城市绿地系统结构与功能的研究——以哈尔滨市为例
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摘要
本文通过遥感及地理信息系统技术、室外试验调查分析、现有数据收集统计等方法，以哈尔滨市为研究对象，对城市绿地系统的结构与功能进行了研究。研究结合了景观生态学方法及理论，其研究内容涉及到了城市热岛效应、环境空气质量、绿地系统的结构、功能及绿地综合生态效应场等方面。
城市绿地系统本底的研究内容主要包括城市热岛效应和城市环境空气质量分析两个方面。研究中对哈尔滨市热力场空间格局现状进行了多角度的分析与评价，从绿地覆盖率、绿地面积及建筑容积等方面分析影响城市热力场空间格局的因素，并根据分析结果进行了城市热力景观的理想构建。城市环境空气研究指出哈尔滨市环境空气污染以煤烟型污染为主，污染程度较重。同时以总悬浮颗粒物、二氧化硫、降尘、氮氧化物为指标进行了空气污染时间动态、空间动态的相关分析。
城市绿地景观结构的研究包括：绿地斑块分布现状分析，其中建成区绿地面积占市区总面积的约30％，绿地分布按面积大小排列为：道外区＞南岗区＞动力区＞太平区＞道里区＞香坊区；以绿地面积(分7类：＜0.25hm~2、0.25～0.5hm~2、0.5～0.75hm~2、0.75-1hm~2、1～5hm~2、5～10hm~2、＞10hm~2，其中＜0.5hm~2的为小型斑块，0.5～5hm~2的为中型斑块，＞5hm~2的为大型斑块)、绿地覆盖率(0～0.4，0.4～0.7，0.7～1.0)、种植结构(乔灌草、乔灌、乔草、灌草、乔木、灌木、草坪)为依据进行绿地类型的划分，并进行绿地率与绿地斑块面积、绿地率与地类的空间叠加及景观指数分析；道路廊道绿化现状分析。
城市绿地生态功能的研究应用了生态系统服务、界面生态学、边缘效应、生态场等理论，从绿地遮光、增温降湿、释氧固碳等改善小环境气候方面对片状与带状绿地的生态效益作了综合的分析与评价。结果表明：相同种植结构的绿地，片状绿地生态效益明显大于带状绿地；无论是片状绿地或带状绿地，复层结构绿地生态效益均大于单层结构。
本文在对温度、湿度、CO_2水平梯度场的研究中，以生态场理论为基础打破了传统的研究简单天然植物群落中生物体间的相互抑制与互惠作用，提出了生物体与环境相互作用产生绿地空间综合生态效应场，独具创新性。同时试验证明了综合生态效应场存在的物质性及有限性。指出以产生场的主体——绿地为中心的综合生态效应场为空间梯度场，场强由绿地中央至外围逐渐减弱，其减弱的程度各绿地间存在差异。
This article investigated the structure and function of green space system of Harbin, after field investigation, statistic and collection of existing data based on the technology of RS and GIS. The relative theory and method of landscape ecology was used to study the urban heat island effect, quality of atmosphere, structure and function of green space system and systematically ecological effect field of urban green space.
The urban heat island effect and quality of atmosphere were intensively focused on in the study of background of green space system in Harbin. The status of Harbin spatial pattern of thermal force field was analyzed and accessed from multi-angle, furthermore, the factors influencing thermal force field were analyzed and studied from the angle of green land covering rate, green land area and building dimension. Some advice was proposed eventually to establish ideal and realistic configuration of thermal radiation. According to large statistical data of atmosphere monitoring, the main type of air pollution in Harbin is coom and the pollution degree is heavy. At the same time, some index including the whole suspension granule, sulfur dioxide, dust dropping, nitrogen oxide were used to analyze the temporal and spatial dynamic of air pollution.
The study of urban green space landscape structure involved spatial distribution of green patch, the spatial overlay of green space covering rate, area of green patch, land use type and landscape index based on the classification of green space area (<0.25 hm2, 0.25-0.5 hm2, 0.5-0.75 hm2, 0.75-1 hm2, 1~5hm2, 5-10 hm2, >10 hm2), green space covering rate (0~0.4, 0.4~0.7, 0.4~0.7), plantation structure (Tree+ShruhH-Herb, Tree+Shrub, Tree+Herb, Shrub+Herb, Tree, Shrub, Lawn), and the analysis of road corridor virescence. The result showed that the percent of green space area is about 30% in the all region and the decreasing order is as follow: Daowai, Nangang, Dongli, Taiping, Daoli, Xiangfang.
The article applied the theory of ecosystem service, interface ecology, edge effects, ecological field to analysis and estimate ecological effect synthetically of patch and strip green space in improving microclimate from the angle of shadow, dropping temperature, increasing humidity, O2 emitting and CO2 fixing. The result described support the notion that the ecological function of patch green space is better than that of strip green-land in the same plantation structure and multistoried green space have better effects on environment than single layer in the two type greed-lands.
Based on the theory of ecological field, the research of systematically ecological effect field put up in this paper have innovative characteristic including temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide gradient effect field in horizontal direction induced by the interaction between organism and environment different from traditional research which
emphasize inhibition and mutualism of organisms in simple natural plant communities. Results indicated that the basic character of systematically ecological effect field is material and boundary. It is suggested that around green space there exist a spatial gradient effect field and field intensity decreased from the center of green space to margin which different in the type of green spaces.
