的同沉积逆冲断层和平面上明显的逆冲断层脊线,反映了盆地西部块体流沉积内部的挤压应力表现的更加明显。而在盆地东部宽缓渐进型陆坡背景下发育的块体流沉积的厚度和面积都相对较小,同时块体流沉积内部挤压构造并不是很发育,侵蚀作用也相对较弱。研究发现,产生这种现象的原因可能与东西部陆坡的不同地貌特征有关。
4.将盆地主要块体流发育区所沉积的块体流分为9个期次。同时发现块体流沉积平而展布具有如下特征：①琼东南盆地块体流沉积发育的范围非常广,除了早期块体流沉积被限制在中央峡谷范围附近之外,几乎整个深水盆地区都有块体流沉积。最后一期块体流沉积的面积几乎占整个琼东南盆地面积的20%；②琼东南盆地块体流沉积中心主要位于在松南凹陷和陵水凹陷,其对应着滑塌型陆架陆坡体系。水道化型陆坡和进积型陆坡体系对应的深水盆地虽然也有块体流的沉积,但是其规模相对要小,在宽缓渐进型陆坡上块体流发育的规模非常有限。③通过对琼东南盆地莺歌海组的块体流沉积进行精细解剖发现,按照地层沉积从老到新的顺序,莺歌海组发育的九期块体流沉积的规模是逐渐扩大的,第一期的面积在1000km2左右,随后逐渐增大,第九期的块体流沉积面积达到9100km2。
5.琼东南盆地发育的陆坡峡谷体系根据其平面分布特征可以分为三段：宝岛陆坡峡谷、宝岛神狐过渡带陆坡峡谷和神狐段陆坡峡谷。虽然宝岛段陆坡峡谷和神狐段陆坡峡谷分别发育于水道化型陆坡和宽缓渐进型陆坡这两种不同的陆坡背景下,但是他们都具有头部位于陆坡上,未切入到陆架的特征,属于“无头型峡谷”,另外,神狐隆起陆架边缘发育的“无头型峡谷”还具有蘑菇状的平面外部形态。宝岛神狐过渡带陆坡峡谷,深切陆架并向陆架方向有一定延伸,与世界上其他区域与河口联系的峡谷具有类似的特征,是“有源型峡谷”。“有源型峡谷”和“无头型峡谷”地貌上表现出的深宽比在从峡谷头部向深海延伸方向都具有先变大在变小的趋势,但“有源型峡谷”的深宽比相对于“无头型峡谷”要大很多。
6.利用高精度三维地震资料,对琼东南盆地晚中新世发育的7条主要的陆架边缘峡谷内部构成和沉积演化进行精细刻画。这些陆架边缘峡谷的长度约10-30km,宽度约500-5000m,单个峡谷的最大深度可以达到300m。由于陆坡上发育的大规模深水块体流沉积对原始峡谷形态的破坏,这些峡谷往往只在陆架上才显示出明显的下切侵蚀特征及明显的外部形态特征。在这些峡谷中识别出了4种基本的沉积格架类型：侵蚀面、底部滞留沉积、块体流沉积和侧向加积体,其内部沉积充填的岩性以细粒的泥岩和粉砂质泥岩为主。同时,在峡谷头部区域,峡谷的剖面形态为“U”形,在靠近陆架坡折区域,峡谷的剖面形态以“V”形为特征。
7.晚中新世陆坡峡谷表现出明显的定向迁移特征,在地震剖面上表现为峡谷内部充填的侧向加积体只发育于峡谷的西侧,东部表现为明显的侵蚀特征。最大的侧向迁移距离可以达到10km。同一峡谷在沿峡谷走向不同剖面上表现出不同的叠加样式：峡谷远离陆坡的峡谷头部区域,峡谷表现出来的侧向加积最强烈,峡谷侧向迁移的距离也最大,剖面上各期次峡谷深泓线点的轨迹表现为微向上的平直轨迹。在峡谷的中段,峡谷侧向迁移的距离变小,同时还表现出垂向加积,各期次峡谷深泓线点表现为斜向上的迁移轨迹。在峡谷最靠近陆架边缘的末端,峡谷的侧向加积体发育微弱或者不发育,峡谷主要表现为垂向的叠加样式,各期次峡谷深泓线点表现为垂直向上或者略向东倾斜的大角度向上迁移轨迹。虽然整体上峡谷演化过程中其平面形态都是逐渐变化的,但是也存在一些峡谷在某个阶段的走向发生突然的变化。
8.分析了晚中新世峡谷发育演化与断层活动之间的关系。通过研究区内断层发育特征与陆架边缘峡谷之间的空间配置关系,具体表现为峡谷头部在其演化过程中逐渐偏向研究区中部发育的一系列小断层。同时,研究区内陆架边缘断层平面上规模有先变大再变小的趋势,与其相对应峡谷在断层规模较小时,峡谷的规模较小,当断层规模最大时,峡谷的规模也达到最大。另外,研究区内峡谷突然发生转向和断层发育空间位置具有很好的一致性,据此认为峡谷的形成演化受到研究区内断层活动的控制。
9.讨论了古南海表层洋流与陆架边缘峡谷之间的演化关系。认为古南海北部表层洋流产生的浅水底流对陆架边缘峡谷中侧向加积体的形成具有决定性的作用。研究区内只有浅水底流才能造成陆架边缘峡谷两侧沉积物供给的不对称型,并长期保持稳定。在此情况下才能有剖面上继承性和连续性很好的峡谷西侧边缘侧向加积体的形成。浅水底流与峡谷中浊流相互作用的结果导致了在峡谷不同区带表现出不同的沉积样式。峡谷头部区域,浅水底流的作用相对于浊流的作用更加强烈,因此,侧向加积体非常发育。在峡谷中段,浅水底流作用和浊流作用相当,因此中段峡谷表现出侧向迁移与加积的特征,在峡谷末端,浊流的侵蚀和搬运能力更加强烈,底流作用相对而言较小,因此峡谷内形成浊流沉积主导的垂向叠加样式。
10.总结了琼东南盆地块体流沉积的触发机制。琼东南盆地陆坡体系沉积演化受到海南岛物源和红河物源的控制。由于空间上盆地西部离红河物源更近,沉积物供给速率更强烈。东西部物源供给差异造成了4种不同陆坡体系的发育。根据块体流沉积中心与陆坡体系之间的对应关系,认为琼东南盆地陆坡沉积格架对块体流沉积发育具有很重要的控制作用,是块体流沉积发育的长期触发机制。由于晚中新世以来琼东南盆地演化进入加速热沉降阶段,并且加速热沉降使盆地内发育的主要断层活化。另外,在琼东南盆地中部的滑塌型陆坡和水道化型陆坡东部,块体流沉积的头部往往在断裂构造附近,因此认为琼东南盆地中部滑塌型陆坡和水道化型陆坡处块体流沉积的重要触发机制为构造运动及其伴随的地震活动。
In the recent years, deepwater depositional systems gradually become a hotspot in international geological research with the offshore oil and gas exploration advancing to the deep water area. Meanwhile, the gravity flow as an important way of delivering sediment from shallow to deep water is of significant importance in deep water depositional study. This thesis closely tracks the international frontier and focuses on shelf-slope system, and studied the sediment gravity flow in shelf-slope system. By characterizing the sediment gravity flow in shelf-slope of Qiongdongnan Basin, the evolutionary history of shelf-slope system in this basin could be better understood. Moreover, the internal architecture and paleoceanographical information within sediment gravity flow has some theoretical significance. The main achievements made by this thesis are listed below:
