水泥基平板吸波材料的制备与性能研究
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摘要
针对目前日益恶化的电磁环境和建筑物对电磁防护能力的需求,人们对宽频、高效、低成本建筑吸波材料的要求越来越迫切。为此,本文以多孔颗粒、粉煤灰及芳纶纤维为掺合料,以炭黑、二氧化锰、铁硅金属粉、镍锌铁氧体、羰基铁纤维为吸波剂,利用阻抗匹配理论和传输线理论制备出具有良好电磁波吸收性能的单层和双层水泥基平板吸波材料。
水泥材料的阻抗匹配性能较差,依靠内部金属氧化物的介电极化有微弱的损耗能力。以低介电常数的多孔颗粒作为水泥吸波材料的集料可以降低复合材料的有效介电常数,改善透波性能,使电磁波能较大比例的进入到材料内部,同时入射电磁波在多孔颗粒间发生多次反射和散射为电磁波的损耗提供了新的途径。因此,多孔集料对吸波性能的改善是对复合材料匹配性能和损耗性能综合作用的结果,其含量存在最佳值,约为材料总体积的50%左右。集料的品种影响对吸收性能的改善效果,孔隙率高、结构封闭、外形规则的颗粒对吸收性能的改善作用最好。大粒径的颗粒有利于提高复合材料匹配性能,而小粒径的颗粒则对损耗性能的提高作用更明显。在选用的多种集料中,发泡聚苯乙烯(EPS)的效果最好,填充量为50%时试样的最小反射率为-18 dB,有效吸收带宽达8.1 GHz。
通过对炭黑、二氧化锰、铁硅金属粉、镍锌铁氧体、羰基铁纤维等吸收剂的颗粒形貌和电磁参数的研究,确定了各吸收剂的损耗类型和损耗机理。将它们分别应用于水泥基吸波材料中并得到其最佳含量。结果表明,吸收剂的最佳含量受试样的匹配性能控制,优良的阻抗匹配性能有利于提高吸收剂的最佳含量。吸收剂含量低于最佳含量时,增加吸收剂含量可以增加基体中损耗颗粒的数目从而提高吸收性能,而高于此含量,吸收剂将改变基体的阻抗匹配性能从而引起电磁波的严重反射导致吸收性能降低。将吸收剂复合使用,可以充分发挥不同吸波机制的损耗优势,弥补单独使用时的缺陷,提高材料吸收性能并拓宽有效吸收带宽。复合吸收剂各组分存在最佳配比,当炭黑、镍锌铁氧体的含量为4：5时试样的试样的吸收性能最好,有效吸收带宽达12.1 GHz。
粉煤灰颗粒具有疏松多孔状结构,成分以透波性能良好的Si02和Al2O3为主,并含有大量的碳粒及多种金属氧化物等损耗成分,具有作为吸波材料添加剂的潜质。但由于粉煤灰的火山灰活性效应和微集料效应,粉煤灰单独填充水泥复合材料时的吸波性能并不好。将粉煤灰应用于EPS/水泥体系中等量替代水泥,可以在不降低材料吸收性能的同时大大降低成本。将粉煤灰与炭黑复合使用可以提高炭黑的导电性能,降低炭黑的使用量,而与MnO2复合使用时可以发挥复合吸收剂的优势,大大提高材料的吸收性能。这为粉煤灰的回收利用提供了一种新的途径。
芳纶纤维属于高分子透波材料,由于长纤维的搭接作用,芳纶纤维可以在较低的含量下即可明显的改善水泥基材料的匹配性能,从而提高其吸收性能。并且芳纶纤维对复合材料的力学性能有明显的改善作用,随芳纶纤维含量的增加,材料的抗折强度增加明显,抗压强度则先明显增加后逐渐减小,其中,材料的韧性提高最为明显,与EPS等多孔集料使复合材料的力学性能降低形成鲜明对比。
依据传输线理论设计的双层水泥基材料在自由空间和吸波材料的各层间形成阻抗梯度,改善了复合材料的阻抗匹配性能,使吸收性能有了较大的提高。多种填充料中,Si02和大尺寸的EPS颗粒可以明显改善表面层的阻抗匹配,而粉煤灰、膨胀珍珠岩和小尺寸的EPS则对吸收层的损耗性能提升效果最显著。镍锌铁氧体是匹配层的理想填料,而炭黑则适宜做吸收层填料,并且吸收层吸收剂的最佳含量要高于单层吸波材料,具有更强的损耗性能,试样的有效吸收带宽在10 GHz以上。异形结构表面使复合材料的阻抗做连续线性变化,增加了电磁波的入射次数,有利于电磁波的充分入射,并且部分电磁波传播方向发生改变也有利于提高材料的隐身性能,异形表面双层试样的最小反射率小于-30 dB,有效吸收带宽超过13 GHz。
Dealing with the worsening electromagnetic radiations and the requirements of electromagnetic protection for tall buildings, the demands for developing electromagnetic wave absorbers with wider absorbing bandwidths, more effective absorption properties and lower costs are ever increasing. Therefore, single or double-layer cement-based absorbing flats with excellent absorption functions were prepared in this paper.
