湖南阳明山森林公园植物景观评价研究
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摘要
森林植物是森林公园的首要物质基础,森林公园植物景观是森林公园旅游资源的重要成分,合理评价森林公园植物景观是全面、正确评价森林公园旅游资源的前提之一,是实现森林公园合理开发利用以及森林旅游业持续发展的根本保证
本研究以湖南阳明山国家森林公园植物景观为研究对象,利用群落样方法和样线法实地调查了24个代表性的森林植物群落,根据调查所得数据分析其基本特征、Shannon-Weiner指数、Margal ef指数和各个群落的观赏特征指数、优势种种群特征、经济价值特征指数等,运用头脑风暴法、会内法和Delphi法产生了一套完整的森林公园植物景观评价体系,构建了yaahp指标模型,利用专家法获得各指标的权重,结合定量定性分析方法,获得各指标的分值,利用层次分析法全面正确地评价24个群落的植物景观特点。在此基础上,提出阳明山国家森林公园林植物景观开发利用的价值与森林公园植物景观规划构想。主要研究结果为：
(1)调查分析的24个样点180块样地(乔木样地144块,灌丛36块)中具有种子植物165种,隶属于61科111属,裸子植物4科7属8种,被子植物57科104属157种(双子叶植物54科98属150种,单子叶植物3科6属7种),其中国家级8植物种,省级植物15种；植被类型分属于针叶林类型、阔叶林类型、灌木丛和灌丛类型、竹林类型等4个类型组,针叶纯林、针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、竹阔混交林、灌木丛和灌丛类型、竹林等8个亚型组红楠林、毛竹、海通等21个群系；科属种地理成分特性具有一致性,都是热带成分(科占49.2%,属占44.1%,种占35.2%)略高于温带成分(科占32.8%,属占33.3%,种占20.6%),具有从热带向温带过渡的特性。
(2)调查分析的24个代表植物群落的物种丰富度、多样性和均匀度等指数变化趋势具有一致性,并且同一类型的植物群落物种多样性具有一定的相似性,海通林、甜槠+枫香林、云锦杜鹃灌丛、水马桑+鹿角杜鹃灌丛、甜槠+银木荷林、映山红灌丛、鹿角杜鹃灌丛和黄杉林等8种类型的植物景观的Simpson、Shannon-Weiner指数最高；林相景观以常绿植物为底色,落叶植物形成的春色叶和秋色叶点缀其间,其中红楠林、海通林、甜槠+枫香林、云锦杜鹃灌丛、水马桑+鹿角杜鹃灌丛、甜槠+银木荷林、映山红灌丛、鹿角杜鹃灌丛等季相景观最丰富,主要观赏其春叶色、春花、秋色叶、秋果和干形。
(3)根据各样地的优势种种群径级(毛竹用龄级)金字塔模型分析表明,南方红豆杉+毛竹植物群落属增长型群落,毛竹+甜槠、日本冷杉、甜槠植物群落属最稳定型群落,红楠林、毛竹+马毛松植物群落属稳定型群落,毛竹、南方红豆杉植物群落属较稳定型群落,其它植物群落处于衰退状态。
(4)运用头脑风暴法、会内法和Delphi法产生了一套完整的森林公园植物景观评价体系。评价指标主要由种类多样性、生活型多样性均匀度指数、落叶植物多样性、种类丰富度、芳香植物多样性、奇形古稀植物多样性、食果植物经济价值、材质植物经济价值等9个定量指标,和景观稳定性、植被天然性、色彩丰富性、线条丰富性、空间形式多样性、时序景观特征等6个定性指标；结合专家们的权重值分析,阳明山森林公园植物景观的生态价值比美学价值和经济价值更重要,并且生态价值主要取决于植物景观稳定性、植物种类丰富度和多样性、植被天然性,美学价值主要取决于植物的季相特性、色彩丰富度和空间多样性经济价值主要由食果植物多样性和材质植物多样性决定。
