稀土材料开发中放射性钍的迁移规律及其对人体所致辐射剂量研究
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摘要
稀土是中国重要的矿产资源,其储量和稀土材料产品年出口量均居世界第一位。各类稀土矿均伴有天然放射性核素,在开采、冶炼和加工过程中,放射性核素被富集和贫化,稀土材料中的放射性核素的含量高低是影响产品能否为人类友好使用和是否能出口的一个重要因素。我国的稀土产品在世界市场占有率达70%,加入WTO以后,如何使稀土材料中的放射性水平符合国际标准,为我国稀土材料产品的开发利用和出口贸易“保驾护航”,显得十分紧迫。近年来,一些企业的稀土材料在出口贸易中遇到放射性水平不符合国际标准的麻烦,给企业造成了巨大的经济损失。因此,放射性核素在产品中的分布及其在环境介质中的迁移研究是当前物理与化学和环境科学的一个热点课题。
由于稀土矿产地不同,稀土材料加工工艺上的差别,导致稀土材料产品中的放射性核素含量不同。同时废气、废水和固体废物中的放射性核素可能对环境造成放射性污染给人类带来危害。全国一些地区的稀土开发利用企业曾发生过放射性污染事件,对厂址周围公众健康造成了一定的影响,因此,国内外学者对稀土材料产品中的放射性分布和废弃物中的放射性核素向农作物的转移,而最终造成对人体健康的影响机制及其规律研究尤为关注。
本研究工作针对我国的现状,调查了全国稀土开采冶炼加工企业62家,监测样品850多个,获得数据2220个。然后对稀土矿在开发利用过程中的放射性钍的迁移规律及其对人体辐射剂量进行了比较深入的研究:因此,本篇论文的研究结果可为放射性核素在产品中的分布及其在环境介质中的迁移和人体辐射影响的进一步深入研究,奠定理论和实验基础,既有重要的科学技术意义,又有保护环境、保护土壤、保护农作物、保护人类健康的实际意义;同时可为我
Rare-earth ore is one of the most important minerals resources in China. The quantities of reservation and export are the first in the world which make the marketing possess ratio over 70%. Rare-earth ore is usually accompanied by different natural radioactivity nuclides. The radioactivity nuclides is extracted in the progress of collected, melted and processed. The content of radioactivity is an important factor of export and application. After the entrance of the WTO, it become urgent and necessary for our export trade to make the radioactive level of the rare-earth materials meet the international standard. Recently, many Chinese enterprises had suffered great loss because of the above-mentioned reason. So the transfer of radioactive nuclides in products and environmental media becomes one of most important problems in environmental sciences and physics as well as chemistry.Due to the difference of source and treating process, the concentration of radio-nuclides in rare-earth materials vary greatly. At the same time, the radio-nuclides in the waste gas, water and solid discharge can pollute the environment and threaten the health of the human being. There are reports on radio-nuclides pollution cases during the extracting and refining process of rare-earth materials in China. So scholars all over the world pay special attention to the study of the regular and mechanism on human health, that come from the transfer of
radio-nuclides.We have investigated sixty two factories and analyzed about 850 samples to get 2220 data. We have carried out the profound the works focused on the transfer regulation of radio-nuclides and the radiation dose on human being. Therefore, the results of the research are foundation on theory and application in distribution of radio-nuclides in products and migration in environment medium as well as radiation impact of the public. The conclusions is of important scientific significance and application value in environment protection, quality controlling, soil protection and human health. At same time, the results supply theory and technical inquirment for exploring enriches Rare-earth resources properly, and promotes development of economy in our country.1) Determine the concentration of radio-nuclides and the radio level of total a、 total a in rare-earth mine、 rare-earth material products and its exhaust gas、 waste water、 solid discharges by using the Neutron Activation Analysis and a spectrum Analysis. The results indicate that in Panxi area, Sichuan, the natural thorium series is dominating the radio-nuclides in rare-earth mine. The concentration of radio-nuclides of Uranium series is lower about 12 times than that of Thorium series, while the ratio is 18 in Baotou area.2) Study the distribution of the radioactive material and its physical and chemical property in the acid processing of Rare-earth mine, and get processes of chemical reaction and processing condition by using Primary amine resins to separate Thorium. Molecule structure of Thorium is the difference in Rare-earth materials due to the difference of processes. The molecule structure of Thorium among product, solid waste, wastewater and mine are ThO2,ThCl4, Th(SO4)2·Na2(SO4)·6H2O, Th(OH)2, respectively. The concentration ratio of RECI3, REO, RE-ALLOY are (0.01~4.10)×103Bq.kg-1(0.09~2.86)×103Bq.kg-1 and