1. Based on the slope morphology and internal architecture of Qiongdongnan Basin, four kinds of slope have been indentified from west to east:progradational slope, slumping slope, channelized slope, wide and gental slope. The progradational slope is characterized by rapid development of progradation and "S" type slope, and the stacking pattern of internal sequence shows a strong progradation with weak aggradation, the shelf break migrates in a smoothly ascending trend. The slumping slope is marked by steep slope morphology along with large-scale MTDs on slope, the stacking pattern of internal sequence shows a weak progradation and aggradation, the shelf break migrates in a up-dip pattern; when influenced by MTDs, the shelf-break will show a backward migrating trend. The channelized slope has the steepest slope morphology, characterized by a mass of canyon and channels on shelf and slope, the internal sequence stacks as aggradation along with weak retrogradation, the shelf-slope migrates in a slightly up-dip pattern and shows a backward trend. The wide and gental slope displays gentle slope morphology and the stacking pattern of the slope is characterized by aggradation, with no obvious shelf break.
2. There are large-scale MTDs developed in slope and deep water areas of Qiongdongnan Basin, and the upper slope and lower slope have different MTDs elements. The upper slope is dominated by large-scale slides, escarpments and transported blocks, while the lower slope is mainly comprised of remnant blocks, stratum deformation and synsedimentary thrust faults. Moreover, MTDs on the lower slope shows more intensive erosion. In this study, the erosion caused by MTDs was proved to destroy the primary features of underlying submarine fan, leading to the fluid escaping. In addition, the irregular top surface of MTDs controls the succedent deposition in some extent, and the small-scale depression is an ideal place for turbidity currents to deposit. At the same time, the head of MTDs can also develops on gentle lower slope areas.
3. MTDs developed in the east and west have different depositional features. In the Songnan3D survey, western part of the basin, the area of the MTDs becomes larger from the early stage to the later one in the Yinggehai Formation. The MTDs always have different lobes with clear outline, with larger thickness (up to200m). Meanwhile, thrusts are more developed in this area, which indicates that the compression here is more intense. However, in the wide and gental slope, eastern part of the basin, not only the dimision of the MTDs is much smaller, but also the MTDs have less compressional texture and erosional features. The different morphology between western and eastern part of the basin could be the reason for the different features developed in the MTDs.