(5)运用层次分析法(AHP法)综合评价阳明山森林公园植物景观。根据综合评价指数和景观等级反映了阳明山森林公园植物景观的整体情况,景观等级从好到差依次排序为：黄杉林、甜槠+缺萼枫香林(样地14)、甜槠+银木荷林、云锦杜鹃灌丛林、红楠林、甜槠+缺萼枫香林(9号样地)、南方红豆杉+毛竹林(4号样地)、鹿角杜鹃灌丛林、海通林、南方红豆杉林、南方红豆杉+毛竹林(5号样地)、水马桑+鹿角杜鹃林映山红灌丛林、甜槠林、甜槠+毛竹林、毛竹林、毛竹+马尾松林、柳杉林、日本冷杉林、杉木纯林、马尾松纯林、木荷林带、花竹纯林(11样地)、花竹纯林(样地13),其中Ⅰ级景观8个,占评价群落的33.3%；Ⅱ级景观7个,占29.17%；Ⅲ级景观6个,25%；Ⅳ级景观3个,12.5%。景观评价等级CEI大于50%的植物群落景观有18个,占75%,所占比例远大于50%,说明阳明山森林公园植物景观质量相当高；评价结果显示,阳明山森林公园植物景观的生态价值处于明显优势,同时也具有艳、香、古、稀等美学特征和一定的经济开发价值(6)根据评价结果,运用植物学、生态学、园林美学、森林美学和旅游学的理论,结合《阳明山森林公园旅游总体规划》和《阳明山国家自然保护区总体规划》的有关技术规范,按照自然优先原则、持续发展原则、生态性原则、因地制宜原则、统一性原则、人性化原则,结合森林公园各景区的功能特点,将阳明山森林公园植物景观规划为森林保育区、森林游憩兼景观区、景观森林区、林业生产区区、乡土植物苗圃区等5个森林公园植物景观区,建议公路边和游步道等线上植物景观规划时,尽量保留和维护好古树名木、大树、濒危植物以及观赏价值高的花灌木,适当补种观赏价值高、适应性强的本地植物,以便快速形成源于自然而又高于自然的植物景观；由于阳明山森林植物覆盖率达90%以上,到处都是林木葱葱的森林,建议入口区、服务点、特殊景点等点上植物景观规划时,尽量在保护好原有植被的基础上,进行适当整理,合理应用本地马银花、齿缘吊钟花、水马桑、圆锥绣球、云锦杜鹃、映山红等观赏植物装点,以烘托整个森林公园植物景观
本研究在国家林业公益性行业科研专项(200804033)资助下,针对阳明山国家森林公园森林公园植物景观特点,首次运用头脑风暴法、Delphi法、会内法,产生了由种类多样性、生活型多样性、均匀度指数、落叶植物多样性、种类丰富度、芳香植物多样性、奇形古稀植物多样性、食果植物经济价值、材质植物经济价值、景观稳定性、植被天然性、色彩丰富性、线条丰富性、空间形式多样性、时序景观特征等15个评价指标组成的一套系统而完整的森林公园植物景观评价指标体系,包括9个定量和6个定性指标；第一次运用层次分析法评价阳明山国家森林公园植物景观,得到了比较准确的数据和结论,也是第一次利用定性定量指标评价结果,提出森林公园植物景观规划方案。这将对森林公园和森林旅游持续发展有着重要意义,也为森林公园植物景观评价研究填补了空白。
Forest plants are the basis of the priority substances in Forest Park, forest landscape is an important component of the tourism attractions in Forest Park. Reasonable evaluation of forest plant landscape is the comprehensive and correct evaluation of forest park tourism resources of the premise, is to realize the rational development and utilization of forest parks and forest tourism sustainable development of the basic guarantee.