(1.42-9.82) ×103Bq.Kg-1, respectively.The results show that separation ratio of Thorium is 90% by using Primary amine resins to separate Thorium. The process can decrease greatly radiation effect on human health and environment.3) Study the radionuclides distribution regulation in Rare-earth materials during mining, extracting and refining process to get the transfer coefficient of thorium. The results show that the transfer regulation of Thorium in the waste from Rare-earth mine exploring in Baotou area, Neimenggu province is:84.5% into mill tailing and 14.46% into the solid wastes, 0.92% into the slag.·0.06% into the air and 0.06% into the waste water.The transfer regulation of Thorium with acid-method in Rare-earth mine exploring in Panxi area, Sichuan province is:·0.08% into the waste water, 1.03% into the air and 1.98% into the the slag.·87.39% into the solid discharges and 9.52% into the products.4) Immersed experiment was done to study desorption from Rare-earth waste solid The results show that concentration of Thorium in water is more than 1Bq.kg-1 between 1day and 11 day. Modeling raining experiment was done to get the desorption coefficient of Thorium is 7.11 × 10-4 kgl-1 .Thorium releasing into water from one-kilogram waste solid is 40Bq.5) The adsorption coefficient and migration velocity of Thorium on various soil are difference. The result shows that the adsorption coefficient of Thorium is between 345.21 and 587.92.6) Get the transfer coefficient of thorium from soil to crops based on detecting the radioactive level of the soil near the factories. The
transfer coefficient is (0. 4-11. 0) × 10-1.7) Build up the model to assess the radioactive level of the public through food chain and calculate the dose in the occupational operator and the public. The result shows that the maximum dose of the radioactive Thorium to the occupational worker is 1.74~11.50mSv.a-1 while 0.24~1.40mSv.a-1 to the public in the near area of Rare-earth material producing factories, which is higher than the public dose limit (1mSv.a-1).8) Propose the treatment of the radioactivity and suggest the pollution control method.
由于稀土矿产地不同,稀土材料加工工艺上的差别,导致稀土材料产品中的放射性核素含量不同。同时废气、废水和固体废物中的放射性核素可能对环境造成放射性污染给人类带来危害。全国一些地区的稀土开发利用企业曾发生过放射性污染事件,对厂址周围公众健康造成了一定的影响,因此,国内外学者对稀土材料产品中的放射性分布和废弃物中的放射性核素向农作物的转移,而最终造成对人体健康的影响机制及其规律研究尤为关注。
本研究工作针对我国的现状,调查了全国稀土开采冶炼加工企业62家,监测样品850多个,获得数据2220个。然后对稀土矿在开发利用过程中的放射性钍的迁移规律及其对人体辐射剂量进行了比较深入的研究:因此,本篇论文的研究结果可为放射性核素在产品中的分布及其在环境介质中的迁移和人体辐射影响的进一步深入研究,奠定理论和实验基础,既有重要的科学技术意义,又有保护环境、保护土壤、保护农作物、保护人类健康的实际意义;同时可为我
Rare-earth ore is one of the most important minerals resources in China. The quantities of reservation and export are the first in the world which make the marketing possess ratio over 70%. Rare-earth ore is usually accompanied by different natural radioactivity nuclides. The radioactivity nuclides is extracted in the progress of collected, melted and processed. The content of radioactivity is an important factor of export and application. After the entrance of the WTO, it become urgent and necessary for our export trade to make the radioactive level of the rare-earth materials meet the international standard. Recently, many Chinese enterprises had suffered great loss because of the above-mentioned reason. So the transfer of radioactive nuclides in products and environmental media becomes one of most important problems in environmental sciences and physics as well as chemistry.Due to the difference of source and treating process, the concentration of radio-nuclides in rare-earth materials vary greatly. At the same time, the radio-nuclides in the waste gas, water and solid discharge can pollute the environment and threaten the health of the human being. There are reports on radio-nuclides pollution cases during the extracting and refining process of rare-earth materials in China. So scholars all over the world pay special attention to the study of the regular and mechanism on human health, that come from the transfer of
