复杂岩溶介质矿井涌水量的三维数值模拟研究
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摘要
矿井涌水量是矿山建设和生产过程中单位时间内流入矿井包括各种巷道和开采系统的水量。矿井涌水量是确定矿床水文地质条件复杂程度的重要指标之一,也是矿山设计部门确定排水设备和制定防治水措施的主要依据。
合山煤田属我国南方典型的岩溶充水矿床,位于广西山字型构造马蹄形盾地西侧,整个矿区处于合山向斜内。该向斜是一个东陡西缓、北阔南窄,轴向20°左右的不对称向斜构造;向斜轴靠近煤田东侧,西翼平缓,倾角由北往南增大;东翼岩层倾角陡峻。合山煤田所处的合山向斜构造带岩溶极为发育,而且表现出明显的平面上分带性和垂向上分层性。在岩溶发育的基础之上区内发育了一系列复杂的地下强径流带以及能容、溯河两条规模较大的地下暗河。
在已有的研究成果基础上,借助野外的现场调研及室内资料的分析、整理,深入了解了煤田区的水文地质条什。在此基础上,总结了区内主要的岩溶发育现象,讨论了煤田区岩溶住平面上和垂向上的发育规律,并对岩溶发育的成因机制进行了深入的研究;明确的将煤田区的岩溶介质划分为溶蚀裂隙、强径流带、溶洞和采空区、溶孔、基质骨架等类型。
针对合山煤田含水岩组的特征,提出了一种改进的方法来概化复杂岩溶含水介质,认为:采用同一种方法来概化复杂岩溶区域的含水介质是不符合实际的,应该采用多种不同的方法分别对不同的岩溶含水介质进行概化处理。这样概化出来的介质概化模型才能够有效的刻画岩溶含水介质的空间不连续性和各向异性。并利用该方法把把区内的岩溶裂隙介质概化为等效裂隙介质模型;把强径流带处理成饱水状态的、有效孔隙度较大的、高渗透性含水介质;对于煤田区的采空区按照与红水河有水力联系的积水采空区、与红水河无水力联系的积水采空区、不积水采空区三种类型分别进行概化;
通过对区内复杂岩溶介质的空间结构,模型的时间离散以及模型边界条件的研究,最后建立了符合实际情况的三维地下水流模型;并利用有限差分数值模拟方法,借助modflow程序块成功的实现了煤田区未来在开采状况下各矿井下涌水量的模拟,得出了煤田区各矿井不同时间段、不同开采水平的井下涌水量值。其中,比较值得关注的2010、2035、2040年煤田区平均涌水量分别为2882m~3/h、3363m~3/h、3634m~3/h。在此基础上,并通过对不同级别的涌水量值的模拟,研究了区内矿井涌水量对区内地下水位的敏感性,为煤田区各矿在未来的矿山设计排水设备和制定防治水措施提供了科学的依据,同时也为将要启动的桥巩电站库区合山煤田区浸没影响评价奠定了基础。
Mine discharge is the inflow water of unit time flowing into mines including all wells and exploitation systems during the process of mine production and mine construction. It is one of the key indexes to estimate the complexity of hydrogeology condition and is also the main gist of determining the drainage facilities and prophylactico-therapeutic measures of water for department of mine designing.Heshan coalfield belongs to the typical southern China's karst mineral deposit. It is located in the west side of Guangxi epsilon-type structure horseshoe-shape betwixtoland, the whole mining area is contained in the Heshan syncline. This syncline is asymmetric, steep in the east and gentleness in the west, broad in the north and narrow in the south .The axes is near the eastern coalfield. The western alar is gentleness and the dip angle increased from north to south, while the dip angle of eastern stratums are steep. The karst developed very well in Heshan syncline where the Heshan coalfield located with obviously layered in flat and zoning in vertical direction. On the base of karst development, there is a series of complex and strong underground runoffs with two large underground rivers: Nengrong and Suhe.The hydrogeology condition of coalfield has been studied deeply according to the research findings done before and field works, as well as the analysis and rearrangement for the collected data. Then the phenomenon of karst development here has been generalized, the regularity of fiat karst and vertical karst in this coalfield has been discussed, the origin of karst development has been studied deeply, at last, the karst medium of coalfield has been divided into erosion crack, strong runoff ribbon, solution cavity and gob, erosion pore, base carcass, etc.Against to the distinction of aquifer in Heshan coalfield, an improved method of generalizing complex karst water-containing mediator has been put forward. It is unpractical to generalize the complex karst water-containing mediator by the same method, while it should use different methods to generalize different karst water-containing mediator. In this way the model