The research objects of this study are plant communities in Yangmingshan National Forest Park. Sample method and sample line method are used to investigate24representative forest plant communities on the spot. Based on the Survey digitals, the study analyzes their the basic characteristics, the Shannon-weir index, Margalef index, ornamental characteristics, dominant species' population characteristics, and economic value characteristics, etc.. By using the Brain Storming method, Meeting method and Delphi method, the study produce a set of comprehensive evaluation system about forest plant landscape, constructs the yaahp index model, gets the weight value of each index by using the method of experts, obtains the index score by combining quantitative qualitative analysis method, comprehensively and correctly evaluates the24plant communities by the analytical hierarchy process (ahp), the main findings are as follows:
(1) The survey analyzed24samples and180samples ground (including144tree plots,36shrub plots) that consist of165seed plants. These plants belong to61families and111genera,4families7genera8species of gymnosperms,57families104genera157species of angiosperms(dicotyledons54families98genera150species and monocots3families6genera7species). Furthermore, there are8species under State Protection, and15provincial protected species.. Vegetation types include coniferous, broad-leaved, bushes and brush, bamboo four type group, acerola pure forest, needle broad mixed forest, evergreen broad-leaved forest, deciduous broadleaved forest, evergreen and deciduous broad-leaf trees, bamboo broad mixed forest, bushes and brush type, bamboo eight subtype group, Machilus thunbergii Community, Phyllostachys pubescens Community, Clerodendron mandarinorum Community and so on amounting to21formations. The geographical distribution has the uniformity about families, genera, species, has from the tropical to temperate transitional characteristics, tropical composition (families account for49.2%, genera44.1%, species35.2%) slightly above the temperate composition (families account for32.8%, genera33.3%, species20.6%).
(2) The change trends of species richness, diversity and evenness index have consistency in the survey analyzed24samples, and the diversity index of the same communities has a certain similarity. Simpson, Shannon-Weiner index of Clerodendron mandarinorum Community, Castanopsis eyrei+Liquidambar acalycina Community, Rhododendron fortunei Brushwood, Weigela japonica+Rhododendron latoucheae Brushwood, Castanopsis eyrei+Schima argentea Community, Rhododendron simisii Brushwood, Rhododendron latoucheae Brushwood, Pseudotsuga sinensis Community is the highest. The results show landscape for the backgrop-und of evergreen plants, and the springtime leaves and Autumn leaf of deciduous plants fill in them. The seasonal landscape of Machilus thunbergii Community, Clerodendron mandarinorum Community, Castanopsis eyrei+Liquidambar acalycina Community, Rhododendron fortunei Brushwood, Weigela japonica+Rhododendron latoucheae Brushwood, Castanopsis eyrei+Schima argentea Community, Rhododendron simisii Brushwood, Rhododendron latoucheae Brushwood is the most abundant. The people watch their spring leaves, spring flowers, autumn leaves and fruits and stem form.
(3) According to all the dominant species population diameter level (bamboo with age level) pyramid model analysis show that, Taxus chinensis var. mairei+Phyllostachys pubescens Community belongs to growth community, Phyllostachys pubescens Community, Abies firma Community, Castanopsis eyrei Community are the most stable community, Machilus thunbergii Community is stable community, Phyllostachys pubescens Community,Taxus chinensis var. mairei Community belong to more stable community, other plant communities are in recession.
(4) By using the brainstorming method, meeting method and Delphi method, the study produced a complete set of forest plant landscape evaluation system. Evaluation index is mainly composed of species diversity, life forms diversity, evenness index, deciduous plant diversity, species richness and aromatic plant diversity, odd shape years of age plant diversity, fruit-eating plants economic value, material plant economic value in all nine quantitative indicators, and landscape stability, vegetation naturalness, color rich, line richness, space form diversity, sequential landscape characteristics in all six directional indicators. Combined with experts' weights analysis, ecological value of the Yangmingshan forest plants is more important than the aesthetic and economic value, and ecological value is mainly depends on the plant landscape stability, plant species richness and diversity, vegetation naturalness. Aesthetic value mainly depends on the seasonal characteristics of the plant, color richness and spatial diversity. The economic value is determined mainly by fruit-eating plant and timber plant diversity.