Pure cement has a terrible impedance matching performance and slightly absorbing ability due to some metal oxides insides. Porous aggregates can improve the impedance matching characteristics of cement composites by decreasing the effective dielectric constant, and attenuate electromagnetic wave by mulitple scattering and reflection. The filling ratio, the type and the size of porous beads all have remarkable influences on the absorbing properties. There is an optimal content for porous beads, which is about 50% by volume ratio. Aggregate types have some influences on the absorbing properties, e.g. high pore ratio, enclosed construction and symmetric geometry are helpful to the improvement of absorbing properties. Porous beads with larger sizes benefit the improvement of matching characteristics. In contrast, the beads with smaller sizes can increase the attenuation properties more obviously. Among these aggregates we used, expanded polystyrene (EPS) has the best ability to improve the absorbing properties, with the minimum reflection value of-18 dB and the effective absorption bandwidth of more than 8.1 GHz.
The absorbing mechanisms of carbon black, manganese dioxide, iron silicon powders, Ni-Zn ferrite and carbonyl iron fibers were investigated. And then, the optimal content of each absorbent in cement were defined. The results show that the optimal contents are controlled by the matching characteristics of composites. Absorbing agents can increase the numbers of attenuation particles in matrix to improve the attenuation probability of incident wave when their contents are low; however, if the contents are too high, the impedance matching performance become terrible resulting in serious reflections and bad absorption propeties. When absorbents with different absorbing mechanisms are used together, the absorbing properties can be improvement a lot, attributing to the advantage of complex absorbent. The best proportions of complex absorbents are studied, too. When the volume ration of carbon black to ferrite is 4:5, an absorption band as broad as 12.1 GHz is obtained.
The microstructure and electromagnetic parameters of Fly ash (FA) were charactered by means of scanning electron microscope and vector network analyzer, respectively. The results show that FA has the potentialities for wave attenuation due to its complex components and porous structure. However, the pozzolanic activity and packing effect of FA has a negative effect on the absorbing properties of FA/cement. In contrast, the absorbing properties of EPS/cement composite don't have obvious decrease when FA is used as cement replacement. Moreover, when FA is used together with MnO2, the absorbing properties can be improved obviously due to the advantages of complex absorbents. This is a new way for recycling FA.
Because of its electromagnetic transparently property and large length-diameter ratio, aramid fiber can adjust the impedance characteristic of cement material in a low content. And more important, aramid fiber can increase the mechanical properties of cement material. With the increase in aramid fiber content, the flexural strength and toughness increase significantly, and the compressive strength has an obvious improvement followed by a gradually decrease, in a sharp contrast to the decrease of mechanical properties by filling EPS.
Double-layer cement matrix composites, which form an impedance gradient among the free space and the layers of composites according to the transmission line theory, can get an excellent impedance matching performance and good attenuation characteristic at the same time, so the absorbing properties can be improved greatly. Among these aggregates we used, SiO2 and EPS with large sizes can improve the impedance matching characteristic obviously, while FA, pearlite and EPS with small sizes are more effective for wave attenuation. Ferrite is the ideal filler for matching layer and carbon black is suitable for absorbing layer filler due to its large dieleltric constant. The optimal content of carbon black in absorbing layer is more than its in single layer material, resulting in a stronger attenuation performance with a broad absorption bandwidth of more than 10 GHz. Special-shaped structure surfaces make the continuity change of impedance and increase the incident times for electromagnetic wave. Thus, the absorbers have much better impedance performance. Besides, the propagation direction of part of the incident wave changes, which is also helpful for wave attenuation. The minimum reflection value and effective absorption bandwidth of samples with shaped-surfaces are-30 dB and 13 GHz, respectively.
