不同管理模式稻田节肢动物多样性研究
|
摘要
稻鸭共作是有机稻米生产的重要途径之一。稻鸭共作技术以稻田为基础,种稻为目标,家鸭田间网养相结合的生态农业模式。本文选择通过2年的系统调查,研究稻田节肢动物的多样性情况,为稻鸭共作技术的推广提供理论基础。现将取的主要研究结果汇报如下：
1.通过系统调查,2009年共采集到稻田昆虫10目62科167种,其中天敌昆虫共计6目23科96种,害虫共计6目35科65种。稻鸭共作有机稻田昆虫共113种,天敌4目20科68种,害虫6目26科41种；绿色有鸭稻田昆虫共116种,天敌4目19科68种,害虫6目30科44种；绿色无鸭稻田昆虫共92种,天敌5目22科50种,害虫6目23科38种；常规稻田昆虫共111种,天敌5目21科68种,害虫6目26科42种。2010年共采集到稻田昆虫10目49科117种,其中天敌昆虫共计5目21科77种,害虫共计6目25科36种。稻鸭共作有机稻田昆虫共87种,天敌3目17科59种,害虫6目18科25种；绿色有鸭稻田昆虫共86种,天敌3目18科59种,害虫6目20科24种；绿色无鸭稻田昆虫共66种,天敌5目19科44种,害虫6目21科30种；常规稻田昆虫共81种,天敌4目19科48种,害虫5目21科30种。
2.两年中主要害虫均为飞虱科(白背飞虱、灰飞虱和褐飞虱)、叶蝉科(大青叶蝉、黑尾叶蝉和电光叶蝉)、蓟马科(稻蓟马)和螟蛾科(稻纵卷叶螟)等；而主要天敌昆虫均为瓢甲科(食螨瓢虫、龟纹瓢虫、异色瓢虫)、草蛉科(中华草蛉、中华大草蛉)、茧蜂科(粘虫绒茧蜂、稻纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂等)、姬蜂科、螯蜂科(稻虱红螯蜂和黑腹螯蜂等)以及小蜂总科等。
3.绿色有鸭稻田中昆虫群落稳定性较强(季节变幅小),稻鸭共作田有机田次之,绿色无鸭稻田和常规稻田最差。各类型稻田昆虫群落差异较大,稻鸭共作有机稻田与常规稻田群落相似性系数值最低。各类型稻田昆虫物种数和个体数出现高峰不同。防治模式是影响稻田昆虫群落结构的重要因素。
4.调查共采集到蜘蛛11科36种,其中肖蛸科、球蛛科、皿蛛科、狼蛛科、跳蛛科等为稻田优势科,鳞纹肖蛸、锥腹肖蛸、华丽肖蛸、前齿肖蛸、卵腹肖蛸、条纹隆背蛸、八斑球蛛、隆背微蛛、星豹蛛、雾豹蛛、微菱头蛛、白斑猎蛛、纵条蝇狮等为优势种。不同类型稻田蜘蛛个体数量的季节变化动态比较一致,在水稻生长的早期,稻鸭共作有机稻田中的蜘蛛个体数量低于常规稻田,水稻生长的中、后期则相反。稻鸭共作有机稻田和绿色有鸭稻田中飞虱数量的波动比较大,而绿色无鸭稻田和常规稻田中飞虱数量的变化则不明显。2年的数据调查表明,有机稻田和绿色有鸭稻田中蜘蛛与飞虱的跟随现象比较明显,蜘蛛个体数量随飞虱个体数量的变化而变化。蛛虱比的最低值两年均出现在稻鸭共作有机稻田中,而且稻鸭共作有机稻田和绿色有鸭稻田的蛛虱比要高于绿色无鸭稻田和常规稻田。
5.鸭子的活动范围可以达到全田覆盖；白天的采食活动占33%-46%,夜晚占54%-63%,但采食与休息的频次之间没有显著差异(P>0.05)；采食时间主要集中在上午8:00-9:00、10:30-11:30、14:30-16:30等3个时间段；夜晚的采食时间主要集中在2:30-6:00；通过对鸭子的解剖发现,鸭子主要采食植物,采食昆虫较少。
Duck-rearing in paddy fields is one of farming systems in organic rice production. Rice-duck integrated farming, an ecology-based agricultural practice, has been carried out in numerous areas in rice-growing zones. To assess the potential for pest control by enhancing biodiversity in paddy fields, a two-year survey of arthropods was made across growing seasons in different types of paddy fields. The main results were as follows:
1. The survey uncovered 167 insect species in 62 families,10 orders in 2009, including insect natural enemy of 96 species,23 families,6 orders, and insect pests of 65 species, 35 families,6 orders. In the organic paddy field insect natural enemies were composed of 68 species,20 families,4 orders, and insect pests of 41 species,26 families,6 orders. In the green paddy-field with duck insect natural enemies consisted of 68 species,19 families,4 orders, and insect pests of 44 species,30 families,6 orders. In the green paddy field without duck insect natural enemies included50 species,22 families,5 orders, and pests of 38 species,23 families,6 orders. In the conventional paddy field, insect natural enemies included 68 species,21 families,5 orders, and pests of 42 species, 26 families,6 orders, similar results were obtained in 2010.
2. The main groups of pests collected in the two years were:ⅰ) Delphacidae, including Sogatella furcifera (Horvah), Laodelphgax striatellus, and Nilaparvata lugens (Stal);ⅱ) Cicadellidae, including Cicadella viridis, Nephotettix bipunctatus (Fabricius), and Inazuma dorsalis (Motschulsky);ⅲ) Thripinae, including Chloethrips oryzae(Wil.);ⅳ) Pyralidae, including Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee) etc. The main insect natural enemies were:i) Coccinellidae, includingStethorus punctillum Weise, P ropy lea japonica Thunberg, and Harmonia axyridis(Pallas);ⅱ)Chrysopidae, including Chrysopa sinica Tjeder, and Ch. septempunctata Wesmeal),ⅲ)Braconidae, including Apanteles kariyai Watanabe, and A. cypris Nixon; iv) Ichneumonidae and Dryinidae, including Haplogonatopus japonicus E.et H, and H. atratus E.et H.; andⅴ) Chalcidoidea, including numerous unidentified species.
3. The community structure was the most stable (narrow seasonal fluctuation in abundances) in the green rice paddy with duck, followed by the rice-duck field, and then by the green paddy field without duck, and by the conventional paddy field. There were differences in insect community between different types of paddy fields, but the similarity was lower the rice-duck farming and conventional rice paddy fields. The peaks of species richness and abundances were different among different types of paddy fields.
