SAR图像斑点滤波研究
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摘要
SAR全天候、全天时工作和穿透一些地物的特点，使合成孔径雷达遥感在固体地球科学、生态科学、水文科学和海洋科学等领域正发挥着越来越重要的作用，但SAR图像的斑点阻碍了SAR的应用。本论文研究了SAR图像的斑点滤波方法。
第一章介绍了斑点滤波的研究现状，存在的主要问题。第二章介绍了斑点的生成机理及其统计特性。第二章介绍了SAR图像的基本特性，首先简要介绍了SAR基本原理、分辨率和成像线性模型；其次介绍了雷达图像理解和处理的基础，包括图像的自然信息、斑点、乘性斑点模型和图像数据斑点-场景模型等。第四章研究了一种新型信号处理方法EMD在雷达图像处理中的应用。这一章首先简要介绍了EMD方法，以真实SAR图像数据和模拟数据分析了斑点对EMD各个模态的影响；以此为基础，研究了基于EMD方法的SAR图像多尺度边缘提取和斑点滤波方法。第五章首先介绍了斑点滤波的数学物理描述；经过比较分析基于估计理论的斑点滤波方法，研究了这些方法面临的困难；最后提出了名为自适应多视处理的斑点滤波方法，并利用机载L波段SAR图像、SIR-C图像和ERS-1图像进行了评估和测试。第六章为结论。
本论文的创新点如下：
1．在研究中发现边缘的概念比较模糊，而边缘的概念对研究斑点滤波方法边缘保持能力有重要的影响；本文认为在SAR图像处理中边缘对应图像像元值变化较大的区域；边缘保持是保持边缘区域的梯度；根据这个定义发展了边缘保持评价方法：计算去斑点图像和原始图像边缘区域内梯度绝对值和的比值。
2．提出了边缘方向在某些滤波器滤波后保持不变性的认识。
3．斑点滤波的主要困难是边缘保持问题，传统的边缘保持滤波方法不能有效保持边缘；研究发现在斑点滤波中为了保持边缘，必须沿着边缘方向在一个像元宽范围内进行平滑处理。
4．EMD方法是一种新型信号处理方法，研究发现这个方法能够用于SAR图像处理；斑点主要影响EMD第一和第二模态。
5．利用EMD方法能将信号分解为不同尺度的成分，利用EMD方法的这个特性，研究基于EMD方法SAR图像多尺度边缘提取方法。
6．提出了基于EMD方法的SAR图像斑点滤波方法；这个方法在边缘区域沿着边缘方向平滑，在同质区域在方形窗口内取平均，因此这个方法在去除斑点同时能够有效保持边缘。
7．基于估计理论的斑点滤波方法本质上是要寻找同质区域，之后在同质区域估计真实像元值，但传统的斑点滤波方法只探测了有限形状的同质区域，本文提出了一个能够探测到任意形状同质区域的SAR图像斑点滤波方法：自适应多视处理。
With its ability to image the Earth's surface in nearly all weather conditions, together with its high spatial resolution, SAR has shown its potential for classifying and monitoring geophysical parameters both locally and globally. However, speckle in SAR images disturbs its applications. The dissertation is with focus on speckle filtering.
The study of speckle filters and the problem encountered by speckle filters are introduced in the first chapter. The second chapter is concerned with how speckle originate. In the third chapter we introduce the fundamental properties of SAR images. This chapter is the foundation of SAR image processing including principles of SAR image formation, the nature of information in SAR images, the statistical properties of SAR images and the data models. A new signal processing method named EMD is exploited to process SAR images in the fourth chapter. We first research how speckle in SAR images influences the modes obtained from SAR images by EMD. We found that speckle in SAR images influences the first and the second mode. The speckle filter and multiscale edge detection technique are proposed respectively based on the effects of speckle on the modes. In the fifth chapter, we study the speckle filters in context of estimate theory, we find that the problem of the speckle filters is edge preservation. A method name
d adaptive multi-look processing is proposed, it reduces speckle while preserving the edges. At last, we evaluate the proposed methods using the simulated SAR images, Chinese L-band airborne SAR images, SIR-C/X-SAR images and ERS-1 images. The sixth chapter is conclusion. The innovations in the dissertation as bellow:
1. The definition of edge in SAR images is confused, the definition of edge is important for the study of edge preservation speckle filters. In this paper, we define an edge in an image as an area which intensity is sharply variation. The edge preservation is to preserve the gradient of edge areas. Based on edge definition, we develop a method to evaluate speckle filters in tern of edge preservation: compute ratio between the sum of gradient absolute value in the edge area of filtered image and original.
2. The prime problem of speckle filters is edge preservation, the traditional speckle filters cannot effectively preserve edge, to preserve the edge, a practical and reliable way can accomplish this mission, say, smoothing is running within a width of single pixel chain along edge direction.
3. EMD is a novel signal processing method, the study prove that this method can be used to processing SAR images, speckle in SAR images influences the first and the second mode.
4. EMD can decompose signal in different scale components, An effective algorithm of multiscale technique for detecting edges in SAR images is proposed based on the character of EMD.
5. A speckle filter based on EMD is proposed, it smooth along edge direction in edge area and compute mean of square area in homogenous region, therefore this method can reduce speckle while preserve edge in SAR images.
