生物质发电秸秆供应链物流成本研究
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摘要
随着农民生活水平的提高,农村使用秸秆的情况在不断减少,秸秆资源大量被浪费在田间村头,甚至出现了被大量焚烧的局面。生物质发电能大规模地利用秸秆资源,产业化程度较高,是目前利用秸秆最有效的途径。为此,国家通过一系列相关配套政策法规的颁布实施,来推动了我国生物质发电产业的快速发展。但生物质发电企业燃料收集困难,燃料成本居高不下,成为影响生物质发电的一大瓶颈。秸秆供应链物流成本是燃料成本的重要组成部分,因此,分析秸秆供应链物流成本具有较好的现实意义。
本论文从供应链的角度,对发电秸秆的物流成本进行研究。首先阐述了发电秸秆供应链物流成本的构成,并对各环节及其物流成本现状进行了分析。针对各功能环节的成本影响因素进行了问卷调研和因子分析；并在此基础上结合实证数据研究了不同打包方式下秸秆机械收获成本、不同收集模式下的运输成本,以及不同储存方式下的储存成本等内容。
研究结论主要包括：(1)秸秆物流成本受几个主要关键因子的影响;(2)在秸秆机械化收获过程中,虽然大打包系统的机械拥有与运作成本高于小打包系统,但秸秆收获总成本大捆形式比小捆形式更具有优势；(3)简单型和复杂型收集模式下秸秆的运输费用计算方法不同,资源岛到电厂(岛外)运输要考虑秸秆压缩处理,压缩后再运输可提高运输车辆的装载量,可明显降低运输成本,但是并不一定能有效降低总的物流成本,运量一定时,50公里是选择是否压缩的一个临界运距。(4)结合农村道路可达性差、道路等级不一的实际情况,建立了秸秆储存点选址的混合整数规划模型。(5)电厂使用的生物质燃料种类数和燃料的储存方式对总物流成本的影响：采用投资小而简陋的储存方式可以减少供应链中储存和处理环节的成本,从而带来整个生物质物流成本的大大节约,而且这种节约远远超过了由于使用简易的储存方案而导致的材料损失和处理成本的增加；(6)简易的储存方案由于易引起秸秆热值降低和存在健康和火灾方面的风险,对于燃料紧缺的区域要慎重；(7)使用简陋的储存方案时,应尽可能使用价格较低廉的生物质燃料；而多种类生物质途径可以减少所需的储存空间,适用于储存空间有限储存损失较少的昂贵的储存方式。
本研究首次构建了较为全面系统的生物质发电秸秆供应链物流成本的关键影响因素指标体系,并通过因子分析找出了关键影响因子,丰富了生物质发电燃料成本分析的理论基础；将秸秆收获成本纳入到生物质发电秸秆供应链物流成本中,并对各项成本组成进行了详细估算,为实际中秸秆收购价格的制定提供了依据；综合考虑收集模式和运输服务方式两个因素进行秸秆运输成本分析,从而使对运输成本的优化分析能更好地反映实际情况。结合不同的储存形式和储存多种类秸秆进行了储存成本优化分析,为储存设施的建设和储存成本改善提供了理论依据和指导方向。通过秸秆供应链功能环节物流成本的研究,为建立合理的秸秆供应链物流体系提供了理论基础,从而有助于解决我国生物质发电过程中存在的燃料成本过高、燃料供需矛盾等问题,有利于生物质能企业更好地优化和控制成本,提高企业的盈利能力和竞争优势。研究结论也可以为政府相关部门制定有关生物质发电产业的政策和法规提供理论参考。
With the improvement of living standards of peasants, the use of straw has been decreasing in rural areas. As a result, a lot of straw resources are wasted in the field and are even burnt. Able to take advantage of straw resources on a large scale with higher degree of industrialization, biomass power generation is the most effective way to make use of straw. China has been promoting the development of biomass energy industry by implementation of a series of supporting policies and regulations. However, biomass power generation enterprises have difficulties in fuel collection, and fuel cost has been high. Logistics cost is an important part of fuel cost. So, the study on supply chain logistics cost of straw can help to control and reduce fuel cost of biomass power generation.
In this paper, the logistics cost of power generation straw is studied from the perspective of supply chain. Firstly, the composition of supply chain logistics cost of power generation straw is expounded, and each link and its logistics cost status quo are analyzed. Questionnaire survey and factor analysis were carried out for cost influence factors of each functional link. Straw mechanized harvesting cost under different packing methods, transport cost under different collection modes, storage cost under different storage approach. are also studied on the basis of the questionnaire survey and factor analysis and by reference to empirical data.