4. The survey uncovered the kind of spider 36 species in 10 families, the dominant families were Tetragnathidae, Theridiidae, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, Salticidae et al., and dominant species were Tetragnatha squamata, Erigonidium graminicolum Sundevall, Tetragnatha nitens, Tetragnatha Praedonia, Tetragnatha shkokiana, Tylorida striata, Theridonn octomacutatum, Erigone prominens, Pardosa astrigena, Pardosa nebulosa, Bianor aenescens, Evarcha albaria, and Marpissa magister etc. There was no difference in seasonal dynamics of spiders in different type of paddy fields, where spider abundances were greater during early, but smaller during the middle and later season, in the organic paddy field than in the conventional paddy field. Planthopper abundances fluctuated widely in the organic paddy field and the green rice paddy with duck, compared to the green rice paddy without duck and conventional fields. The overall abundance of planthoppers was greater in the organic paddy field than in the conventional fields. The two-year survey showed that there was a significant relationship in abundances between spiders and planthoppers in organic paddy field and green rice paddy with duck, but not in green rice paddy without duck and conventional paddy fields. The ratio of spider to planthopper abundances in the organic paddy field and green rice paddy with duck was lower than in the green rice paddy without duck and conventional paddy field.
5. The ducks were active all day long and extensive in the paddy field, the foraging time accounted for 33%-46% in the daytime, and 54%-63% in the night, but there was no statistical differences(P>0.05) between foraging and resting time in terms of frequency. The daily rhythm was performed as three actively foraging time 8:00-9:00 and 10:30-11:30 am, and 14:30-16:30 pm during the day, and 2:30-6:00 during the night. The dissection of duck crops showed foliages and insects.
1.通过系统调查,2009年共采集到稻田昆虫10目62科167种,其中天敌昆虫共计6目23科96种,害虫共计6目35科65种。稻鸭共作有机稻田昆虫共113种,天敌4目20科68种,害虫6目26科41种；绿色有鸭稻田昆虫共116种,天敌4目19科68种,害虫6目30科44种；绿色无鸭稻田昆虫共92种,天敌5目22科50种,害虫6目23科38种；常规稻田昆虫共111种,天敌5目21科68种,害虫6目26科42种。2010年共采集到稻田昆虫10目49科117种,其中天敌昆虫共计5目21科77种,害虫共计6目25科36种。稻鸭共作有机稻田昆虫共87种,天敌3目17科59种,害虫6目18科25种；绿色有鸭稻田昆虫共86种,天敌3目18科59种,害虫6目20科24种；绿色无鸭稻田昆虫共66种,天敌5目19科44种,害虫6目21科30种；常规稻田昆虫共81种,天敌4目19科48种,害虫5目21科30种。
2.两年中主要害虫均为飞虱科(白背飞虱、灰飞虱和褐飞虱)、叶蝉科(大青叶蝉、黑尾叶蝉和电光叶蝉)、蓟马科(稻蓟马)和螟蛾科(稻纵卷叶螟)等；而主要天敌昆虫均为瓢甲科(食螨瓢虫、龟纹瓢虫、异色瓢虫)、草蛉科(中华草蛉、中华大草蛉)、茧蜂科(粘虫绒茧蜂、稻纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂等)、姬蜂科、螯蜂科(稻虱红螯蜂和黑腹螯蜂等)以及小蜂总科等。
3.绿色有鸭稻田中昆虫群落稳定性较强(季节变幅小),稻鸭共作田有机田次之,绿色无鸭稻田和常规稻田最差。各类型稻田昆虫群落差异较大,稻鸭共作有机稻田与常规稻田群落相似性系数值最低。各类型稻田昆虫物种数和个体数出现高峰不同。防治模式是影响稻田昆虫群落结构的重要因素。
4.调查共采集到蜘蛛11科36种,其中肖蛸科、球蛛科、皿蛛科、狼蛛科、跳蛛科等为稻田优势科,鳞纹肖蛸、锥腹肖蛸、华丽肖蛸、前齿肖蛸、卵腹肖蛸、条纹隆背蛸、八斑球蛛、隆背微蛛、星豹蛛、雾豹蛛、微菱头蛛、白斑猎蛛、纵条蝇狮等为优势种。不同类型稻田蜘蛛个体数量的季节变化动态比较一致,在水稻生长的早期,稻鸭共作有机稻田中的蜘蛛个体数量低于常规稻田,水稻生长的中、后期则相反。稻鸭共作有机稻田和绿色有鸭稻田中飞虱数量的波动比较大,而绿色无鸭稻田和常规稻田中飞虱数量的变化则不明显。2年的数据调查表明,有机稻田和绿色有鸭稻田中蜘蛛与飞虱的跟随现象比较明显,蜘蛛个体数量随飞虱个体数量的变化而变化。蛛虱比的最低值两年均出现在稻鸭共作有机稻田中,而且稻鸭共作有机稻田和绿色有鸭稻田的蛛虱比要高于绿色无鸭稻田和常规稻田。
5.鸭子的活动范围可以达到全田覆盖；白天的采食活动占33%-46%,夜晚占54%-63%,但采食与休息的频次之间没有显著差异(P>0.05)；采食时间主要集中在上午8:00-9:00、10:30-11:30、14:30-16:30等3个时间段；夜晚的采食时间主要集中在2:30-6:00；通过对鸭子的解剖发现,鸭子主要采食植物,采食昆虫较少。
Duck-rearing in paddy fields is one of farming systems in organic rice production. Rice-duck integrated farming, an ecology-based agricultural practice, has been carried out in numerous areas in rice-growing zones. To assess the potential for pest control by enhancing biodiversity in paddy fields, a two-year survey of arthropods was made across growing seasons in different types of paddy fields. The main results were as follows:
1. The survey uncovered 167 insect species in 62 families,10 orders in 2009, including insect natural enemy of 96 species,23 families,6 orders, and insect pests of 65 species, 35 families,6 orders. In the organic paddy field insect natural enemies were composed of 68 species,20 families,4 orders, and insect pests of 41 species,26 families,6 orders. In the green paddy-field with duck insect natural enemies consisted of 68 species,19 families,4 orders, and insect pests of 44 species,30 families,6 orders. In the green paddy field without duck insect natural enemies included50 species,22 families,5 orders, and pests of 38 species,23 families,6 orders. In the conventional paddy field, insect natural enemies included 68 species,21 families,5 orders, and pests of 42 species, 26 families,6 orders, similar results were obtained in 2010.
2. The main groups of pests collected in the two years were:ⅰ) Delphacidae, including Sogatella furcifera (Horvah), Laodelphgax striatellus, and Nilaparvata lugens (Stal);ⅱ) Cicadellidae, including Cicadella viridis, Nephotettix bipunctatus (Fabricius), and Inazuma dorsalis (Motschulsky);ⅲ) Thripinae, including Chloethrips oryzae(Wil.);ⅳ) Pyralidae, including Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee) etc. The main insect natural enemies were:i) Coccinellidae, includingStethorus punctillum Weise, P ropy lea japonica Thunberg, and Harmonia axyridis(Pallas);ⅱ)Chrysopidae, including Chrysopa sinica Tjeder, and Ch. septempunctata Wesmeal),ⅲ)Braconidae, including Apanteles kariyai Watanabe, and A. cypris Nixon; iv) Ichneumonidae and Dryinidae, including Haplogonatopus japonicus E.et H, and H. atratus E.et H.; andⅴ) Chalcidoidea, including numerous unidentified species.