(5) Using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) comprehensively evaluates forest plant landscape of Yangmingshan Mountian. Comprehensive Evaluation results show that landscape-level from high to low is:Pseudotsuga sinensis Community, Castanopsis eyrei+Liquidambar acalycina Community(plot14), Castanopsis eyrei+Schima argentea Community, Rhododendron fortunei Brushwood, Machilus thunbergii Community, Castanopsis eyrei+Liquidambar acalycina Community(plot9), Taxus chinensis var. mairei+Phyllostachys pubescens Community(plot5), Weigela japonica+Rhododendron latoucheae Brushwood, Rhododendron simisii Brushwood, Castanopsis eyrei Community, Castanopsis eyrei+Phyllostachys pubescens Community, Phyllostachys pubescens Community, Phyllostachys pubescens+Pinus massoniana Community, Cryptomeria fortunei Brushwood, Abies firma Community, Cunninghamia lanceolata Brushwood, Pinus massoniana Brushwood, Schima superba Brushwood, Phyllostachys nidularia Community(plot11), Phyllostachys nidularia Community(plot13). The distributions of landscape level:grade one8, reach to33.3%, grade two7, reachd to29.17%, grade three6, reach to25%, grade four3, reach to12.5%. Eighteen plant communities which landscape evaluation CEI ranking overweigh50%, reach to75%, far overweigh50%, which reflects that Yangming Mountain is in a very good quality of landscape; As a result the plant landscape in Yangming Mountain has a advantage in ecological value, while it also has some aesthetic characteristics such as:charming, fragrant, ancient, rare, as well as some economic development value.
(6) Based on the results of the assessment, the application of botany, ecology, landscape aesthetics, forest aesthetics and the theory of tourism, the relevant technical standards of "Yang Ming mountain Forest Park planning" and "National Nature Reserve of overall planning", in accordance with the natural principle of priority, the principle of sustainable development, ecological principle, the principle of suit one's measures to local conditions, the principle of unity, humanity principles, combined with the features of the Forest Park scenic area, the mountain forest landscape planning would be for5areas:forest conservation, forest recreation and landscape area, landscape forest, economic forest, native plant nursery. The recommendations of plant landscape planning about road and trail tours online are to retain and maintain the ancient and famous trees, big trees, endangered plants and ornamental flowers and shrubs. In order to quickly form plant landscape which derived from natural but higher than it, it is better to properly add the local plants with high ornamental value and strong adaptability. Because the forest coverage rate of this mountain forest is amount to above90%, there are green trees covering all over this mountain. In the basis of protection of the original vegetation as far as possible. The recommendations of plant landscape planning about entrance District, service places, special attractions and other points are proper arrangement and reasonable application of local ornamental plants:Rhododendron ovatum, Enkianthus serrulatus, Weigela japonica, Hydrangea paniculata, Rhododendron fortunei, Rhododendron simisii in order to set off the whole forest plant landscape.
In the support of the National forestry Public Welfare Industry special project for, this study points against the forest plants' landscape characteristics of Yangmingshan National Forest Park, using brainstorming、Delphi、meeting method for the first time, it produces a set of systematic and completed Evaluation system about forest plants which formed by9quantitative indexes and6qualitative indexes including species diversity、life form diversity、evenness index、deciduous plant diversity、species richness、aromatic plant diversity、rare and old plant diversty、economic value of fruit plants、economic value of material plants、landscape stability、natural vegetation、richness of color、richness of line、space diversity、characteristics of sequential landscape. For the first time, Using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) comprehensively evaluates forest plant landscape of Yangmingshan National Forest Park, this research gets accurate data and theory. In addition, it puts forward forest plants landscape planning by using quantitative indexes and qualitative indexes to evaluate the results firstly. There is important significance for sustainable development of forest park and forest tourism, it also will fill the blank of the study in landscape evaluation about forest plants.