The main conclusions of the study include:(1) Straw logistics cost is influenced by several key factors.(2) During the straw mechanized harvesting process, although the operational cost of large packing system is higher than that of small packing system, large packing is more advantageous than small packing in terms of total straw harvesting cost.(3) The transport cost calculation method for simple collection mode is different from that for complex collection mode. During the transport from resource island to power plant (outside the island), straw compression treatment shall be considered. Compression before transport can improve the loading capacity of transport vehicles, thus significantly reducing transport cost, but this doesn't necessarily effectively reduce the total logistics cost. In the case of fixed transport volume,50km is a critical transport distance for the selection of compression.(4) Considering the poor accessibility and different grades of rural roads, a mixed integer programming model for straw storage site selection is established.(5) The influence of type quantity and storage methods of biomass fuel used by power plant on the total logistics cost: the adoption of simple storage methods with small investment can reduce the cost of storage and treatment links of the supply chain, thus significantly saving the whole biomass logistics cost, and such saving is far more than the increase of material loss and treatment cost caused by the use of simple storage solutions.(6) For areas lacking fuel, simple storage solutions shall be prudently adopted because they tend to reduce straw calorific value and have health and fire risks.(7) In the case of storage solutions, inexpensive biomass fuel can be used as much as possible. On the other hand, multi-biomass approaches can reduce the required storage space, and are applicable to expensive storage methods with limited storage space and less storage loss.
This study builds for the first time a relatively comprehensive and systematic system of key influence factor indicators for supply chain logistics cost of biomass power generation straw, and identifies key influence factors via factor analysis, thus enriching the theoretical basis for the analysis of biomass power generation fuel cost. It incorporates straw harvesting cost into the supply chain logistics cost of biomass power generation straw, and estimates the cost composition in detail, thus providing a basis for the setting of actual straw purchase prices. It also analyzes straw transport cost by comprehensively considering two factors: collection modes and transport methods, thus making the optimized analysis of transport cost better reflect the actual situation. Optimized analysis of storage cost is conducted in view of different storage forms and multiple types of straw, providing theoretical basis and guiding direction for the improvement of construction and storage cost of storage facilities. The study of logistics cost of straw supply chain functional links provides theoretical basis for the establishment of a reasonable straw supply chain logistics system, thus helping to solve problems such as over-high fuel cost and imbalance between supply and demand of fuel existing in the biomass power generation process in China, to make biomass power enterprises better optimize and control cost, and to improve their profitability and competitive advantages. The conclusions can also provide reference for related government departments to formulate related policies and regulations on supporting the biomass power generation industry.
本论文从供应链的角度,对发电秸秆的物流成本进行研究。首先阐述了发电秸秆供应链物流成本的构成,并对各环节及其物流成本现状进行了分析。针对各功能环节的成本影响因素进行了问卷调研和因子分析；并在此基础上结合实证数据研究了不同打包方式下秸秆机械收获成本、不同收集模式下的运输成本,以及不同储存方式下的储存成本等内容。
研究结论主要包括：(1)秸秆物流成本受几个主要关键因子的影响;(2)在秸秆机械化收获过程中,虽然大打包系统的机械拥有与运作成本高于小打包系统,但秸秆收获总成本大捆形式比小捆形式更具有优势；(3)简单型和复杂型收集模式下秸秆的运输费用计算方法不同,资源岛到电厂(岛外)运输要考虑秸秆压缩处理,压缩后再运输可提高运输车辆的装载量,可明显降低运输成本,但是并不一定能有效降低总的物流成本,运量一定时,50公里是选择是否压缩的一个临界运距。(4)结合农村道路可达性差、道路等级不一的实际情况,建立了秸秆储存点选址的混合整数规划模型。(5)电厂使用的生物质燃料种类数和燃料的储存方式对总物流成本的影响：采用投资小而简陋的储存方式可以减少供应链中储存和处理环节的成本,从而带来整个生物质物流成本的大大节约,而且这种节约远远超过了由于使用简易的储存方案而导致的材料损失和处理成本的增加；(6)简易的储存方案由于易引起秸秆热值降低和存在健康和火灾方面的风险,对于燃料紧缺的区域要慎重；(7)使用简陋的储存方案时,应尽可能使用价格较低廉的生物质燃料；而多种类生物质途径可以减少所需的储存空间,适用于储存空间有限储存损失较少的昂贵的储存方式。
本研究首次构建了较为全面系统的生物质发电秸秆供应链物流成本的关键影响因素指标体系,并通过因子分析找出了关键影响因子,丰富了生物质发电燃料成本分析的理论基础；将秸秆收获成本纳入到生物质发电秸秆供应链物流成本中,并对各项成本组成进行了详细估算,为实际中秸秆收购价格的制定提供了依据；综合考虑收集模式和运输服务方式两个因素进行秸秆运输成本分析,从而使对运输成本的优化分析能更好地反映实际情况。结合不同的储存形式和储存多种类秸秆进行了储存成本优化分析,为储存设施的建设和储存成本改善提供了理论依据和指导方向。通过秸秆供应链功能环节物流成本的研究,为建立合理的秸秆供应链物流体系提供了理论基础,从而有助于解决我国生物质发电过程中存在的燃料成本过高、燃料供需矛盾等问题,有利于生物质能企业更好地优化和控制成本,提高企业的盈利能力和竞争优势。研究结论也可以为政府相关部门制定有关生物质发电产业的政策和法规提供理论参考。
