牧鸡年限对祁连山高山草地植物群落和种子库分布格局的影响
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摘要
“育禽治蝗”作为新型高山草地生产技术模式,已成功用于草地蝗虫灾害可持续控制以及绿色、安全禽肉生产当中。但截至目前有关放养牧鸡对草地生态系统植物群落,土壤以及种子库分布格局的影响知之甚少,因此本研究利用放牧肉鸡在祁连山高山草地开展连续野外试验,全面探讨了放养牧鸡对高山草地土壤理化性质的影响,深入分析了牧鸡对植被群落组成、多样性和生物量的影响,系统测定了牧鸡不同放牧年限对高山草地植冠种子库,地面种子库和不同深度土壤种子库数量的影响,得到如下研究结果：
1.与未放牧对照样地相比,放牧草地不同土壤深度土壤有机质,全氮,速效磷含量显著增加(P<0.05),但对土壤容重、孔隙度、含水量和pH等物理性质没有明显影响(P>0.05)。
2.草地牧鸡放养对植物群落丰富度、多样性指数、均匀度指数、群落高度、群落盖度没有显著影响(P>0.05)；但连续放牧对草地生物量有明显影响,放牧2年和3年草地显著高于未放牧对照草地(P<0.05)。
3.豆科、莎草科和禾本科植物植冠种子库数量随放牧年限增加显著减少(P<0.05)；杂类草植物植冠种子库放牧1年后,数量极显著增加,连续两年以上放牧草地的种子数量逐渐减少,但与对照相比没有显著变化。
4.豆科、莎草科和杂类草植物地面种子库数量在牧鸡后显著增加(P<0.05),但随放牧时间延长逐年减少；禾本科植物地面种子数放牧后显著增加,其值分别是对照草地的2.4倍、2.7倍和3倍,差异达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。
5.各科植物在0-5cm土壤种子库数量显著高于5-10cm种子数量。豆科植物土壤种子库集中在表层0-5cm；莎草科土壤种子库在0-5cm和5-10cm的含量随放牧时间增加而减少；禾本科植物土壤种子库也主要集中在0-5cm土层,且随牧鸡年限增加而在各土层间均有增加；杂类草土壤种子数量在放牧后0-5cm和5-10cm土层均显著增加(P<0.05)。
6.高山草地放牧鸡后,豆科和莎草科种子库总量随放牧年限增加逐渐减少；禾本科种子库受牧鸡放牧影响不大,杂类草种子数量呈现先增加,后随放牧年限增加而呈逐渐减少趋势。
祁连山高山草地开展“育禽治蝗”生产技术模式,在有效控制草地蝗发生数量同时,对草地植物群落、土壤特性以及种子库产生不同影响。这为进一步阐明高山草地牧鸡放养对草地生态系统植物群落特性、土壤理化性状以及种子库的空间分布影响提供科学依据,也为蝗灾引起的高山草地退化生态恢复重建提供可靠基础资料和参考依据。
"Breeding poultry and controlling grasshopper" as a newly accepted grassland production model, has been successfully used in the controlling grasshopper disaster and breeding organic broiler, but it's effects on ecosystem and seed bank is unknown. To measure the effect of free ranging chicken on ecosystem, soil property and seed bank, studying was conducted on the Qilian Mountain grassland. And analyzed the variances of soil property, the community component and the canopy seed bank, ground seed bank and soil seed bank after continuous years grazing, the detailed results as follows:
1. In different soil depth, SOC, TN and A-P continuously increased after birds grazed on the grassland year by year. But there is no significant various on soil bulk density, porosity, moisture content and pH value.
2. There is no significant various on richness, diversity index, evenness, community height and coverage(P>0.05) in different grazing years, except aboveground biomass significantly increased after chicken freely grazed(P<0.05).
3. the leguminous, Poaceae and Cyperaceae plant canopy seed bank significantly reduced(P<0.05) after continuous grazing. The others plant canopy seed bank increased in the first year, but there's no various in the followed grazing years.
4. The Leguminous plant, Cyperaceae and The others seed bank significantly increased in the first year, but contrast in the following grazed years, the Poaceae ground seed bank as2.4times,2.7times,3times respectively as the check blank.
5. Generally, the majority soil seed bank stayed in0-5cm, especially the leguminous, but Cyperaceae seed bank decreased as grazing years indeed in0-5cm and5-10cm. Poaceae soil seed bank found mainly in the0-5cm, and it's increased in the two layers separately. The others seed bank significantly increased after chicken freely grazed in two soil layers.
6. The amount of leguminous and Cyperaceae seed bank continuously decreased after chicken freely grazed. Poaceae seed bank showed no significant various, and others plant seed bank increased in the first grazing year, but decreased in the following grazing years.