3. The community structure was the most stable (narrow seasonal fluctuation in abundances) in the green rice paddy with duck, followed by the rice-duck field, and then by the green paddy field without duck, and by the conventional paddy field. There were differences in insect community between different types of paddy fields, but the similarity was lower the rice-duck farming and conventional rice paddy fields. The peaks of species richness and abundances were different among different types of paddy fields.
4. The survey uncovered the kind of spider 36 species in 10 families, the dominant families were Tetragnathidae, Theridiidae, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, Salticidae et al., and dominant species were Tetragnatha squamata, Erigonidium graminicolum Sundevall, Tetragnatha nitens, Tetragnatha Praedonia, Tetragnatha shkokiana, Tylorida striata, Theridonn octomacutatum, Erigone prominens, Pardosa astrigena, Pardosa nebulosa, Bianor aenescens, Evarcha albaria, and Marpissa magister etc. There was no difference in seasonal dynamics of spiders in different type of paddy fields, where spider abundances were greater during early, but smaller during the middle and later season, in the organic paddy field than in the conventional paddy field. Planthopper abundances fluctuated widely in the organic paddy field and the green rice paddy with duck, compared to the green rice paddy without duck and conventional fields. The overall abundance of planthoppers was greater in the organic paddy field than in the conventional fields. The two-year survey showed that there was a significant relationship in abundances between spiders and planthoppers in organic paddy field and green rice paddy with duck, but not in green rice paddy without duck and conventional paddy fields. The ratio of spider to planthopper abundances in the organic paddy field and green rice paddy with duck was lower than in the green rice paddy without duck and conventional paddy field.
5. The ducks were active all day long and extensive in the paddy field, the foraging time accounted for 33%-46% in the daytime, and 54%-63% in the night, but there was no statistical differences(P>0.05) between foraging and resting time in terms of frequency. The daily rhythm was performed as three actively foraging time 8:00-9:00 and 10:30-11:30 am, and 14:30-16:30 pm during the day, and 2:30-6:00 during the night. The dissection of duck crops showed foliages and insects.
引文
1.曹凑贵,汪金平,邓环.2005.稻鸭共生对稻田水生动物群落的影响.生态学报,25(10)：2644-2649.
2.曹黎明,沈国辉,张建汉,等.2005.有机稻米生产综合技术研究与应用.上海农业学报,21(1)：15-18.
3.陈建明,俞晓平,郑许松,等.2003.茭白田福寿螺的生物学特性和无害化治理技术.浙江农业学报,15(3)：154-160.
4.程家安,祝增荣,娄永根.1995.连作晚稻前期施药种类和时间对褐飞虱种群动态的影响.中国水稻科学,9(2)：108-114.
5.戴志明,杨华松,张曦,等.2004.云南稻-鸭共生模式效益的研究及综合评价(三).中国农学通报,20(4)：265-268.
6.邓强辉,潘晓华,吴建富,等.2007.稻鸭共育生态效应及经济效益.生态学杂志,26(4)：582-586.
7.董波,孙国,俊季敏,等.2008.稻鸭共作对稻田飞虱的生物控制研究.现代农业科技,22：98-99,101.
8.甘晓伟,骆世民.2008.中国利用生物多样性控制水稻病虫草害技术.生态学杂志,27(5)：853-857.
9.戈峰,陈常铭.1989.八斑球腹蛛对褐飞虱的捕食作用.生物防治通报,5(2)：84-88.
10.古汉明,王燕君,梁杰,等.2005.稻鸭共作对水稻病虫害及杂草的生物防治试验.广东农业科学,4：59-61.
11.郭予元.2001.探讨21世纪我国植物保护策略和技术的发展趋势//面向21世纪的植保发展战略.北京：中国科学技术出版社.
12.何忠全,张志涛,陈志谊,等.2000.我国水稻病虫害综合防治技术研究新进展.中国稻米,1：30-32.
13.何忠全,张志涛,陈志谊.2004.我国水稻病虫害防治技术研究现状及发展策略.西南农业大学学报,17(1)：110-114.
14.何忠全,张志涛.2001.我国水稻主要病虫害综合防治技术研究取得新进展／／面向21世纪的植保发展战略.北京：中国科学技术出版社.
15.洪海林,刘恒贵,余安安,等.2009.茶园蜘蛛的控窖作用及其保护利用.中国植保导刊,29(9)：22-25.
16.洪海林,刘恒贵,沈毓芬,等.2010.茶园蜘蛛的种类、消长、控害作用与保护利用.中国茶叶,2：8-9.
17.侯学文.2001.生物技术在植物性杀虫剂研究开发中的应用.植物保护学报,28(1)：77-82
18.侯有明.2002.植物保护剂保卫德对黄曲条跳甲种群的控制作用.植物保护学报,29(3)：244-248.
19.胡金林.1983.中国农林蜘蛛.天津：天津科学技术出版社,1-482.
20.黄德超,曾玲,梁广文,等.2005.不同耕种稻田害虫及天敌的种群动态.应用生态学报,16(11)：2122-2125.
21.黄世文.2005.转基因水稻抗病性研究进展及环境安全性评价.植物保护,31(4)：5-9.
22.江佳富,王俊,蔡平,等.2003.杂草生物防治研究回顾与展望.安徽农业大学学报,30(1)：61-65.
23.金翠霞,吴亚.1985.稻田蜘蛛对飞虱、叶蝉的控制作用及其与食量的关系.动物学杂志,20(2)：7-9.
24.晋焯忠.1998.闽北稻田蜘蛛种类、田间消长及与飞虱、叶蝉相关性初步研究.福建农业科技,4：3-5.
25.李剑泉,赵志模,侯建筠.2000.稻田生态管理.西南农业大学学报,22(6)：496-500.
26.李晓明,李明.2010.水稻病虫害的综合防治技术探讨.吉林农业,8：88-88.
27.李志胜,徐敦明,魏观如,等.2004.稻田周围杂草地生境节肢动物群落的组成.华东昆虫学报,13(1)：62-68.
28.林章荣,晋悼忠.2002.稻田放鸭防治虫害的初步研究.中国生物防治,18(2)：94-95.
29.刘长令.2003.以天然产物为光导化合物开发的农药品种-杀虫杀螨剂.农药,42(12)：1-8.
30.刘向东,张孝曦,郭慧芳,等.2001.稻田蜘蛛群落对稻飞虱的控制功能作用研究.生态学报,21(1)：100-105.
31.刘小燕,杨治平,黄磺,等.2002.湿地稻一鸭复合系统中田间杂草的变化规律.湖南农业大学学报,30(3)：292-294.
32.陆瑞庄.2008.水稻病虫害综合防治技术刍议.现代农业科技,11：171-173.
33.吕仲贤.2003.氮肥对褐飞虱的生态适应性及其与水稻害虫和天敌的影响.杭州：浙江大学博士学位论文.