With the improvement of living standards of peasants, the use of straw has been decreasing in rural areas. As a result, a lot of straw resources are wasted in the field and are even burnt. Able to take advantage of straw resources on a large scale with higher degree of industrialization, biomass power generation is the most effective way to make use of straw. China has been promoting the development of biomass energy industry by implementation of a series of supporting policies and regulations. However, biomass power generation enterprises have difficulties in fuel collection, and fuel cost has been high. Logistics cost is an important part of fuel cost. So, the study on supply chain logistics cost of straw can help to control and reduce fuel cost of biomass power generation.
In this paper, the logistics cost of power generation straw is studied from the perspective of supply chain. Firstly, the composition of supply chain logistics cost of power generation straw is expounded, and each link and its logistics cost status quo are analyzed. Questionnaire survey and factor analysis were carried out for cost influence factors of each functional link. Straw mechanized harvesting cost under different packing methods, transport cost under different collection modes, storage cost under different storage approach. are also studied on the basis of the questionnaire survey and factor analysis and by reference to empirical data.
The main conclusions of the study include:(1) Straw logistics cost is influenced by several key factors.(2) During the straw mechanized harvesting process, although the operational cost of large packing system is higher than that of small packing system, large packing is more advantageous than small packing in terms of total straw harvesting cost.(3) The transport cost calculation method for simple collection mode is different from that for complex collection mode. During the transport from resource island to power plant (outside the island), straw compression treatment shall be considered. Compression before transport can improve the loading capacity of transport vehicles, thus significantly reducing transport cost, but this doesn't necessarily effectively reduce the total logistics cost. In the case of fixed transport volume,50km is a critical transport distance for the selection of compression.(4) Considering the poor accessibility and different grades of rural roads, a mixed integer programming model for straw storage site selection is established.(5) The influence of type quantity and storage methods of biomass fuel used by power plant on the total logistics cost: the adoption of simple storage methods with small investment can reduce the cost of storage and treatment links of the supply chain, thus significantly saving the whole biomass logistics cost, and such saving is far more than the increase of material loss and treatment cost caused by the use of simple storage solutions.(6) For areas lacking fuel, simple storage solutions shall be prudently adopted because they tend to reduce straw calorific value and have health and fire risks.(7) In the case of storage solutions, inexpensive biomass fuel can be used as much as possible. On the other hand, multi-biomass approaches can reduce the required storage space, and are applicable to expensive storage methods with limited storage space and less storage loss.
This study builds for the first time a relatively comprehensive and systematic system of key influence factor indicators for supply chain logistics cost of biomass power generation straw, and identifies key influence factors via factor analysis, thus enriching the theoretical basis for the analysis of biomass power generation fuel cost. It incorporates straw harvesting cost into the supply chain logistics cost of biomass power generation straw, and estimates the cost composition in detail, thus providing a basis for the setting of actual straw purchase prices. It also analyzes straw transport cost by comprehensively considering two factors: collection modes and transport methods, thus making the optimized analysis of transport cost better reflect the actual situation. Optimized analysis of storage cost is conducted in view of different storage forms and multiple types of straw, providing theoretical basis and guiding direction for the improvement of construction and storage cost of storage facilities. The study of logistics cost of straw supply chain functional links provides theoretical basis for the establishment of a reasonable straw supply chain logistics system, thus helping to solve problems such as over-high fuel cost and imbalance between supply and demand of fuel existing in the biomass power generation process in China, to make biomass power enterprises better optimize and control cost, and to improve their profitability and competitive advantages. The conclusions can also provide reference for related government departments to formulate related policies and regulations on supporting the biomass power generation industry.
引文
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