of generalized mediator can effective indicate the discontinuity and special aeolotropism of karst water-containing mediator. This method can also generalize the karst crack mediator to equivalent model of crack mediator, make the strong runoff into water-containing mediator which is of water-saturated, well effective porosity and high permeability. For the gob of coalfield, it have been generalized into three forms, they are water-accumulate gob hydraulic related to Honghe, not hydraulic related to Honghe and no water-accumulate gob.The practical model of three-dimensional ground water is established after some research on space structure of complex karst mediator, model of time-discrete and boundary condition of model. It realized the imitation of mine discharge in the future by Modflow program block and analogy procedure of finite difference. It calculated the mine discharge of different time slice and different exploitation levels. It need to be especially considerate for the average discharge in the year of 2010,2035 ,2040, which are 2882m3/h、 3363m3/h、 3634m3/h individually. Though the imitation of different discharge amount, the sensibility of groundwater level by the mine discharge has been studied. In this way, it provides the scientific reasons for designing drain equipment and making prophylactico-therapeutic
合山煤田属我国南方典型的岩溶充水矿床,位于广西山字型构造马蹄形盾地西侧,整个矿区处于合山向斜内。该向斜是一个东陡西缓、北阔南窄,轴向20°左右的不对称向斜构造;向斜轴靠近煤田东侧,西翼平缓,倾角由北往南增大;东翼岩层倾角陡峻。合山煤田所处的合山向斜构造带岩溶极为发育,而且表现出明显的平面上分带性和垂向上分层性。在岩溶发育的基础之上区内发育了一系列复杂的地下强径流带以及能容、溯河两条规模较大的地下暗河。
在已有的研究成果基础上,借助野外的现场调研及室内资料的分析、整理,深入了解了煤田区的水文地质条什。在此基础上,总结了区内主要的岩溶发育现象,讨论了煤田区岩溶住平面上和垂向上的发育规律,并对岩溶发育的成因机制进行了深入的研究;明确的将煤田区的岩溶介质划分为溶蚀裂隙、强径流带、溶洞和采空区、溶孔、基质骨架等类型。
针对合山煤田含水岩组的特征,提出了一种改进的方法来概化复杂岩溶含水介质,认为:采用同一种方法来概化复杂岩溶区域的含水介质是不符合实际的,应该采用多种不同的方法分别对不同的岩溶含水介质进行概化处理。这样概化出来的介质概化模型才能够有效的刻画岩溶含水介质的空间不连续性和各向异性。并利用该方法把把区内的岩溶裂隙介质概化为等效裂隙介质模型;把强径流带处理成饱水状态的、有效孔隙度较大的、高渗透性含水介质;对于煤田区的采空区按照与红水河有水力联系的积水采空区、与红水河无水力联系的积水采空区、不积水采空区三种类型分别进行概化;
通过对区内复杂岩溶介质的空间结构,模型的时间离散以及模型边界条件的研究,最后建立了符合实际情况的三维地下水流模型;并利用有限差分数值模拟方法,借助modflow程序块成功的实现了煤田区未来在开采状况下各矿井下涌水量的模拟,得出了煤田区各矿井不同时间段、不同开采水平的井下涌水量值。其中,比较值得关注的2010、2035、2040年煤田区平均涌水量分别为2882m~3/h、3363m~3/h、3634m~3/h。在此基础上,并通过对不同级别的涌水量值的模拟,研究了区内矿井涌水量对区内地下水位的敏感性,为煤田区各矿在未来的矿山设计排水设备和制定防治水措施提供了科学的依据,同时也为将要启动的桥巩电站库区合山煤田区浸没影响评价奠定了基础。
Mine discharge is the inflow water of unit time flowing into mines including all wells and exploitation systems during the process of mine production and mine construction. It is one of the key indexes to estimate the complexity of hydrogeology condition and is also the main gist of determining the drainage facilities and prophylactico-therapeutic measures of water for department of mine designing.Heshan coalfield belongs to the typical southern China's karst mineral deposit. It is located in the west side of Guangxi epsilon-type structure horseshoe-shape betwixtoland, the whole mining area is contained in the Heshan syncline. This syncline is asymmetric, steep in the east and gentleness in the west, broad in the north and narrow in the south .The axes is near the eastern coalfield. The western alar is gentleness and the dip angle increased from north to south, while the dip angle of eastern stratums are steep. The karst developed very well in Heshan syncline where the