34.马国强,庄雅津,周铭成.2002.稻鸭共作无公害水稻生产技术初探.农业装备技术,28(2)：20-21.
35.庞雄飞,梁广文,尤民生.1988.稻田蜘蛛对稻纵卷州浪生命系统的控制作用.华南农业大学学报,9(3)：16-23.
36.庞雄飞,梁广文.1995.害虫种群系统的控制.广州：广东科学技术出版社.
37.蒲天胜.2005.有害生物可持续控制与资源保护利用.广西植保,18(1)：22-25.
38.祁彪,祁少莽,游树立,等.1990.几种蜘蛛对褐稻虱捕食功能反应的初步研究.植物保护学报,17(1)：29-34.
39.全国明,章家恩,黄兆祥,等.2005.稻鸭共作系统的生态学效应研究进展.生态农业科学,21(5)：360-365.
40.沈晓昆,岸田芳朗,戴网成,等.2007.不育雏不驯水的零日龄放鸭.农业装备技术,33(2)：40-41.
41.沈晓昆,岸田芳朗,戴网成,等.2007.零日龄放鸭在稻鸭共作上的应用.中国稻米,6：60-61.
42.沈晓昆,王志强,岸田芳朗,等.2007.零日龄放鸭的研究及其在稻鸭共作上的应用.水禽世界,3：45-47.
43.沈晓昆.2003.稻鸭共作无公害有机稻米生产新技术.北京：中国农业科学技术出版社.
44.沈晓昆.2007.稻鸭共作赚钱多.江苏：江苏科学技术出版社.
45.宋大祥.1987.中国农区蜘蛛.北京：农业出版社.
46.孙国俊,蒋林忠,蒋小春.2008.稻鸭共作对稻田飞虱和杂草的生物控制试验研究.现代农业科技,3：76-79.
47.孙雁,王云月,何月秋,等.2005.候选抗病基因在水稻品种多样性研究中的应用.中国农业科学,38(1)：2227-2232.
48.孙永飞,梁尹明.2005.从农民生产实际出发来研究推广增产技术提高水稻产量.中国稻米,4：3-4.
49.汤金仪,胡伯海,王建强.1996.我国水稻迁飞性害虫猖撅成因及其治理对策建议.生态学报,16(2)：168-173.
50.童泽霞.2002.稻田养鸭与稻川生物种群的关系初探.中国稻米,1：33-34.
51.汪金平,曹凑贵,金晖,等.2006.稻鸭共生对稻田水生生物群落的影响.中国农业科学,39(10)：2001-2008.
52.王昌付,汪金平,曹凑贵.2008.稻鸭共作对稻田水体底栖动物生物多样性的影响.中国生态农业学报,16(4)：933-937.
53.王宏富,韩忻彦.2002.中国农田杂草可持续治理的现状与展望.山西农业大学学报,22(3)：275-277.
54.王洪全.1983.保护利用蜘蛛防治水稻害虫的研究.植物保护学报,10(4)：225-230.
55.王建书等.2010.无公害粮食作物种植.北京：中国社会出版社.
56.王井士,桑海旭,李运动,等.2005.用完善的生态系统防治稻田病虫害.垦殖与稻作,(2)：31-33.
57.王智,宋大祥,朱明生.2005.稻田蜘蛛和害虫的生态位研究.华南农业大学学报,26(2),47-51.
58.魏守辉,强胜,马波,等.2005.稻鸭共作及其它控草措施对稻田杂草群落的影响.应用生态 学报,16(6)：1067-1071.
59.魏守辉,强胜,马波,等.2006.长期稻鸭共作对稻田杂草群落组成及物种多样性的影响.植物生态学报,30(1)：9-16.
60.文礼章.1987.两种蜘蛛对纵卷叶螟幼虫的捕食功能研究.昆虫天敌,9(5)：70-73.
61.吴文君,罗万春.2008.农药学.北京：中国农业出版社.
62.吴文伟.2000.昆虫产卵忌避信息化学物质的研究及其应用.西南农业学报,15(3)：105-110.
63.席运官,钦佩,宗良纲.2004.有机水稻病虫草防治技术与经济效益分析.南京农业大学学报,27(3)：46-49.
64.向敏,黄鹤春,裴正峰,等.2010.我国稻鸭共作技术发展现状与对策.畜牧与饲料科学,31(10)：33-36.
65.熊国远,朱秀柏,陈周前,等.2003.稻鸭共生技术示范推广报告.当代畜牧,10：4-6.
66.杨志平,刘小燕,黄璜,等.2004.稻鸭共作对稻鸭复合系统中病、虫、草害及蜘蛛的影响.生态学报,24(12)：2756-2760.
67.易钊炎,李金花.2007.水稻抗病虫育种方向的探讨.广西农学报,22(1)：25-27.
68.尹长民,朱传典,王家福,等.1990.中国蜘蛛原色图鉴.湖南：湖南科学技术出版社.
69.尤民生,刘新.2004.农药污染的生物降解与生物修复.生态学杂志,23(1)：73-77.
70.俞晓平,巫国瑞,陶林勇.1989.水稻抗虫育种的方向和对策.农牧情报研究,(7)：10-16.
71.禹盛苗,金千瑜,欧阳由男,等.2004.稻鸭共育对稻田杂草和病虫害的生物防治效应.中国生物防治,20(2)：99-102.
72.禹盛苗,金千瑜,欧阳山男,等.2004.稻鸭共育对稻田杂草和病虫害的生物防治效应.中国生物防治,20(2)：99-102.
73.翟保平,张孝羲.2000.水稻重大害虫的灾变规律及其预警：回顾与展望.昆虫知识,37(1)：41-45.
74.张觉晚,王沅江.2007.保护茶园蜘蛛控制叶蝉为害.茶叶通讯,34(1)：12-14.
75.张俊喜,胡春林,成晓松,等.2010.不同肥料种类对稻田蜘蛛及飞虱种群的影响.浙江农业,6：1334-1336.
76.张孝安.2007.稻鸭共作技术在中国的应用与普及现状.世界农业,4：51-54.
77.张孝曦.2001.昆虫生态及预测预报.北京：中国农业出版社.
78.张益彬,杜永林,苏祖芳.2003.无公害优质稻米生产.上海：上海科学技术出版社.
79.张永强,何波.1984.广西南部稻区生态系蜘蛛种群动态及其控制害虫效应研究.广西农学院学报,1：25-34.
80.章烈辉,刘占山,肖启明,等.2009.我国水稻病虫害综合防治技术研究现状及发展建议.中国稻米,1：6-9.
81.甄若红,王强盛,沈晓昆,等.2004.我国稻鸭共作生态农业的发展现状与技术展望.农村生态环境,20(4)：64-67.
82.甄若宏,王强盛,张卫建,等.2007.稻鸭共作对稻田主要病、虫、草的生态控制效应.南京农业大学学报,30(2)：60-64.