本研究以湖南阳明山国家森林公园植物景观为研究对象,利用群落样方法和样线法实地调查了24个代表性的森林植物群落,根据调查所得数据分析其基本特征、Shannon-Weiner指数、Margal ef指数和各个群落的观赏特征指数、优势种种群特征、经济价值特征指数等,运用头脑风暴法、会内法和Delphi法产生了一套完整的森林公园植物景观评价体系,构建了yaahp指标模型,利用专家法获得各指标的权重,结合定量定性分析方法,获得各指标的分值,利用层次分析法全面正确地评价24个群落的植物景观特点。在此基础上,提出阳明山国家森林公园林植物景观开发利用的价值与森林公园植物景观规划构想。主要研究结果为：
(1)调查分析的24个样点180块样地(乔木样地144块,灌丛36块)中具有种子植物165种,隶属于61科111属,裸子植物4科7属8种,被子植物57科104属157种(双子叶植物54科98属150种,单子叶植物3科6属7种),其中国家级8植物种,省级植物15种；植被类型分属于针叶林类型、阔叶林类型、灌木丛和灌丛类型、竹林类型等4个类型组,针叶纯林、针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、竹阔混交林、灌木丛和灌丛类型、竹林等8个亚型组红楠林、毛竹、海通等21个群系；科属种地理成分特性具有一致性,都是热带成分(科占49.2%,属占44.1%,种占35.2%)略高于温带成分(科占32.8%,属占33.3%,种占20.6%),具有从热带向温带过渡的特性。
(2)调查分析的24个代表植物群落的物种丰富度、多样性和均匀度等指数变化趋势具有一致性,并且同一类型的植物群落物种多样性具有一定的相似性,海通林、甜槠+枫香林、云锦杜鹃灌丛、水马桑+鹿角杜鹃灌丛、甜槠+银木荷林、映山红灌丛、鹿角杜鹃灌丛和黄杉林等8种类型的植物景观的Simpson、Shannon-Weiner指数最高；林相景观以常绿植物为底色,落叶植物形成的春色叶和秋色叶点缀其间,其中红楠林、海通林、甜槠+枫香林、云锦杜鹃灌丛、水马桑+鹿角杜鹃灌丛、甜槠+银木荷林、映山红灌丛、鹿角杜鹃灌丛等季相景观最丰富,主要观赏其春叶色、春花、秋色叶、秋果和干形。
(3)根据各样地的优势种种群径级(毛竹用龄级)金字塔模型分析表明,南方红豆杉+毛竹植物群落属增长型群落,毛竹+甜槠、日本冷杉、甜槠植物群落属最稳定型群落,红楠林、毛竹+马毛松植物群落属稳定型群落,毛竹、南方红豆杉植物群落属较稳定型群落,其它植物群落处于衰退状态。
(4)运用头脑风暴法、会内法和Delphi法产生了一套完整的森林公园植物景观评价体系。评价指标主要由种类多样性、生活型多样性均匀度指数、落叶植物多样性、种类丰富度、芳香植物多样性、奇形古稀植物多样性、食果植物经济价值、材质植物经济价值等9个定量指标,和景观稳定性、植被天然性、色彩丰富性、线条丰富性、空间形式多样性、时序景观特征等6个定性指标；结合专家们的权重值分析,阳明山森林公园植物景观的生态价值比美学价值和经济价值更重要,并且生态价值主要取决于植物景观稳定性、植物种类丰富度和多样性、植被天然性,美学价值主要取决于植物的季相特性、色彩丰富度和空间多样性经济价值主要由食果植物多样性和材质植物多样性决定。