Heshan coalfield located with obviously layered in flat and zoning in vertical direction. On the base of karst development, there is a series of complex and strong underground runoffs with two large underground rivers: Nengrong and Suhe.The hydrogeology condition of coalfield has been studied deeply according to the research findings done before and field works, as well as the analysis and rearrangement for the collected data. Then the phenomenon of karst development here has been generalized, the regularity of fiat karst and vertical karst in this coalfield has been discussed, the origin of karst development has been studied deeply, at last, the karst medium of coalfield has been divided into erosion crack, strong runoff ribbon, solution cavity and gob, erosion pore, base carcass, etc.Against to the distinction of aquifer in Heshan coalfield, an improved method of generalizing complex karst water-containing mediator has been put forward. It is unpractical to generalize the complex karst water-containing mediator by the same method, while it should use different methods to generalize different karst water-containing mediator. In this way the model of generalized mediator can effective indicate the discontinuity and special aeolotropism of karst water-containing mediator. This method can also generalize the karst crack mediator to equivalent model of crack mediator, make the strong runoff into water-containing mediator which is of water-saturated, well effective porosity and high permeability. For the gob of coalfield, it have been generalized into three forms, they are water-accumulate gob hydraulic related to Honghe, not hydraulic related to Honghe and no water-accumulate gob.The practical model of three-dimensional ground water is established after some research on space structure of complex karst mediator, model of time-discrete and boundary condition of model. It realized the imitation of mine discharge in the future by Modflow program block and analogy procedure of finite difference. It calculated the mine discharge of different time slice and different exploitation levels. It need to be especially considerate for the average discharge in the year of 2010,2035 ,2040, which are 2882m3/h、 3363m3/h、 3634m3/h individually. Though the imitation of different discharge amount, the sensibility of groundwater level by the mine discharge has been studied. In this way, it provides the scientific reasons for designing drain equipment and making prophylactico-therapeutic
引文
[1] 郑世书,胡友彪等 专门水文地质学 中国矿业大学出版社,1999
[2] 张倬元,王士大,王兰生 工程地质分析原理(第二版)北京:地质出版社,1993
[3] 许模 渗流场反分析及其在多孔介质中的应用 地质灾害与环境保护,1996,7(2),-56～60
[4] 叶艳妹 矿坑涌水量预测研究现状 地质科技管理 1991(3),-61-64,34,
[5] 张家忠 张集水源地裂隙岩溶水三维数值模拟及相关问题研究,南京大学,博士学位论文,2001
[6] 沈继方,于青春,胡章喜 矿床水文地质学 中国地质大学出版社,1992
[7] L·W·基尔哈等著,李俊 李俊亭 译 地下水系统的随机模拟地质出版社,1984
[8] 张宏仁等编译 地下水水力学的发展 地质出版社,1992
[9] 加维奇 著 杨守廉 译 水文地质学中应用模拟的理论与实践 地质出版社,1987
[10] 李俊亭 地下水流数值模拟 地质出版社,1989
[11] 邹成杰 岩溶地区地下水动态分析 中国岩溶 1995,14(3),-261～269
[12] Eung Seok Lee, Noel C. Krothe, A four-component mixing model for water in a karst terrain in south-central Indiana USA. Using solute concentration and stable isotopes as tracers, Chemical Geology 179 (2001) 129-143