83.周华光,梁文勇,刘桂良,等.2009.稻鸭共育对超级稻田稻飞虱控制和蜘蛛种群数量的影响.中国稻米,4：24-25.
84.朱凤姑,丰庆生,诸葛梓.2004.稻鸭生态结构对稻田有害生物群落的控制作用.浙江农业学报,16(1)：37-41.
85.朱立敏,张锋,朱明生.2008.小五台山典型生境的蜘蛛群落结构.河北大学学报(自然科学版),28(1)：88-91.
86.朱立敏.2008.生境破碎化条件下太行山区蜘蛛群落结构研究.保定：河北大学硕士论文.
87.朱有勇,Leung H,陈海如,等.2004.利用抗病基因多样性持续控制水稻病害.中国农业科学,37(6)：832-839.
88. Adams, N.1990. The case against farming. New Scientist,127:68-68.
89. Andersen, A, Eltun, R.,2000. Long-term developments in the carabid and staphylinid (Col., Carabidae and Staphylinidae) fauna during conversion from conventional to biological farming. Journal of Applied Entomology,124:51-56.
90. Arnold. AJ.1994. Insect suction sampling without net, bags or filters. Crop Protection,13:73-75.
91. Basedow, T.1998. The species composition and frequency of spiders (Araneae) in fields of winter wheat grown under different conditions in Germany. Journal of Applied Entomology,122, 585-590.
92. Belfrage K, Bjorklund J, Salomonsson L.2005. The effects of farm size and organic farming on diversity of birds, pollinators, and plants in a Swedish landscape. Ambio,34:582-588.
93. Berry, NA, Wratten, SD, McErlich, A., et al.,1996. Abundance and diversity of beneficial arthropods in conventional and organic carrot crops in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science,24:307-313.
94. Deborah K Letourneau, Sara G Bothwell.2008. Comparison of organic and conventional farms: challenging ecologists to make biodiversity functional. The Ecological Society of America,6(8): 430-438.
95. Dimitri C, Greene C.2002. Recent growth patterns in the US organic food market. Washington, DC: USDA Econmic Research Service.
96. Drinkwater LE, Letourneau DK, Wrokneh F, et al.1995. Fundamental differences between conventional and organic tomato agroecosystems in California. Ecol Appl,5:1098-1112.
97. Dyer LA, Stireman JO.2003. Community-wide trophic cascades and other indirect interactions in an agricultural community. Basic Appl Ecol,4:423-32.
98. Feber, RE, Bell, J, Johnson, PJ, et al.1998. The effects of organic farming on surface-active spider (Araneae) assemblages in wheat in southern England, UK. Journal of Arachnology,26,190-202.
99. Feber, RE, Firbank, LG, Johnson, PJ, et al.,1997. The effects of organic farming on pest and non-pest butterfly abundance. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment,64:133-139.
100. Fox CJS, Dondale CD.1972. Annotated list of spiders (Araneae) from hayfields and their margins in Nova Scotia. Canadian Entomologist,104:1911-1915.
101.Gavarra MR., RS. Raros.1973. Studies on the biology of the predatory wolf spider, Lycosa pseudoannulata Boes.et.Str. Phil. Ent,2(6):427-444.
102. Gluck, E, Ingrisch, S,1990. The effect of biodynamic and conventional agriculture management on Erigoninae and Lycosidae spiders. Journal of Applied Entomology,110:136-148.
103. Hamamura T.1969. Seasonal fluctuation of spider in paddy field in Kinki. Acta Arachnol,22: 40-50.
104. Hamamura T.1971. Ecological studies of Pirata subpiraticus(Bos.et.Str.)(Araneae:Lycosidae) I Acta Arachnol,23:29-36.
105. Hamamura T.1977. Ecological studies of Pirata subpiraticus (Bos.et.Str.)(Araneae: Lycosidae) II.Acta Arachnol,27(Special number):229-238.
106. Heog, Lina UT.1991. Arthropoda community in small rice ecosystems in the Philippines. Bulletin of Entomological Research,81:407-416.
107. HerdtRWO.1991. Research priorities for rice biotechnology//Khush GS, Toenniessen GH, eds. Rice Biotechnology.Wallingford:CAB Internationa,1:253-280.
108. Hole DG, Perkins AJ, Wilson JD, et al.2005. Does organic farming benefit biodiversity? Biol Conserv,122:113-30.
109. Hutton, SA, Giller, PS.2003. The effects of the intensification of agriculture on northern temperate dung beetle communities. Journal of Applied Ecology,40:994-1007.
110. Jones GA, Sieving KE, Jacobson SK.2005. Avian diversity and functional insectivory on north-central Florida farmlands. Conserv Biol. 19:1234-45.
111. Krooss, S, Schaefer, M.1998. The effect of different farming systems on epigeic arthropods:a five-year study on the rove beetle fauna (Coleoptera:Staphylinidae) of winter wheat. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment,69:121-133.
112. Letourneau DK, Goldstein B.2001. Pest damage and arthropod community structure in organic vs. conventional tomato production in California. Journal of Applied Ecology,38:557-570.
113. Letourneau DK, van Bruggen A.2006. Crop protection in organic agriculture. In:Kristiansen P, Taji A, and Reganold J (Eds). Organic agriculture:a global perspective. Collingwood, Australia: CSIRO Publishing.
114. Lim UT, Lee JH.1998. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay used to analyze predation of Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera:Delphacidae) by Pirata subpiraticus(Araneae:Lycosidae). Environment Entomology,28(6):1177-1182.
115. Maclean JL,Dawe DC, Hardy B, et al.,2002. Rice Almanav(Third edition), IRRI.
116. Moreby, SJ, Aebischer, NJ, Southway, SE, et al.,1994. A comparison of the flora and arthropod fauna of organically and conventionally grown winter-wheat in southern England. Annals of Applied Biology,125,13-27.
117. Murata K, Tanaka K.2004. Spatil interaction between spiders and prey insects:horizontal and vertial distribution in a paddy field. Acta Arachnologica,53(2):75-86.
118. Oehl F, Sieverding E, Mader P, et al.2004. Impact of long-term conventional and organic farming on the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Oecologia,138:574-583.
119. Okuma C, Woagsiri T.1975. Second report on the spider fauna of the paddy fields in Tailang. Mushi,47(1):1-7.
120. Patrick Marc, Alain Canard.1997. Maintaining spider biodiversity in agroecosystems as a tool in pest control. Agriculture, Ecosytems & Enviroonment,62(2-3):229-235.
121. Pfiffner, L, Niggli, U.1996. Effects of bio-dynamic, organic and conventional farming on ground beetles(Col Carabidae) and other epigaeic arthropods in winter wheat. Biological Agriculture & Horticulture,12:353-364.
122. Reganold J.1989. Farming's organic future. New Scientist,122:49-52.
123.Riechert SE, Lockley C.1984. Spiders as biological control agenis. Annu Rev Entomol,29: 299-320.
124. Stewart AJA, Wright AF.1995. A new inexpensive suction apparatus for sampling arthropods in grassland. Ecological Entomology,20:98-102.