(5)运用层次分析法(AHP法)综合评价阳明山森林公园植物景观。根据综合评价指数和景观等级反映了阳明山森林公园植物景观的整体情况,景观等级从好到差依次排序为：黄杉林、甜槠+缺萼枫香林(样地14)、甜槠+银木荷林、云锦杜鹃灌丛林、红楠林、甜槠+缺萼枫香林(9号样地)、南方红豆杉+毛竹林(4号样地)、鹿角杜鹃灌丛林、海通林、南方红豆杉林、南方红豆杉+毛竹林(5号样地)、水马桑+鹿角杜鹃林映山红灌丛林、甜槠林、甜槠+毛竹林、毛竹林、毛竹+马尾松林、柳杉林、日本冷杉林、杉木纯林、马尾松纯林、木荷林带、花竹纯林(11样地)、花竹纯林(样地13),其中Ⅰ级景观8个,占评价群落的33.3%；Ⅱ级景观7个,占29.17%；Ⅲ级景观6个,25%；Ⅳ级景观3个,12.5%。景观评价等级CEI大于50%的植物群落景观有18个,占75%,所占比例远大于50%,说明阳明山森林公园植物景观质量相当高；评价结果显示,阳明山森林公园植物景观的生态价值处于明显优势,同时也具有艳、香、古、稀等美学特征和一定的经济开发价值(6)根据评价结果,运用植物学、生态学、园林美学、森林美学和旅游学的理论,结合《阳明山森林公园旅游总体规划》和《阳明山国家自然保护区总体规划》的有关技术规范,按照自然优先原则、持续发展原则、生态性原则、因地制宜原则、统一性原则、人性化原则,结合森林公园各景区的功能特点,将阳明山森林公园植物景观规划为森林保育区、森林游憩兼景观区、景观森林区、林业生产区区、乡土植物苗圃区等5个森林公园植物景观区,建议公路边和游步道等线上植物景观规划时,尽量保留和维护好古树名木、大树、濒危植物以及观赏价值高的花灌木,适当补种观赏价值高、适应性强的本地植物,以便快速形成源于自然而又高于自然的植物景观；由于阳明山森林植物覆盖率达90%以上,到处都是林木葱葱的森林,建议入口区、服务点、特殊景点等点上植物景观规划时,尽量在保护好原有植被的基础上,进行适当整理,合理应用本地马银花、齿缘吊钟花、水马桑、圆锥绣球、云锦杜鹃、映山红等观赏植物装点,以烘托整个森林公园植物景观
本研究在国家林业公益性行业科研专项(200804033)资助下,针对阳明山国家森林公园森林公园植物景观特点,首次运用头脑风暴法、Delphi法、会内法,产生了由种类多样性、生活型多样性、均匀度指数、落叶植物多样性、种类丰富度、芳香植物多样性、奇形古稀植物多样性、食果植物经济价值、材质植物经济价值、景观稳定性、植被天然性、色彩丰富性、线条丰富性、空间形式多样性、时序景观特征等15个评价指标组成的一套系统而完整的森林公园植物景观评价指标体系,包括9个定量和6个定性指标；第一次运用层次分析法评价阳明山国家森林公园植物景观,得到了比较准确的数据和结论,也是第一次利用定性定量指标评价结果,提出森林公园植物景观规划方案。这将对森林公园和森林旅游持续发展有着重要意义,也为森林公园植物景观评价研究填补了空白。
Forest plants are the basis of the priority substances in Forest Park, forest landscape is an important component of the tourism attractions in Forest Park. Reasonable evaluation of forest plant landscape is the comprehensive and correct evaluation of forest park tourism resources of the premise, is to realize the rational development and utilization of forest parks and forest tourism sustainable development of the basic guarantee.