[13] B. J. Barfield, G. K. Felton, E. W. Stevens, M. McCann, A simple model of karst spring flowusing modified NRCS, procedures Journal of Hydrology 287 (2004) 34-48
[14] 孙晋玉,张强,许模 应用化学动力学求解裂隙—岩溶介质渗流参数 岩土力学 2004,25(4),-601-604
[15] 于浩然,中国北方岩阿溶基本特征及主要规律[A],见:中国北方岩溶和岩溶水研究[C],桂林:广西师范大学出版社,1993.1—8
[16] 张征,张人权 岩溶含水介质渗透性参数的空间最优估计模型 中国岩溶 1995,14(2),-113-121
[17] 陈雨孙,边际 岩溶水的介质和运动 中国岩溶 1988,7(3),-229～233
[18] 莫海鸿,林德璋 裂隙介质网络水流模型的拓扑研究 岩石力学与工程学报 1997,16(2),-97-103
[19] 成建梅,陈崇希 广西北山岩溶管道-裂隙-孔隙地下水流数值模拟初探 水文地质工程地质 1998,25(4),-50-54
[20] 周志芳,顾长存 裂隙水研究进展 河海科技进展 1994,14(1),-50～55
[21] 王建秀,杨立中,何静 深埋隧道涌水量数值计算中的试算流量法岩 石力学与工程学报 2002,21(12),-1776～1780
[22] 王国利 关于数值法用于复杂型矿床涌水量预测中存在问题的讨论 冶金地质动态 1991(11),-43～46
[23] 孙勇 地下水数学模型中动态边界的一种处理方法 岩士工程技术,1996(4),-19～22
[24] 滕凯,陈贺 利用单孔两次稳定流抽水试验资料确定水文地质参数 地下水 1995,17(2),-59～61
[25] Bridget R. Scanlon, Robert E. Mace, Michael E. Barrett, Brian Smith Can we simulate regional groundwater flow in a karst system usingequivalent porous media models? Case study, Barton Springs Edwards aquifer, USA Journal of Hydrology 276 (2003) 137-158
[26] Georg Kaufmann Modelling unsaturated flow in an evolving karst aquifer Journal of Hydrology 276 (2003) 53-70
[27] Georg Kaufmann A model comparison of karst aquifer evolution for different matrix-flow formulations Journal of Hydrology 283 (2003) 281-289
[2] 张倬元,王士大,王兰生 工程地质分析原理(第二版)北京:地质出版社,1993
[3] 许模 渗流场反分析及其在多孔介质中的应用 地质灾害与环境保护,1996,7(2),-56～60
[4] 叶艳妹 矿坑涌水量预测研究现状 地质科技管理 1991(3),-61-64,34,
[5] 张家忠 张集水源地裂隙岩溶水三维数值模拟及相关问题研究,南京大学,博士学位论文,2001
[6] 沈继方,于青春,胡章喜 矿床水文地质学 中国地质大学出版社,1992
[7] L·W·基尔哈等著,李俊 李俊亭 译 地下水系统的随机模拟地质出版社,1984
[8] 张宏仁等编译 地下水水力学的发展 地质出版社,1992
[9] 加维奇 著 杨守廉 译 水文地质学中应用模拟的理论与实践 地质出版社,1987
[10] 李俊亭 地下水流数值模拟 地质出版社,1989
[11] 邹成杰 岩溶地区地下水动态分析 中国岩溶 1995,14(3),-261～269
[12] Eung Seok Lee, Noel C. Krothe, A four-component mixing model for water in a karst terrain in south-central Indiana USA. Using solute concentration and stable isotopes as tracers, Chemical Geology 179 (2001) 129-143
[13] B. J. Barfield, G. K. Felton, E. W. Stevens, M. McCann, A simple model of karst spring flowusing modified NRCS, procedures Journal of Hydrology 287 (2004) 34-48
[14] 孙晋玉,张强,许模 应用化学动力学求解裂隙—岩溶介质渗流参数 岩土力学 2004,25(4),-601-604
[15] 于浩然,中国北方岩阿溶基本特征及主要规律[A],见:中国北方岩溶和岩溶水研究[C],桂林:广西师范大学出版社,1993.1—8
[16] 张征,张人权 岩溶含水介质渗透性参数的空间最优估计模型 中国岩溶 1995,14(2),-113-121
[17] 陈雨孙,边际 岩溶水的介质和运动 中国岩溶 1988,7(3),-229～233
[18] 莫海鸿,林德璋 裂隙介质网络水流模型的拓扑研究 岩石力学与工程学报 1997,16(2),-97-103
[19] 成建梅,陈崇希 广西北山岩溶管道-裂隙-孔隙地下水流数值模拟初探 水文地质工程地质 1998,25(4),-50-54
[20] 周志芳,顾长存 裂隙水研究进展 河海科技进展 1994,14(1),-50～55
[21] 王建秀,杨立中,何静 深埋隧道涌水量数值计算中的试算流量法岩 石力学与工程学报 2002,21(12),-1776～1780
[22] 王国利 关于数值法用于复杂型矿床涌水量预测中存在问题的讨论 冶金地质动态 1991(11),-43～46
[23] 孙勇 地下水数学模型中动态边界的一种处理方法 岩士工程技术,1996(4),-19～22
[24] 滕凯,陈贺 利用单孔两次稳定流抽水试验资料确定水文地质参数 地下水 1995,17(2),-59～61
[25] Bridget R. Scanlon, Robert E. Mace, Michael E. Barrett, Brian Smith Can we simulate regional groundwater flow in a karst system usingequivalent porous media models? Case study, Barton Springs Edwards aquifer, USA Journal of Hydrology 276 (2003) 137-158
[26] Georg Kaufmann Modelling unsaturated flow in an evolving karst aquifer Journal of Hydrology 276 (2003) 53-70
[27] Georg Kaufmann A model comparison of karst aquifer evolution for different matrix-flow formulations Journal of Hydrology 283 (2003) 281-289
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