125. Stoate C, Boatman ND, Borralho RJ, et al.2001. Ecological impacts of arable intensification in Europe. J Environ Manage,63:337-65.
126. Teo Su Sin.2001. Evaluation of different duck varieties for the control of the golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) in transplanted and direct seeded rice. Crop Protection,20:599-604.
127. Weibull AC, Bengtsson J, Nohlgren E.2000. Diversity of butterflies in the agricultural landscape: the role of farming system and landscape heterogeneity. Ecography 23:743-750.
128. Weibull AC, Ostman O, Granqvist A.2003. Species richness in agroecosystems:the effect of landscape, habitat and farm management. Biodiversity and Conservation,12:1335-1355.
129. Willer H, Yussefi M.2006. The Word of Organic Agriculture:Statistics and Emerging Trends 2006. Bonn Germany:IFOAM & Frick Switzerland:FiBL.
130. Yaginuma T.1970. The spider fauna of Japan. Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus,13:639-701.
131. Zehnder G, Gurr OM, Kiehn S, et al.2007. Arthropod pest management in organic crops. Annu Rev Entomol,52:57-80.
2.曹黎明,沈国辉,张建汉,等.2005.有机稻米生产综合技术研究与应用.上海农业学报,21(1)：15-18.
3.陈建明,俞晓平,郑许松,等.2003.茭白田福寿螺的生物学特性和无害化治理技术.浙江农业学报,15(3)：154-160.
4.程家安,祝增荣,娄永根.1995.连作晚稻前期施药种类和时间对褐飞虱种群动态的影响.中国水稻科学,9(2)：108-114.
5.戴志明,杨华松,张曦,等.2004.云南稻-鸭共生模式效益的研究及综合评价(三).中国农学通报,20(4)：265-268.
6.邓强辉,潘晓华,吴建富,等.2007.稻鸭共育生态效应及经济效益.生态学杂志,26(4)：582-586.
7.董波,孙国,俊季敏,等.2008.稻鸭共作对稻田飞虱的生物控制研究.现代农业科技,22：98-99,101.
8.甘晓伟,骆世民.2008.中国利用生物多样性控制水稻病虫草害技术.生态学杂志,27(5)：853-857.
9.戈峰,陈常铭.1989.八斑球腹蛛对褐飞虱的捕食作用.生物防治通报,5(2)：84-88.
10.古汉明,王燕君,梁杰,等.2005.稻鸭共作对水稻病虫害及杂草的生物防治试验.广东农业科学,4：59-61.
11.郭予元.2001.探讨21世纪我国植物保护策略和技术的发展趋势//面向21世纪的植保发展战略.北京：中国科学技术出版社.
12.何忠全,张志涛,陈志谊,等.2000.我国水稻病虫害综合防治技术研究新进展.中国稻米,1：30-32.
13.何忠全,张志涛,陈志谊.2004.我国水稻病虫害防治技术研究现状及发展策略.西南农业大学学报,17(1)：110-114.
14.何忠全,张志涛.2001.我国水稻主要病虫害综合防治技术研究取得新进展／／面向21世纪的植保发展战略.北京：中国科学技术出版社.
15.洪海林,刘恒贵,余安安,等.2009.茶园蜘蛛的控窖作用及其保护利用.中国植保导刊,29(9)：22-25.
16.洪海林,刘恒贵,沈毓芬,等.2010.茶园蜘蛛的种类、消长、控害作用与保护利用.中国茶叶,2：8-9.
17.侯学文.2001.生物技术在植物性杀虫剂研究开发中的应用.植物保护学报,28(1)：77-82
18.侯有明.2002.植物保护剂保卫德对黄曲条跳甲种群的控制作用.植物保护学报,29(3)：244-248.
19.胡金林.1983.中国农林蜘蛛.天津：天津科学技术出版社,1-482.
20.黄德超,曾玲,梁广文,等.2005.不同耕种稻田害虫及天敌的种群动态.应用生态学报,16(11)：2122-2125.
21.黄世文.2005.转基因水稻抗病性研究进展及环境安全性评价.植物保护,31(4)：5-9.
22.江佳富,王俊,蔡平,等.2003.杂草生物防治研究回顾与展望.安徽农业大学学报,30(1)：61-65.
23.金翠霞,吴亚.1985.稻田蜘蛛对飞虱、叶蝉的控制作用及其与食量的关系.动物学杂志,20(2)：7-9.
24.晋焯忠.1998.闽北稻田蜘蛛种类、田间消长及与飞虱、叶蝉相关性初步研究.福建农业科技,4：3-5.
25.李剑泉,赵志模,侯建筠.2000.稻田生态管理.西南农业大学学报,22(6)：496-500.
26.李晓明,李明.2010.水稻病虫害的综合防治技术探讨.吉林农业,8：88-88.
27.李志胜,徐敦明,魏观如,等.2004.稻田周围杂草地生境节肢动物群落的组成.华东昆虫学报,13(1)：62-68.
28.林章荣,晋悼忠.2002.稻田放鸭防治虫害的初步研究.中国生物防治,18(2)：94-95.
29.刘长令.2003.以天然产物为光导化合物开发的农药品种-杀虫杀螨剂.农药,42(12)：1-8.
30.刘向东,张孝曦,郭慧芳,等.2001.稻田蜘蛛群落对稻飞虱的控制功能作用研究.生态学报,21(1)：100-105.
31.刘小燕,杨治平,黄磺,等.2002.湿地稻一鸭复合系统中田间杂草的变化规律.湖南农业大学学报,30(3)：292-294.
32.陆瑞庄.2008.水稻病虫害综合防治技术刍议.现代农业科技,11：171-173.
33.吕仲贤.2003.氮肥对褐飞虱的生态适应性及其与水稻害虫和天敌的影响.杭州：浙江大学博士学位论文.
34.马国强,庄雅津,周铭成.2002.稻鸭共作无公害水稻生产技术初探.农业装备技术,28(2)：20-21.
35.庞雄飞,梁广文,尤民生.1988.稻田蜘蛛对稻纵卷州浪生命系统的控制作用.华南农业大学学报,9(3)：16-23.
36.庞雄飞,梁广文.1995.害虫种群系统的控制.广州：广东科学技术出版社.
37.蒲天胜.2005.有害生物可持续控制与资源保护利用.广西植保,18(1)：22-25.
38.祁彪,祁少莽,游树立,等.1990.几种蜘蛛对褐稻虱捕食功能反应的初步研究.植物保护学报,17(1)：29-34.
39.全国明,章家恩,黄兆祥,等.2005.稻鸭共作系统的生态学效应研究进展.生态农业科学,21(5)：360-365.
40.沈晓昆,岸田芳朗,戴网成,等.2007.不育雏不驯水的零日龄放鸭.农业装备技术,33(2)：40-41.
41.沈晓昆,岸田芳朗,戴网成,等.2007.零日龄放鸭在稻鸭共作上的应用.中国稻米,6：60-61.