4. The mass transport deposits in the central basin have been divided into nine stages. Three kinds of features about the distribution of the MTDs have been figured out. Firstly, MTDs are well developed and nearly all of the central bansin has been covered by the MTDs except for the early stages. For instance, area of the MTDs in the last stage could occupy20%of the total area of the basin. Secondly, depocenters of MTDs of each stage keep staying at the Songnan and Lingshui depression, in which the slumping slopes are developed. Although there are MTDs developed in the region conresponding to channelized slope and progradational slope, the area and thickness is much smaller. In the wide and gental slope, there is only a small amount of MTDs. Thirdly, the area of the MTDs is becoming larger from the older stage to the younger one, and the area of the last stage could be up to9100km2.
5. The slope canyon system developed in Qiongdongnan Basin can be divided into three sections based on its distribution features, whicht are Baodao slope canyon, Baodao-Shenhu transition zone slope canyon and Shenhu slope canyon. Although the Baodao slope canyon and Shenhu slope canyon were developed on different slope systems, which are channelized slope and wide and gental slope, respectively, the head part of the canyons are located on the upper slope and do not erode into the shelf, which are named blind canyons. Meanwhile, in the planview, the canyons developed on the Shenhu margin exhibit mushroom-shaped outline. However, the canyons developed on the Baodao-Shenhu transition zone erode into the shelf, just as the canyons developed elsewhere in the world, which are named general canyons. The ration of depth to width in these two kinds of canyons have similar shifting trend, which is lower in the proximal and distal part, and higher in the central part, but the value of the ratio is higher in the general canyons than blind ones.
6. By using high-resolution3D seismic data, architecture and evolution of the7submarine canyons developed on the shelf margin in the Late Miocene has been studied. Genenrally, the length of the canyons are10-30kilometers, with a width of500-5000meters and a maximum relief of300meters. For the original architecture of the canyons on the slope has been destroyed by the well developed MTDs, they only could be distinguished on the shelf. There are four kinds of architecture elements developed in these canyons, which are erosional surfaces, basal lags, MTDs and lateral accretion packages (LAPs), and the lithology are dominated by mudstone and silty stone. Meanwhile, the morphology of them is characterized by U-shape at the proximal part and V-shape at the distal part.
7. In the late Miocene, the slope canyon show significant unidirectional migration features. On seismic profiles, lateral accretion packages only developed on the west flank, while the canyons show erosional characteristics on the east. The maximum lateral migration distance can be up to10km. Along the canyon, the stacking pattern varies in different profiles. At the canyon head part, lateral aggradation is intensest and the canyons have maximum lateral migration. In the central part, the lateral migration becomes weaker and shows vertical aggradation, with the thalweg trend shows up-dip trend. At the distal part of the canyons, the distance of lateral migration becomes smaller or even disappears and canyons subsequently shows vertical aggradation. The thalweg trends are vertically upwards or large angle upwards with weak eastward migration. Although the morphology gradually varies during the entire evolution history of the canyon, there are also some canyons that evolved with abrupt changes in strike during a certain stage.
8. Analyze the relations between the evolutions of late-Miocene canyons and the fault activities. Through the spatial configuration relationships between the fault developments in the studied areas and the shelf margin canyons, it was illustrated that the head of the canyon was gradually deflecting towards a series of small fault systems developed in the center of the studied area. Meanwhile, the plane scales of the faults in the shelf margin first grow large followed by a subsequent tendency of getting small, which is in accordance with the evolutions of the canyon scales. Furthermore, the deflection of the canyons is also well consistent with the spatial developments of the faults, which indicating that the formations and evolutions of the canyons are controlled by the fault activities in the study area.
9. The bottom current generated by the Paleo-South China Sea Warm Current has a important controlling effect on the development of the lateral accretion packages (LAPs), for only the bottom current could result in the constantly asymmetric sediment supply. Interplay of the bottom current and the turbidity current results in the different stacking pattern. In the proximal part of the canyons, comparing to the bottom current, the intensity of the turbidity current is relatively weak, which leads to the well development of the LAPs on the west side of the canyons and subsequent migration of them. In the distal part of the canyons, the intensity of the turbidity current becomes stronger and could result in more erosion, so the stacking pattern of canyons is characterized by aggradation and the canyons show much less migration.
10. The trigger mechanism of MTDs in the Qiongdongnan Basin has been summarized. The evolution of slope system in Qiongdongnan Basin is dominated by the provenances from Hainan Island and the Red River. Due to spatially closer to the sources, sedimentary rate is higher in the west part of the basin than the east, which subsequently results in the development of four different slope systems. According to the spatial relationship between the MTDs and the slope, we conclude that the architecture of the slope, surposed to be long term trigger, has an important control on the development of MTDs. Meanwhile, for the Qiongdongnan Basin has entered into accelerating subsidence stage since late Miocene, main faults of the basin have been experienced reactivation. In addition, in the east of slumping and channelized slope in the central section pf the Qiongdongnan basin, since the head part of the MTDs is generally around the faults developed on the shelf margin, it is reasonable to conclude that the reactivation of the faults since the Late Miocece and subsequent earthquicks due to the tectonics could be another trigger for the MTDs, which is suppose to be short-term trigger.
引文
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