城市绿地系统本底的研究内容主要包括城市热岛效应和城市环境空气质量分析两个方面。研究中对哈尔滨市热力场空间格局现状进行了多角度的分析与评价，从绿地覆盖率、绿地面积及建筑容积等方面分析影响城市热力场空间格局的因素，并根据分析结果进行了城市热力景观的理想构建。城市环境空气研究指出哈尔滨市环境空气污染以煤烟型污染为主，污染程度较重。同时以总悬浮颗粒物、二氧化硫、降尘、氮氧化物为指标进行了空气污染时间动态、空间动态的相关分析。
城市绿地景观结构的研究包括：绿地斑块分布现状分析，其中建成区绿地面积占市区总面积的约30％，绿地分布按面积大小排列为：道外区＞南岗区＞动力区＞太平区＞道里区＞香坊区；以绿地面积(分7类：＜0.25hm~2、0.25～0.5hm~2、0.5～0.75hm~2、0.75-1hm~2、1～5hm~2、5～10hm~2、＞10hm~2，其中＜0.5hm~2的为小型斑块，0.5～5hm~2的为中型斑块，＞5hm~2的为大型斑块)、绿地覆盖率(0～0.4，0.4～0.7，0.7～1.0)、种植结构(乔灌草、乔灌、乔草、灌草、乔木、灌木、草坪)为依据进行绿地类型的划分，并进行绿地率与绿地斑块面积、绿地率与地类的空间叠加及景观指数分析；道路廊道绿化现状分析。
城市绿地生态功能的研究应用了生态系统服务、界面生态学、边缘效应、生态场等理论，从绿地遮光、增温降湿、释氧固碳等改善小环境气候方面对片状与带状绿地的生态效益作了综合的分析与评价。结果表明：相同种植结构的绿地，片状绿地生态效益明显大于带状绿地；无论是片状绿地或带状绿地，复层结构绿地生态效益均大于单层结构。
本文在对温度、湿度、CO_2水平梯度场的研究中，以生态场理论为基础打破了传统的研究简单天然植物群落中生物体间的相互抑制与互惠作用，提出了生物体与环境相互作用产生绿地空间综合生态效应场，独具创新性。同时试验证明了综合生态效应场存在的物质性及有限性。指出以产生场的主体——绿地为中心的综合生态效应场为空间梯度场，场强由绿地中央至外围逐渐减弱，其减弱的程度各绿地间存在差异。
This article investigated the structure and function of green space system of Harbin, after field investigation, statistic and collection of existing data based on the technology of RS and GIS. The relative theory and method of landscape ecology was used to study the urban heat island effect, quality of atmosphere, structure and function of green space system and systematically ecological effect field of urban green space.
The urban heat island effect and quality of atmosphere were intensively focused on in the study of background of green space system in Harbin. The status of Harbin spatial pattern of thermal force field was analyzed and accessed from multi-angle, furthermore, the factors influencing thermal force field were analyzed and studied from the angle of green land covering rate, green land area and building dimension. Some advice was proposed eventually to establish ideal and realistic configuration of thermal radiation. According to large statistical data of atmosphere monitoring, the main type of air pollution in Harbin is coom and the pollution degree is heavy. At the same time, some index including the whole suspension granule, sulfur dioxide, dust dropping, nitrogen oxide were used to analyze the temporal and spatial dynamic of air pollution.
The study of urban green space landscape structure involved spatial distribution of green patch, the spatial overlay of green space covering rate, area of green patch, land use type and landscape index based on the classification of green space area (<0.25 hm2, 0.25-0.5 hm2, 0.5-0.75 hm2, 0.75-1 hm2, 1~5hm2, 5-10 hm2, >10 hm2), green space covering rate (0~0.4, 0.4~0.7, 0.4~0.7), plantation structure (Tree+ShruhH-Herb, Tree+Shrub, Tree+Herb, Shrub+Herb, Tree, Shrub, Lawn), and the analysis of road corridor virescence. The result showed that the percent of green space area is about 30% in the all region and the decreasing order is as follow: Daowai, Nangang, Dongli, Taiping, Daoli, Xiangfang.
The article applied the theory of ecosystem service, interface ecology, edge effects, ecological field to analysis and estimate ecological effect synthetically of patch and strip green space in improving microclimate from the angle of shadow, dropping temperature, increasing humidity, O2 emitting and CO2 fixing. The result described support the notion that the ecological function of patch green space is better than that of strip green-land in the same plantation structure and multistoried green space have better effects on environment than single layer in the two type greed-lands.
Based on the theory of ecological field, the research of systematically ecological effect field put up in this paper have innovative characteristic including temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide gradient effect field in horizontal direction induced by the interaction between organism and environment different from traditional research which
emphasize inhibition and mutualism of organisms in simple natural plant communities. Results indicated that the basic character of systematically ecological effect field is material and boundary. It is suggested that around green space there exist a spatial gradient effect field and field intensity decreased from the center of green space to margin which different in the type of green spaces.
引文
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80 Walker J. Ecological field theory: the concept and field test. Vegetation. 1989,8(3):81～95
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75 Nilsson-K. Park and landscape research in Sweden. Forest and Landscape Research. 1994, 1(2): 167～180
76 O.S. Pinho, M. D. Manso Orgaz. The urban heat island in a small city in coastal Portuga. Int J Biometeorol, 2000,44:198～203
77 Nowak, D.J. Air pollution removal by Chicago's urban forest. Chicago's urban forest ecosystem: results of the Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project. 1994, 63～81
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