6. The speckle filters in context of estimate theory is essentially to look for homogenous region, then estimate the true image, but the traditional speckle filter only detect the limited shape homogenous region, a speckle filter named adaptive multi-look processing which can detect any possible shape homogenous region is proposed.
第一章介绍了斑点滤波的研究现状，存在的主要问题。第二章介绍了斑点的生成机理及其统计特性。第二章介绍了SAR图像的基本特性，首先简要介绍了SAR基本原理、分辨率和成像线性模型；其次介绍了雷达图像理解和处理的基础，包括图像的自然信息、斑点、乘性斑点模型和图像数据斑点-场景模型等。第四章研究了一种新型信号处理方法EMD在雷达图像处理中的应用。这一章首先简要介绍了EMD方法，以真实SAR图像数据和模拟数据分析了斑点对EMD各个模态的影响；以此为基础，研究了基于EMD方法的SAR图像多尺度边缘提取和斑点滤波方法。第五章首先介绍了斑点滤波的数学物理描述；经过比较分析基于估计理论的斑点滤波方法，研究了这些方法面临的困难；最后提出了名为自适应多视处理的斑点滤波方法，并利用机载L波段SAR图像、SIR-C图像和ERS-1图像进行了评估和测试。第六章为结论。
本论文的创新点如下：
1．在研究中发现边缘的概念比较模糊，而边缘的概念对研究斑点滤波方法边缘保持能力有重要的影响；本文认为在SAR图像处理中边缘对应图像像元值变化较大的区域；边缘保持是保持边缘区域的梯度；根据这个定义发展了边缘保持评价方法：计算去斑点图像和原始图像边缘区域内梯度绝对值和的比值。
2．提出了边缘方向在某些滤波器滤波后保持不变性的认识。
3．斑点滤波的主要困难是边缘保持问题，传统的边缘保持滤波方法不能有效保持边缘；研究发现在斑点滤波中为了保持边缘，必须沿着边缘方向在一个像元宽范围内进行平滑处理。
4．EMD方法是一种新型信号处理方法，研究发现这个方法能够用于SAR图像处理；斑点主要影响EMD第一和第二模态。
5．利用EMD方法能将信号分解为不同尺度的成分，利用EMD方法的这个特性，研究基于EMD方法SAR图像多尺度边缘提取方法。
6．提出了基于EMD方法的SAR图像斑点滤波方法；这个方法在边缘区域沿着边缘方向平滑，在同质区域在方形窗口内取平均，因此这个方法在去除斑点同时能够有效保持边缘。
7．基于估计理论的斑点滤波方法本质上是要寻找同质区域，之后在同质区域估计真实像元值，但传统的斑点滤波方法只探测了有限形状的同质区域，本文提出了一个能够探测到任意形状同质区域的SAR图像斑点滤波方法：自适应多视处理。
With its ability to image the Earth's surface in nearly all weather conditions, together with its high spatial resolution, SAR has shown its potential for classifying and monitoring geophysical parameters both locally and globally. However, speckle in SAR images disturbs its applications. The dissertation is with focus on speckle filtering.
The study of speckle filters and the problem encountered by speckle filters are introduced in the first chapter. The second chapter is concerned with how speckle originate. In the third chapter we introduce the fundamental properties of SAR images. This chapter is the foundation of SAR image processing including principles of SAR image formation, the nature of information in SAR images, the statistical properties of SAR images and the data models. A new signal processing method named EMD is exploited to process SAR images in the fourth chapter. We first research how speckle in SAR images influences the modes obtained from SAR images by EMD. We found that speckle in SAR images influences the first and the second mode. The speckle filter and multiscale edge detection technique are proposed respectively based on the effects of speckle on the modes. In the fifth chapter, we study the speckle filters in context of estimate theory, we find that the problem of the speckle filters is edge preservation. A method name
d adaptive multi-look processing is proposed, it reduces speckle while preserving the edges. At last, we evaluate the proposed methods using the simulated SAR images, Chinese L-band airborne SAR images, SIR-C/X-SAR images and ERS-1 images. The sixth chapter is conclusion. The innovations in the dissertation as bellow:
1. The definition of edge in SAR images is confused, the definition of edge is important for the study of edge preservation speckle filters. In this paper, we define an edge in an image as an area which intensity is sharply variation. The edge preservation is to preserve the gradient of edge areas. Based on edge definition, we develop a method to evaluate speckle filters in tern of edge preservation: compute ratio between the sum of gradient absolute value in the edge area of filtered image and original.
2. The prime problem of speckle filters is edge preservation, the traditional speckle filters cannot effectively preserve edge, to preserve the edge, a practical and reliable way can accomplish this mission, say, smoothing is running within a width of single pixel chain along edge direction.
3. EMD is a novel signal processing method, the study prove that this method can be used to processing SAR images, speckle in SAR images influences the first and the second mode.
4. EMD can decompose signal in different scale components, An effective algorithm of multiscale technique for detecting edges in SAR images is proposed based on the character of EMD.
5. A speckle filter based on EMD is proposed, it smooth along edge direction in edge area and compute mean of square area in homogenous region, therefore this method can reduce speckle while preserve edge in SAR images.
6. The speckle filters in context of estimate theory is essentially to look for homogenous region, then estimate the true image, but the traditional speckle filter only detect the limited shape homogenous region, a speckle filter named adaptive multi-look processing which can detect any possible shape homogenous region is proposed.
引文
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