42.沈晓昆,王志强,岸田芳朗,等.2007.零日龄放鸭的研究及其在稻鸭共作上的应用.水禽世界,3：45-47.
43.沈晓昆.2003.稻鸭共作无公害有机稻米生产新技术.北京：中国农业科学技术出版社.
44.沈晓昆.2007.稻鸭共作赚钱多.江苏：江苏科学技术出版社.
45.宋大祥.1987.中国农区蜘蛛.北京：农业出版社.
46.孙国俊,蒋林忠,蒋小春.2008.稻鸭共作对稻田飞虱和杂草的生物控制试验研究.现代农业科技,3：76-79.
47.孙雁,王云月,何月秋,等.2005.候选抗病基因在水稻品种多样性研究中的应用.中国农业科学,38(1)：2227-2232.
48.孙永飞,梁尹明.2005.从农民生产实际出发来研究推广增产技术提高水稻产量.中国稻米,4：3-4.
49.汤金仪,胡伯海,王建强.1996.我国水稻迁飞性害虫猖撅成因及其治理对策建议.生态学报,16(2)：168-173.
50.童泽霞.2002.稻田养鸭与稻川生物种群的关系初探.中国稻米,1：33-34.
51.汪金平,曹凑贵,金晖,等.2006.稻鸭共生对稻田水生生物群落的影响.中国农业科学,39(10)：2001-2008.
52.王昌付,汪金平,曹凑贵.2008.稻鸭共作对稻田水体底栖动物生物多样性的影响.中国生态农业学报,16(4)：933-937.
53.王宏富,韩忻彦.2002.中国农田杂草可持续治理的现状与展望.山西农业大学学报,22(3)：275-277.
54.王洪全.1983.保护利用蜘蛛防治水稻害虫的研究.植物保护学报,10(4)：225-230.
55.王建书等.2010.无公害粮食作物种植.北京：中国社会出版社.
56.王井士,桑海旭,李运动,等.2005.用完善的生态系统防治稻田病虫害.垦殖与稻作,(2)：31-33.
57.王智,宋大祥,朱明生.2005.稻田蜘蛛和害虫的生态位研究.华南农业大学学报,26(2),47-51.
58.魏守辉,强胜,马波,等.2005.稻鸭共作及其它控草措施对稻田杂草群落的影响.应用生态 学报,16(6)：1067-1071.
59.魏守辉,强胜,马波,等.2006.长期稻鸭共作对稻田杂草群落组成及物种多样性的影响.植物生态学报,30(1)：9-16.
60.文礼章.1987.两种蜘蛛对纵卷叶螟幼虫的捕食功能研究.昆虫天敌,9(5)：70-73.
61.吴文君,罗万春.2008.农药学.北京：中国农业出版社.
62.吴文伟.2000.昆虫产卵忌避信息化学物质的研究及其应用.西南农业学报,15(3)：105-110.
63.席运官,钦佩,宗良纲.2004.有机水稻病虫草防治技术与经济效益分析.南京农业大学学报,27(3)：46-49.
64.向敏,黄鹤春,裴正峰,等.2010.我国稻鸭共作技术发展现状与对策.畜牧与饲料科学,31(10)：33-36.
65.熊国远,朱秀柏,陈周前,等.2003.稻鸭共生技术示范推广报告.当代畜牧,10：4-6.
66.杨志平,刘小燕,黄璜,等.2004.稻鸭共作对稻鸭复合系统中病、虫、草害及蜘蛛的影响.生态学报,24(12)：2756-2760.
67.易钊炎,李金花.2007.水稻抗病虫育种方向的探讨.广西农学报,22(1)：25-27.
68.尹长民,朱传典,王家福,等.1990.中国蜘蛛原色图鉴.湖南：湖南科学技术出版社.
69.尤民生,刘新.2004.农药污染的生物降解与生物修复.生态学杂志,23(1)：73-77.
70.俞晓平,巫国瑞,陶林勇.1989.水稻抗虫育种的方向和对策.农牧情报研究,(7)：10-16.
71.禹盛苗,金千瑜,欧阳由男,等.2004.稻鸭共育对稻田杂草和病虫害的生物防治效应.中国生物防治,20(2)：99-102.
72.禹盛苗,金千瑜,欧阳山男,等.2004.稻鸭共育对稻田杂草和病虫害的生物防治效应.中国生物防治,20(2)：99-102.
73.翟保平,张孝羲.2000.水稻重大害虫的灾变规律及其预警：回顾与展望.昆虫知识,37(1)：41-45.
74.张觉晚,王沅江.2007.保护茶园蜘蛛控制叶蝉为害.茶叶通讯,34(1)：12-14.
75.张俊喜,胡春林,成晓松,等.2010.不同肥料种类对稻田蜘蛛及飞虱种群的影响.浙江农业,6：1334-1336.
76.张孝安.2007.稻鸭共作技术在中国的应用与普及现状.世界农业,4：51-54.
77.张孝曦.2001.昆虫生态及预测预报.北京：中国农业出版社.
78.张益彬,杜永林,苏祖芳.2003.无公害优质稻米生产.上海：上海科学技术出版社.
79.张永强,何波.1984.广西南部稻区生态系蜘蛛种群动态及其控制害虫效应研究.广西农学院学报,1：25-34.
80.章烈辉,刘占山,肖启明,等.2009.我国水稻病虫害综合防治技术研究现状及发展建议.中国稻米,1：6-9.
81.甄若红,王强盛,沈晓昆,等.2004.我国稻鸭共作生态农业的发展现状与技术展望.农村生态环境,20(4)：64-67.
82.甄若宏,王强盛,张卫建,等.2007.稻鸭共作对稻田主要病、虫、草的生态控制效应.南京农业大学学报,30(2)：60-64.
83.周华光,梁文勇,刘桂良,等.2009.稻鸭共育对超级稻田稻飞虱控制和蜘蛛种群数量的影响.中国稻米,4：24-25.
84.朱凤姑,丰庆生,诸葛梓.2004.稻鸭生态结构对稻田有害生物群落的控制作用.浙江农业学报,16(1)：37-41.
85.朱立敏,张锋,朱明生.2008.小五台山典型生境的蜘蛛群落结构.河北大学学报(自然科学版),28(1)：88-91.
86.朱立敏.2008.生境破碎化条件下太行山区蜘蛛群落结构研究.保定：河北大学硕士论文.
87.朱有勇,Leung H,陈海如,等.2004.利用抗病基因多样性持续控制水稻病害.中国农业科学,37(6)：832-839.
88. Adams, N.1990. The case against farming. New Scientist,127:68-68.
89. Andersen, A, Eltun, R.,2000. Long-term developments in the carabid and staphylinid (Col., Carabidae and Staphylinidae) fauna during conversion from conventional to biological farming. Journal of Applied Entomology,124:51-56.