The research objects of this study are plant communities in Yangmingshan National Forest Park. Sample method and sample line method are used to investigate24representative forest plant communities on the spot. Based on the Survey digitals, the study analyzes their the basic characteristics, the Shannon-weir index, Margalef index, ornamental characteristics, dominant species' population characteristics, and economic value characteristics, etc.. By using the Brain Storming method, Meeting method and Delphi method, the study produce a set of comprehensive evaluation system about forest plant landscape, constructs the yaahp index model, gets the weight value of each index by using the method of experts, obtains the index score by combining quantitative qualitative analysis method, comprehensively and correctly evaluates the24plant communities by the analytical hierarchy process (ahp), the main findings are as follows:
(1) The survey analyzed24samples and180samples ground (including144tree plots,36shrub plots) that consist of165seed plants. These plants belong to61families and111genera,4families7genera8species of gymnosperms,57families104genera157species of angiosperms(dicotyledons54families98genera150species and monocots3families6genera7species). Furthermore, there are8species under State Protection, and15provincial protected species.. Vegetation types include coniferous, broad-leaved, bushes and brush, bamboo four type group, acerola pure forest, needle broad mixed forest, evergreen broad-leaved forest, deciduous broadleaved forest, evergreen and deciduous broad-leaf trees, bamboo broad mixed forest, bushes and brush type, bamboo eight subtype group, Machilus thunbergii Community, Phyllostachys pubescens Community, Clerodendron mandarinorum Community and so on amounting to21formations. The geographical distribution has the uniformity about families, genera, species, has from the tropical to temperate transitional characteristics, tropical composition (families account for49.2%, genera44.1%, species35.2%) slightly above the temperate composition (families account for32.8%, genera33.3%, species20.6%).
(2) The change trends of species richness, diversity and evenness index have consistency in the survey analyzed24samples, and the diversity index of the same communities has a certain similarity. Simpson, Shannon-Weiner index of Clerodendron mandarinorum Community, Castanopsis eyrei+Liquidambar acalycina Community, Rhododendron fortunei Brushwood, Weigela japonica+Rhododendron latoucheae Brushwood, Castanopsis eyrei+Schima argentea Community, Rhododendron simisii Brushwood, Rhododendron latoucheae Brushwood, Pseudotsuga sinensis Community is the highest. The results show landscape for the backgrop-und of evergreen plants, and the springtime leaves and Autumn leaf of deciduous plants fill in them. The seasonal landscape of Machilus thunbergii Community, Clerodendron mandarinorum Community, Castanopsis eyrei+Liquidambar acalycina Community, Rhododendron fortunei Brushwood, Weigela japonica+Rhododendron latoucheae Brushwood, Castanopsis eyrei+Schima argentea Community, Rhododendron simisii Brushwood, Rhododendron latoucheae Brushwood is the most abundant. The people watch their spring leaves, spring flowers, autumn leaves and fruits and stem form.
(3) According to all the dominant species population diameter level (bamboo with age level) pyramid model analysis show that, Taxus chinensis var. mairei+Phyllostachys pubescens Community belongs to growth community, Phyllostachys pubescens Community, Abies firma Community, Castanopsis eyrei Community are the most stable community, Machilus thunbergii Community is stable community, Phyllostachys pubescens Community,Taxus chinensis var. mairei Community belong to more stable community, other plant communities are in recession.
(4) By using the brainstorming method, meeting method and Delphi method, the study produced a complete set of forest plant landscape evaluation system. Evaluation index is mainly composed of species diversity, life forms diversity, evenness index, deciduous plant diversity, species richness and aromatic plant diversity, odd shape years of age plant diversity, fruit-eating plants economic value, material plant economic value in all nine quantitative indicators, and landscape stability, vegetation naturalness, color rich, line richness, space form diversity, sequential landscape characteristics in all six directional indicators. Combined with experts' weights analysis, ecological value of the Yangmingshan forest plants is more important than the aesthetic and economic value, and ecological value is mainly depends on the plant landscape stability, plant species richness and diversity, vegetation naturalness. Aesthetic value mainly depends on the seasonal characteristics of the plant, color richness and spatial diversity. The economic value is determined mainly by fruit-eating plant and timber plant diversity.