radio-nuclides.We have investigated sixty two factories and analyzed about 850 samples to get 2220 data. We have carried out the profound the works focused on the transfer regulation of radio-nuclides and the radiation dose on human being. Therefore, the results of the research are foundation on theory and application in distribution of radio-nuclides in products and migration in environment medium as well as radiation impact of the public. The conclusions is of important scientific significance and application value in environment protection, quality controlling, soil protection and human health. At same time, the results supply theory and technical inquirment for exploring enriches Rare-earth resources properly, and promotes development of economy in our country.1) Determine the concentration of radio-nuclides and the radio level of total a、 total a in rare-earth mine、 rare-earth material products and its exhaust gas、 waste water、 solid discharges by using the Neutron Activation Analysis and a spectrum Analysis. The results indicate that in Panxi area, Sichuan, the natural thorium series is dominating the radio-nuclides in rare-earth mine. The concentration of radio-nuclides of Uranium series is lower about 12 times than that of Thorium series, while the ratio is 18 in Baotou area.2) Study the distribution of the radioactive material and its physical and chemical property in the acid processing of Rare-earth mine, and get processes of chemical reaction and processing condition by using Primary amine resins to separate Thorium. Molecule structure of Thorium is the difference in Rare-earth materials due to the difference of processes. The molecule structure of Thorium among product, solid waste, wastewater and mine are ThO2,ThCl4, Th(SO4)2·Na2(SO4)·6H2O, Th(OH)2, respectively. The concentration ratio of RECI3, REO, RE-ALLOY are (0.01~4.10)×103Bq.kg-1(0.09~2.86)×103Bq.kg-1 and
(1.42-9.82) ×103Bq.Kg-1, respectively.The results show that separation ratio of Thorium is 90% by using Primary amine resins to separate Thorium. The process can decrease greatly radiation effect on human health and environment.3) Study the radionuclides distribution regulation in Rare-earth materials during mining, extracting and refining process to get the transfer coefficient of thorium. The results show that the transfer regulation of Thorium in the waste from Rare-earth mine exploring in Baotou area, Neimenggu province is:84.5% into mill tailing and 14.46% into the solid wastes, 0.92% into the slag.·0.06% into the air and 0.06% into the waste water.The transfer regulation of Thorium with acid-method in Rare-earth mine exploring in Panxi area, Sichuan province is:·0.08% into the waste water, 1.03% into the air and 1.98% into the the slag.·87.39% into the solid discharges and 9.52% into the products.4) Immersed experiment was done to study desorption from Rare-earth waste solid The results show that concentration of Thorium in water is more than 1Bq.kg-1 between 1day and 11 day. Modeling raining experiment was done to get the desorption coefficient of Thorium is 7.11 × 10-4 kgl-1 .Thorium releasing into water from one-kilogram waste solid is 40Bq.5) The adsorption coefficient and migration velocity of Thorium on various soil are difference. The result shows that the adsorption coefficient of Thorium is between 345.21 and 587.92.6) Get the transfer coefficient of thorium from soil to crops based on detecting the radioactive level of the soil near the factories. The
transfer coefficient is (0. 4-11. 0) × 10-1.7) Build up the model to assess the radioactive level of the public through food chain and calculate the dose in the occupational operator and the public. The result shows that the maximum dose of the radioactive Thorium to the occupational worker is 1.74~11.50mSv.a-1 while 0.24~1.40mSv.a-1 to the public in the near area of Rare-earth material producing factories, which is higher than the public dose limit (1mSv.a-1).8) Propose the treatment of the radioactivity and suggest the pollution control method.
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