水泥材料的阻抗匹配性能较差,依靠内部金属氧化物的介电极化有微弱的损耗能力。以低介电常数的多孔颗粒作为水泥吸波材料的集料可以降低复合材料的有效介电常数,改善透波性能,使电磁波能较大比例的进入到材料内部,同时入射电磁波在多孔颗粒间发生多次反射和散射为电磁波的损耗提供了新的途径。因此,多孔集料对吸波性能的改善是对复合材料匹配性能和损耗性能综合作用的结果,其含量存在最佳值,约为材料总体积的50%左右。集料的品种影响对吸收性能的改善效果,孔隙率高、结构封闭、外形规则的颗粒对吸收性能的改善作用最好。大粒径的颗粒有利于提高复合材料匹配性能,而小粒径的颗粒则对损耗性能的提高作用更明显。在选用的多种集料中,发泡聚苯乙烯(EPS)的效果最好,填充量为50%时试样的最小反射率为-18 dB,有效吸收带宽达8.1 GHz。
通过对炭黑、二氧化锰、铁硅金属粉、镍锌铁氧体、羰基铁纤维等吸收剂的颗粒形貌和电磁参数的研究,确定了各吸收剂的损耗类型和损耗机理。将它们分别应用于水泥基吸波材料中并得到其最佳含量。结果表明,吸收剂的最佳含量受试样的匹配性能控制,优良的阻抗匹配性能有利于提高吸收剂的最佳含量。吸收剂含量低于最佳含量时,增加吸收剂含量可以增加基体中损耗颗粒的数目从而提高吸收性能,而高于此含量,吸收剂将改变基体的阻抗匹配性能从而引起电磁波的严重反射导致吸收性能降低。将吸收剂复合使用,可以充分发挥不同吸波机制的损耗优势,弥补单独使用时的缺陷,提高材料吸收性能并拓宽有效吸收带宽。复合吸收剂各组分存在最佳配比,当炭黑、镍锌铁氧体的含量为4：5时试样的试样的吸收性能最好,有效吸收带宽达12.1 GHz。
粉煤灰颗粒具有疏松多孔状结构,成分以透波性能良好的Si02和Al2O3为主,并含有大量的碳粒及多种金属氧化物等损耗成分,具有作为吸波材料添加剂的潜质。但由于粉煤灰的火山灰活性效应和微集料效应,粉煤灰单独填充水泥复合材料时的吸波性能并不好。将粉煤灰应用于EPS/水泥体系中等量替代水泥,可以在不降低材料吸收性能的同时大大降低成本。将粉煤灰与炭黑复合使用可以提高炭黑的导电性能,降低炭黑的使用量,而与MnO2复合使用时可以发挥复合吸收剂的优势,大大提高材料的吸收性能。这为粉煤灰的回收利用提供了一种新的途径。
芳纶纤维属于高分子透波材料,由于长纤维的搭接作用,芳纶纤维可以在较低的含量下即可明显的改善水泥基材料的匹配性能,从而提高其吸收性能。并且芳纶纤维对复合材料的力学性能有明显的改善作用,随芳纶纤维含量的增加,材料的抗折强度增加明显,抗压强度则先明显增加后逐渐减小,其中,材料的韧性提高最为明显,与EPS等多孔集料使复合材料的力学性能降低形成鲜明对比。
依据传输线理论设计的双层水泥基材料在自由空间和吸波材料的各层间形成阻抗梯度,改善了复合材料的阻抗匹配性能,使吸收性能有了较大的提高。多种填充料中,Si02和大尺寸的EPS颗粒可以明显改善表面层的阻抗匹配,而粉煤灰、膨胀珍珠岩和小尺寸的EPS则对吸收层的损耗性能提升效果最显著。镍锌铁氧体是匹配层的理想填料,而炭黑则适宜做吸收层填料,并且吸收层吸收剂的最佳含量要高于单层吸波材料,具有更强的损耗性能,试样的有效吸收带宽在10 GHz以上。异形结构表面使复合材料的阻抗做连续线性变化,增加了电磁波的入射次数,有利于电磁波的充分入射,并且部分电磁波传播方向发生改变也有利于提高材料的隐身性能,异形表面双层试样的最小反射率小于-30 dB,有效吸收带宽超过13 GHz。
Dealing with the worsening electromagnetic radiations and the requirements of electromagnetic protection for tall buildings, the demands for developing electromagnetic wave absorbers with wider absorbing bandwidths, more effective absorption properties and lower costs are ever increasing. Therefore, single or double-layer cement-based absorbing flats with excellent absorption functions were prepared in this paper.