(5) Using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) comprehensively evaluates forest plant landscape of Yangmingshan Mountian. Comprehensive Evaluation results show that landscape-level from high to low is:Pseudotsuga sinensis Community, Castanopsis eyrei+Liquidambar acalycina Community(plot14), Castanopsis eyrei+Schima argentea Community, Rhododendron fortunei Brushwood, Machilus thunbergii Community, Castanopsis eyrei+Liquidambar acalycina Community(plot9), Taxus chinensis var. mairei+Phyllostachys pubescens Community(plot5), Weigela japonica+Rhododendron latoucheae Brushwood, Rhododendron simisii Brushwood, Castanopsis eyrei Community, Castanopsis eyrei+Phyllostachys pubescens Community, Phyllostachys pubescens Community, Phyllostachys pubescens+Pinus massoniana Community, Cryptomeria fortunei Brushwood, Abies firma Community, Cunninghamia lanceolata Brushwood, Pinus massoniana Brushwood, Schima superba Brushwood, Phyllostachys nidularia Community(plot11), Phyllostachys nidularia Community(plot13). The distributions of landscape level:grade one8, reach to33.3%, grade two7, reachd to29.17%, grade three6, reach to25%, grade four3, reach to12.5%. Eighteen plant communities which landscape evaluation CEI ranking overweigh50%, reach to75%, far overweigh50%, which reflects that Yangming Mountain is in a very good quality of landscape; As a result the plant landscape in Yangming Mountain has a advantage in ecological value, while it also has some aesthetic characteristics such as:charming, fragrant, ancient, rare, as well as some economic development value.
(6) Based on the results of the assessment, the application of botany, ecology, landscape aesthetics, forest aesthetics and the theory of tourism, the relevant technical standards of "Yang Ming mountain Forest Park planning" and "National Nature Reserve of overall planning", in accordance with the natural principle of priority, the principle of sustainable development, ecological principle, the principle of suit one's measures to local conditions, the principle of unity, humanity principles, combined with the features of the Forest Park scenic area, the mountain forest landscape planning would be for5areas:forest conservation, forest recreation and landscape area, landscape forest, economic forest, native plant nursery. The recommendations of plant landscape planning about road and trail tours online are to retain and maintain the ancient and famous trees, big trees, endangered plants and ornamental flowers and shrubs. In order to quickly form plant landscape which derived from natural but higher than it, it is better to properly add the local plants with high ornamental value and strong adaptability. Because the forest coverage rate of this mountain forest is amount to above90%, there are green trees covering all over this mountain. In the basis of protection of the original vegetation as far as possible. The recommendations of plant landscape planning about entrance District, service places, special attractions and other points are proper arrangement and reasonable application of local ornamental plants:Rhododendron ovatum, Enkianthus serrulatus, Weigela japonica, Hydrangea paniculata, Rhododendron fortunei, Rhododendron simisii in order to set off the whole forest plant landscape.
In the support of the National forestry Public Welfare Industry special project for, this study points against the forest plants' landscape characteristics of Yangmingshan National Forest Park, using brainstorming、Delphi、meeting method for the first time, it produces a set of systematic and completed Evaluation system about forest plants which formed by9quantitative indexes and6qualitative indexes including species diversity、life form diversity、evenness index、deciduous plant diversity、species richness、aromatic plant diversity、rare and old plant diversty、economic value of fruit plants、economic value of material plants、landscape stability、natural vegetation、richness of color、richness of line、space diversity、characteristics of sequential landscape. For the first time, Using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) comprehensively evaluates forest plant landscape of Yangmingshan National Forest Park, this research gets accurate data and theory. In addition, it puts forward forest plants landscape planning by using quantitative indexes and qualitative indexes to evaluate the results firstly. There is important significance for sustainable development of forest park and forest tourism, it also will fill the blank of the study in landscape evaluation about forest plants.
引文
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