年际间气象因子变化对玉米生长发育及产量的影响
摘要
本试验于2007～2011年在辽宁省北部的昌图县金家镇试验点进行,以生产上大面积推广应用的郑单958和丹玉39为试材。探讨年际间气象因子变化对玉米产量、群体结构及光合生理特性的影响。探究辽宁省影响玉米产量波动的主要的气象因子,为该地区玉米生产栽培技术措施的制定及品种类型的选择等提供参考。主要研究结果如下：
1.辽北地区年际间玉米产量波动较大。变异系数为22.56%～23.37%,其中在2008年产量最高,2009年最低。降水量是造成玉米单产波动的主要限制性因子,其次为日照时数,该地区积温完全可以满足玉米正常生长发育的需要。产量构成因素因年际间而异。其中穗数因种植密度一致即在年际间差异较小(2010除外),而穗粒数和粒重变化较大。穗粒数与对气象因子的变化反应不敏感,日照时数对粒重的影响明显。对年际间产量的稳定性来说,穗粒数对丹玉39产量贡献率较大,而郑单958产量则是粒重贡献较大。
2.年际间气象因子变化对玉米群体结构有明显影响,并导致其适宜密度和适宜密度范围发生变化,最终对产量造成影响。降水量和降水的时间分布是最主要的影响因子,其次是日照时数。受影响最大的是叶面积指数,其次依次为茎粗、叶向值、株高。6月下旬的降水量对LAI影响较大；7月上旬日照时数与叶向值密切相关；株高形成期的降水量是影响株高变化的根本原因。株高、茎粗对丹玉39产量贡献较大；对郑单958而言,叶面积指数、叶向值对产量形成产生负效应,即叶片上冲程度无法补偿由叶面积指数增加带来的影响,使群体通透性变差。
3.灌浆期群体的光合生理特性对产量形成也至关重要。年际间气象因子变化对光合生理指标有明显影响。日照时数及强度是影响其变化最主要的因子,其次是温度。受影响最大的是光合速率,其次依次为叶绿素、透光率。气象因子变化导致年际间光合产物积累发生变化,进而影响产量形成。灌浆期的日照时数是影响光合速率的主要因子。叶绿素含量主要受灌浆期的温度影响,透光率与环境因子关系较小,其与冠层结构参数密切相关。光合生理指标对不同品种产量贡献不同。在种植密度一致情况下,年际间的透光率不是影响产量的决定性因子。叶绿素含量对丹玉39产量贡献率较大,其次为光合速率。而光合速率是影响郑单958产量的主导因素。
4.同一地区年际间气象因子差异较大,严重影响玉米产量的稳定性。因此,因地制宜选择合适的品种显得尤为重要。两种不同类型的品种对年际间气象因子反应不同。中晚熟密植型品种郑单958在产量、粒重、株高、叶面积指数、叶向值、叶绿素、光合速率等方面对气象因子反应迟钝。而晚熟型稀植型品种丹玉39反应相对敏感。其品种的安全性、稳产性等方面都不及中晚熟品种。因此,在生产上选择具有广泛的适应性,对气象因子变化反应不强烈的品种,有利于规避自然灾害。
The experiment was did in Changtu jinjia town of North Liaonig province from2007to2011with Zhengdan958and Danyu39which widely popularizing and applicating in production as test materials.Disscuss the influence of meteorological factors change on maize yield.group structure and photosynthetic physiological characteristic in different years.Explore the main meteorological factors than effect on maize yield in Liaoning province,and give some reference for formulating cultivaton technical measures and selecting variety types.The results are as follow:
1.The maize yield fluctuation in north Laioning was bigger.The variable coefficient was from22.56%to23.37%.among these,2008was the highest and2009was the lowest.The major limiting factor of maize yield fluctuation was precipitation,the second was sunshine hour.The accumulated temperature of this region may fully satisfy the need for maize growth and development.Yield component factors changed with years.The difference of spike number was lesser,because of consistent planting density(except2010),but the difference of kernels per spike and grain weight were larger.The response of kernels per spike to meteorological factors had a thick skin,while the influence of sunshine hour on grain weight was obvious.For the stability of yield in different years,the contribution rate of kernels per spike to Danyu39was larger,but the contribution rate of grain weight to Zhengdan958was larger.