90. Arnold. AJ.1994. Insect suction sampling without net, bags or filters. Crop Protection,13:73-75.
91. Basedow, T.1998. The species composition and frequency of spiders (Araneae) in fields of winter wheat grown under different conditions in Germany. Journal of Applied Entomology,122, 585-590.
92. Belfrage K, Bjorklund J, Salomonsson L.2005. The effects of farm size and organic farming on diversity of birds, pollinators, and plants in a Swedish landscape. Ambio,34:582-588.
93. Berry, NA, Wratten, SD, McErlich, A., et al.,1996. Abundance and diversity of beneficial arthropods in conventional and organic carrot crops in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science,24:307-313.
94. Deborah K Letourneau, Sara G Bothwell.2008. Comparison of organic and conventional farms: challenging ecologists to make biodiversity functional. The Ecological Society of America,6(8): 430-438.
95. Dimitri C, Greene C.2002. Recent growth patterns in the US organic food market. Washington, DC: USDA Econmic Research Service.
96. Drinkwater LE, Letourneau DK, Wrokneh F, et al.1995. Fundamental differences between conventional and organic tomato agroecosystems in California. Ecol Appl,5:1098-1112.
97. Dyer LA, Stireman JO.2003. Community-wide trophic cascades and other indirect interactions in an agricultural community. Basic Appl Ecol,4:423-32.
98. Feber, RE, Bell, J, Johnson, PJ, et al.1998. The effects of organic farming on surface-active spider (Araneae) assemblages in wheat in southern England, UK. Journal of Arachnology,26,190-202.
99. Feber, RE, Firbank, LG, Johnson, PJ, et al.,1997. The effects of organic farming on pest and non-pest butterfly abundance. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment,64:133-139.
100. Fox CJS, Dondale CD.1972. Annotated list of spiders (Araneae) from hayfields and their margins in Nova Scotia. Canadian Entomologist,104:1911-1915.
101.Gavarra MR., RS. Raros.1973. Studies on the biology of the predatory wolf spider, Lycosa pseudoannulata Boes.et.Str. Phil. Ent,2(6):427-444.
102. Gluck, E, Ingrisch, S,1990. The effect of biodynamic and conventional agriculture management on Erigoninae and Lycosidae spiders. Journal of Applied Entomology,110:136-148.
103. Hamamura T.1969. Seasonal fluctuation of spider in paddy field in Kinki. Acta Arachnol,22: 40-50.
104. Hamamura T.1971. Ecological studies of Pirata subpiraticus(Bos.et.Str.)(Araneae:Lycosidae) I Acta Arachnol,23:29-36.
105. Hamamura T.1977. Ecological studies of Pirata subpiraticus (Bos.et.Str.)(Araneae: Lycosidae) II.Acta Arachnol,27(Special number):229-238.
106. Heog, Lina UT.1991. Arthropoda community in small rice ecosystems in the Philippines. Bulletin of Entomological Research,81:407-416.
107. HerdtRWO.1991. Research priorities for rice biotechnology//Khush GS, Toenniessen GH, eds. Rice Biotechnology.Wallingford:CAB Internationa,1:253-280.
108. Hole DG, Perkins AJ, Wilson JD, et al.2005. Does organic farming benefit biodiversity? Biol Conserv,122:113-30.
109. Hutton, SA, Giller, PS.2003. The effects of the intensification of agriculture on northern temperate dung beetle communities. Journal of Applied Ecology,40:994-1007.
110. Jones GA, Sieving KE, Jacobson SK.2005. Avian diversity and functional insectivory on north-central Florida farmlands. Conserv Biol. 19:1234-45.
111. Krooss, S, Schaefer, M.1998. The effect of different farming systems on epigeic arthropods:a five-year study on the rove beetle fauna (Coleoptera:Staphylinidae) of winter wheat. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment,69:121-133.
112. Letourneau DK, Goldstein B.2001. Pest damage and arthropod community structure in organic vs. conventional tomato production in California. Journal of Applied Ecology,38:557-570.
113. Letourneau DK, van Bruggen A.2006. Crop protection in organic agriculture. In:Kristiansen P, Taji A, and Reganold J (Eds). Organic agriculture:a global perspective. Collingwood, Australia: CSIRO Publishing.
114. Lim UT, Lee JH.1998. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay used to analyze predation of Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera:Delphacidae) by Pirata subpiraticus(Araneae:Lycosidae). Environment Entomology,28(6):1177-1182.
115. Maclean JL,Dawe DC, Hardy B, et al.,2002. Rice Almanav(Third edition), IRRI.
116. Moreby, SJ, Aebischer, NJ, Southway, SE, et al.,1994. A comparison of the flora and arthropod fauna of organically and conventionally grown winter-wheat in southern England. Annals of Applied Biology,125,13-27.
117. Murata K, Tanaka K.2004. Spatil interaction between spiders and prey insects:horizontal and vertial distribution in a paddy field. Acta Arachnologica,53(2):75-86.
118. Oehl F, Sieverding E, Mader P, et al.2004. Impact of long-term conventional and organic farming on the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Oecologia,138:574-583.
119. Okuma C, Woagsiri T.1975. Second report on the spider fauna of the paddy fields in Tailang. Mushi,47(1):1-7.
120. Patrick Marc, Alain Canard.1997. Maintaining spider biodiversity in agroecosystems as a tool in pest control. Agriculture, Ecosytems & Enviroonment,62(2-3):229-235.
121. Pfiffner, L, Niggli, U.1996. Effects of bio-dynamic, organic and conventional farming on ground beetles(Col Carabidae) and other epigaeic arthropods in winter wheat. Biological Agriculture & Horticulture,12:353-364.
122. Reganold J.1989. Farming's organic future. New Scientist,122:49-52.
123.Riechert SE, Lockley C.1984. Spiders as biological control agenis. Annu Rev Entomol,29: 299-320.
124. Stewart AJA, Wright AF.1995. A new inexpensive suction apparatus for sampling arthropods in grassland. Ecological Entomology,20:98-102.
125. Stoate C, Boatman ND, Borralho RJ, et al.2001. Ecological impacts of arable intensification in Europe. J Environ Manage,63:337-65.
126. Teo Su Sin.2001. Evaluation of different duck varieties for the control of the golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) in transplanted and direct seeded rice. Crop Protection,20:599-604.
127. Weibull AC, Bengtsson J, Nohlgren E.2000. Diversity of butterflies in the agricultural landscape: the role of farming system and landscape heterogeneity. Ecography 23:743-750.
128. Weibull AC, Ostman O, Granqvist A.2003. Species richness in agroecosystems:the effect of landscape, habitat and farm management. Biodiversity and Conservation,12:1335-1355.
129. Willer H, Yussefi M.2006. The Word of Organic Agriculture:Statistics and Emerging Trends 2006. Bonn Germany:IFOAM & Frick Switzerland:FiBL.
130. Yaginuma T.1970. The spider fauna of Japan. Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus,13:639-701.
131. Zehnder G, Gurr OM, Kiehn S, et al.2007. Arthropod pest management in organic crops. Annu Rev Entomol,52:57-80.