Through "breeding poultry control grasshopper" model, grasshopper effectively be controlled at threshold value, but impact on the grassland plant community, soil property and seed bank. So this study was launched to demonstrate the change of those items, also to assess the suitable free ranging chicken model on the grassland, provide basic data for reasonable pasture grazing.
1.与未放牧对照样地相比,放牧草地不同土壤深度土壤有机质,全氮,速效磷含量显著增加(P<0.05),但对土壤容重、孔隙度、含水量和pH等物理性质没有明显影响(P>0.05)。
2.草地牧鸡放养对植物群落丰富度、多样性指数、均匀度指数、群落高度、群落盖度没有显著影响(P>0.05)；但连续放牧对草地生物量有明显影响,放牧2年和3年草地显著高于未放牧对照草地(P<0.05)。
3.豆科、莎草科和禾本科植物植冠种子库数量随放牧年限增加显著减少(P<0.05)；杂类草植物植冠种子库放牧1年后,数量极显著增加,连续两年以上放牧草地的种子数量逐渐减少,但与对照相比没有显著变化。
4.豆科、莎草科和杂类草植物地面种子库数量在牧鸡后显著增加(P<0.05),但随放牧时间延长逐年减少；禾本科植物地面种子数放牧后显著增加,其值分别是对照草地的2.4倍、2.7倍和3倍,差异达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。
5.各科植物在0-5cm土壤种子库数量显著高于5-10cm种子数量。豆科植物土壤种子库集中在表层0-5cm；莎草科土壤种子库在0-5cm和5-10cm的含量随放牧时间增加而减少；禾本科植物土壤种子库也主要集中在0-5cm土层,且随牧鸡年限增加而在各土层间均有增加；杂类草土壤种子数量在放牧后0-5cm和5-10cm土层均显著增加(P<0.05)。
6.高山草地放牧鸡后,豆科和莎草科种子库总量随放牧年限增加逐渐减少；禾本科种子库受牧鸡放牧影响不大,杂类草种子数量呈现先增加,后随放牧年限增加而呈逐渐减少趋势。
祁连山高山草地开展“育禽治蝗”生产技术模式,在有效控制草地蝗发生数量同时,对草地植物群落、土壤特性以及种子库产生不同影响。这为进一步阐明高山草地牧鸡放养对草地生态系统植物群落特性、土壤理化性状以及种子库的空间分布影响提供科学依据,也为蝗灾引起的高山草地退化生态恢复重建提供可靠基础资料和参考依据。
"Breeding poultry and controlling grasshopper" as a newly accepted grassland production model, has been successfully used in the controlling grasshopper disaster and breeding organic broiler, but it's effects on ecosystem and seed bank is unknown. To measure the effect of free ranging chicken on ecosystem, soil property and seed bank, studying was conducted on the Qilian Mountain grassland. And analyzed the variances of soil property, the community component and the canopy seed bank, ground seed bank and soil seed bank after continuous years grazing, the detailed results as follows:
1. In different soil depth, SOC, TN and A-P continuously increased after birds grazed on the grassland year by year. But there is no significant various on soil bulk density, porosity, moisture content and pH value.
2. There is no significant various on richness, diversity index, evenness, community height and coverage(P>0.05) in different grazing years, except aboveground biomass significantly increased after chicken freely grazed(P<0.05).
3. the leguminous, Poaceae and Cyperaceae plant canopy seed bank significantly reduced(P<0.05) after continuous grazing. The others plant canopy seed bank increased in the first year, but there's no various in the followed grazing years.
4. The Leguminous plant, Cyperaceae and The others seed bank significantly increased in the first year, but contrast in the following grazed years, the Poaceae ground seed bank as2.4times,2.7times,3times respectively as the check blank.
5. Generally, the majority soil seed bank stayed in0-5cm, especially the leguminous, but Cyperaceae seed bank decreased as grazing years indeed in0-5cm and5-10cm. Poaceae soil seed bank found mainly in the0-5cm, and it's increased in the two layers separately. The others seed bank significantly increased after chicken freely grazed in two soil layers.
6. The amount of leguminous and Cyperaceae seed bank continuously decreased after chicken freely grazed. Poaceae seed bank showed no significant various, and others plant seed bank increased in the first grazing year, but decreased in the following grazing years.
Through "breeding poultry control grasshopper" model, grasshopper effectively be controlled at threshold value, but impact on the grassland plant community, soil property and seed bank. So this study was launched to demonstrate the change of those items, also to assess the suitable free ranging chicken model on the grassland, provide basic data for reasonable pasture grazing.
引文
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