2.The change of meteorological factors had a significant influence on maize group structure in different years,and led to the change of suitable density and suitable density range,finally effect on yield.The time distribution of precipitation and precipitation time were the most important impact factor,and the second was sunshine hour.LAI was the most heavily affected,the next were successively stem diameter,LOV and plant height.The precipitation of the last ten-day in June had a significant impact on LAI; The sunshine hour of the first ten-day in July was closely related with LOV; The basic reason of plant height chang was precipitation at formative period of plant height.Plant height and stem diameter make a greater contribution to the yield of Danyu39; but for Zhengdan958, LAI and LOV emerged negative effect on yield,namely leaf uprush can not compensate the influence of LAI increasing,than made the group permeability worse.
3.The photosynthetic physiological characteristic of group also had a significant influence on yield formation at postulation stage.The change of meteorological factors in different years effected on photosynthetic physical index obviously. Sunshine hour and intension were the most important factors,and second was temperature.Photosynthetic rate was the most heavily affected,the next successively were SPAD and light transmittance.The change of meteorological factors led to variation of photosynthate accumulatetion,than effected on yield formation. Sunshine hour at postulation period was the most important factor of effecting on photosynthetic rate.The temperature at postulation period mainly effected on SPAD content. Tthere was small correlation between light transmittance and environmental factors,but it was closely related with canopy structure parameter.The contribution of photosynthetic physical index to yield with different varieties was distinct.Under the circumstance of the same plant density,light transmittance was not the conclusive factor for yield.SPAD content made a siginificant contribution rate to the yield of Danyu39,and the second was photosynthetic rate. Photosynthetic rate was the leading factor for Zhengdan958yield.
4.There were greater difference among meteorological factors at the same region in different years,and meteorological factors had a strong impact on maize yield.So,selecting variety according to circumstances was very important.The response of two varieties to meteorological factors was various in different years.The response of mid-late-maturing variety Zhengdan958on yield,panicle weight,plant height,LAI,LOV,SPAD and photosynthetic rate to meteorological factors was slow.However,late-maturing variety Danyu39had relatively sensitive response. The security and yield stability late-maturing variety were not as good as mid-late-maturing variety.Therefor,selecting extensive adaptability and not strongly reactive variety was beneficial to avoiding natural disaster.
1.辽北地区年际间玉米产量波动较大。变异系数为22.56%～23.37%,其中在2008年产量最高,2009年最低。降水量是造成玉米单产波动的主要限制性因子,其次为日照时数,该地区积温完全可以满足玉米正常生长发育的需要。产量构成因素因年际间而异。其中穗数因种植密度一致即在年际间差异较小(2010除外),而穗粒数和粒重变化较大。穗粒数与对气象因子的变化反应不敏感,日照时数对粒重的影响明显。对年际间产量的稳定性来说,穗粒数对丹玉39产量贡献率较大,而郑单958产量则是粒重贡献较大。
2.年际间气象因子变化对玉米群体结构有明显影响,并导致其适宜密度和适宜密度范围发生变化,最终对产量造成影响。降水量和降水的时间分布是最主要的影响因子,其次是日照时数。受影响最大的是叶面积指数,其次依次为茎粗、叶向值、株高。6月下旬的降水量对LAI影响较大；7月上旬日照时数与叶向值密切相关；株高形成期的降水量是影响株高变化的根本原因。株高、茎粗对丹玉39产量贡献较大；对郑单958而言,叶面积指数、叶向值对产量形成产生负效应,即叶片上冲程度无法补偿由叶面积指数增加带来的影响,使群体通透性变差。
3.灌浆期群体的光合生理特性对产量形成也至关重要。年际间气象因子变化对光合生理指标有明显影响。日照时数及强度是影响其变化最主要的因子,其次是温度。受影响最大的是光合速率,其次依次为叶绿素、透光率。气象因子变化导致年际间光合产物积累发生变化,进而影响产量形成。灌浆期的日照时数是影响光合速率的主要因子。叶绿素含量主要受灌浆期的温度影响,透光率与环境因子关系较小,其与冠层结构参数密切相关。光合生理指标对不同品种产量贡献不同。在种植密度一致情况下,年际间的透光率不是影响产量的决定性因子。叶绿素含量对丹玉39产量贡献率较大,其次为光合速率。而光合速率是影响郑单958产量的主导因素。
4.同一地区年际间气象因子差异较大,严重影响玉米产量的稳定性。因此,因地制宜选择合适的品种显得尤为重要。两种不同类型的品种对年际间气象因子反应不同。中晚熟密植型品种郑单958在产量、粒重、株高、叶面积指数、叶向值、叶绿素、光合速率等方面对气象因子反应迟钝。而晚熟型稀植型品种丹玉39反应相对敏感。其品种的安全性、稳产性等方面都不及中晚熟品种。因此,在生产上选择具有广泛的适应性,对气象因子变化反应不强烈的品种,有利于规避自然灾害。