Pure cement has a terrible impedance matching performance and slightly absorbing ability due to some metal oxides insides. Porous aggregates can improve the impedance matching characteristics of cement composites by decreasing the effective dielectric constant, and attenuate electromagnetic wave by mulitple scattering and reflection. The filling ratio, the type and the size of porous beads all have remarkable influences on the absorbing properties. There is an optimal content for porous beads, which is about 50% by volume ratio. Aggregate types have some influences on the absorbing properties, e.g. high pore ratio, enclosed construction and symmetric geometry are helpful to the improvement of absorbing properties. Porous beads with larger sizes benefit the improvement of matching characteristics. In contrast, the beads with smaller sizes can increase the attenuation properties more obviously. Among these aggregates we used, expanded polystyrene (EPS) has the best ability to improve the absorbing properties, with the minimum reflection value of-18 dB and the effective absorption bandwidth of more than 8.1 GHz.
The absorbing mechanisms of carbon black, manganese dioxide, iron silicon powders, Ni-Zn ferrite and carbonyl iron fibers were investigated. And then, the optimal content of each absorbent in cement were defined. The results show that the optimal contents are controlled by the matching characteristics of composites. Absorbing agents can increase the numbers of attenuation particles in matrix to improve the attenuation probability of incident wave when their contents are low; however, if the contents are too high, the impedance matching performance become terrible resulting in serious reflections and bad absorption propeties. When absorbents with different absorbing mechanisms are used together, the absorbing properties can be improvement a lot, attributing to the advantage of complex absorbent. The best proportions of complex absorbents are studied, too. When the volume ration of carbon black to ferrite is 4:5, an absorption band as broad as 12.1 GHz is obtained.
The microstructure and electromagnetic parameters of Fly ash (FA) were charactered by means of scanning electron microscope and vector network analyzer, respectively. The results show that FA has the potentialities for wave attenuation due to its complex components and porous structure. However, the pozzolanic activity and packing effect of FA has a negative effect on the absorbing properties of FA/cement. In contrast, the absorbing properties of EPS/cement composite don't have obvious decrease when FA is used as cement replacement. Moreover, when FA is used together with MnO2, the absorbing properties can be improved obviously due to the advantages of complex absorbents. This is a new way for recycling FA.
Because of its electromagnetic transparently property and large length-diameter ratio, aramid fiber can adjust the impedance characteristic of cement material in a low content. And more important, aramid fiber can increase the mechanical properties of cement material. With the increase in aramid fiber content, the flexural strength and toughness increase significantly, and the compressive strength has an obvious improvement followed by a gradually decrease, in a sharp contrast to the decrease of mechanical properties by filling EPS.
Double-layer cement matrix composites, which form an impedance gradient among the free space and the layers of composites according to the transmission line theory, can get an excellent impedance matching performance and good attenuation characteristic at the same time, so the absorbing properties can be improved greatly. Among these aggregates we used, SiO2 and EPS with large sizes can improve the impedance matching characteristic obviously, while FA, pearlite and EPS with small sizes are more effective for wave attenuation. Ferrite is the ideal filler for matching layer and carbon black is suitable for absorbing layer filler due to its large dieleltric constant. The optimal content of carbon black in absorbing layer is more than its in single layer material, resulting in a stronger attenuation performance with a broad absorption bandwidth of more than 10 GHz. Special-shaped structure surfaces make the continuity change of impedance and increase the incident times for electromagnetic wave. Thus, the absorbers have much better impedance performance. Besides, the propagation direction of part of the incident wave changes, which is also helpful for wave attenuation. The minimum reflection value and effective absorption bandwidth of samples with shaped-surfaces are-30 dB and 13 GHz, respectively.
引文
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