The experiment was did in Changtu jinjia town of North Liaonig province from2007to2011with Zhengdan958and Danyu39which widely popularizing and applicating in production as test materials.Disscuss the influence of meteorological factors change on maize yield.group structure and photosynthetic physiological characteristic in different years.Explore the main meteorological factors than effect on maize yield in Liaoning province,and give some reference for formulating cultivaton technical measures and selecting variety types.The results are as follow:
1.The maize yield fluctuation in north Laioning was bigger.The variable coefficient was from22.56%to23.37%.among these,2008was the highest and2009was the lowest.The major limiting factor of maize yield fluctuation was precipitation,the second was sunshine hour.The accumulated temperature of this region may fully satisfy the need for maize growth and development.Yield component factors changed with years.The difference of spike number was lesser,because of consistent planting density(except2010),but the difference of kernels per spike and grain weight were larger.The response of kernels per spike to meteorological factors had a thick skin,while the influence of sunshine hour on grain weight was obvious.For the stability of yield in different years,the contribution rate of kernels per spike to Danyu39was larger,but the contribution rate of grain weight to Zhengdan958was larger.
2.The change of meteorological factors had a significant influence on maize group structure in different years,and led to the change of suitable density and suitable density range,finally effect on yield.The time distribution of precipitation and precipitation time were the most important impact factor,and the second was sunshine hour.LAI was the most heavily affected,the next were successively stem diameter,LOV and plant height.The precipitation of the last ten-day in June had a significant impact on LAI; The sunshine hour of the first ten-day in July was closely related with LOV; The basic reason of plant height chang was precipitation at formative period of plant height.Plant height and stem diameter make a greater contribution to the yield of Danyu39; but for Zhengdan958, LAI and LOV emerged negative effect on yield,namely leaf uprush can not compensate the influence of LAI increasing,than made the group permeability worse.
3.The photosynthetic physiological characteristic of group also had a significant influence on yield formation at postulation stage.The change of meteorological factors in different years effected on photosynthetic physical index obviously. Sunshine hour and intension were the most important factors,and second was temperature.Photosynthetic rate was the most heavily affected,the next successively were SPAD and light transmittance.The change of meteorological factors led to variation of photosynthate accumulatetion,than effected on yield formation. Sunshine hour at postulation period was the most important factor of effecting on photosynthetic rate.The temperature at postulation period mainly effected on SPAD content. Tthere was small correlation between light transmittance and environmental factors,but it was closely related with canopy structure parameter.The contribution of photosynthetic physical index to yield with different varieties was distinct.Under the circumstance of the same plant density,light transmittance was not the conclusive factor for yield.SPAD content made a siginificant contribution rate to the yield of Danyu39,and the second was photosynthetic rate. Photosynthetic rate was the leading factor for Zhengdan958yield.
4.There were greater difference among meteorological factors at the same region in different years,and meteorological factors had a strong impact on maize yield.So,selecting variety according to circumstances was very important.The response of two varieties to meteorological factors was various in different years.The response of mid-late-maturing variety Zhengdan958on yield,panicle weight,plant height,LAI,LOV,SPAD and photosynthetic rate to meteorological factors was slow.However,late-maturing variety Danyu39had relatively sensitive response. The security and yield stability late-maturing variety were not as good as mid-late-maturing variety.Therefor,selecting extensive adaptability and not strongly reactive variety was beneficial to avoiding natural disaster.
引文
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