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中国保险业的经济外部性实证研究
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摘要
摘要:外部性研究是经济学研究中的一个长盛不衰的热点问题。近年来兴起的金融领域的外部性研究,为揭示现代金融发展与经济增长之间的因果关系提供了可靠的实证方法。保险业作为现代金融体系的重要组成部分,经济外溢效应显著,对其溢出机制和溢出绩效的实证研究是国内外研究的重点之一。尤其是中国保险业,其在发展过程中展现出了旺盛的生命力和显著的外部性效果,因此,对中国保险业的经济外部性进行系统实证研究具有重要的理论意义与现实价值。
     本文首先对中国保险业的发展状况进行全面分析与评价,通过对保险业与经济增长的关联性实证来检验保险业的经济外部性效果。在此基础上,从产业功能的视角对中国保险业的经济外部性产生原理进行解析,并分别基于Feder两部门模型和预防性储蓄理论拓展模型对外溢路径和溢出渠道进行研究,构建起中国保险业的经济外部性溢出机制模型。
     在理论分析的基础上,通过对全国24个省市地区进行广泛的问卷调查获得大量原始数据,详细的调研数据分析和Logit二元离散模型实证检验显现了现阶段中国保险业的经济外部性溢出特征。随后,本文运用2003年~2012年全国31个省市地区的面板数据,在对Feder两部门模型进行理论拓展的基础上,采用两部门Panel Data模型对中国保险业的生产外部性进行实证研究,结果表明,保险能显著影响非保险部门的产出,中国保险业的生产外溢效应系数为0.1142。通过引入保险消费这一影响因素,构建基于预防性储蓄理论的VAR拓展模型,运用1980年~2010年间的年度时序数据对中国保险业的消费外部性进行实证研究,结果显示,保险能有效促进消费和收入的增长,在长期内保险消费对社会消费的促进作用稳定在5%的水平。
     基于以上研究,本文得出如下主要结论:
     (1)中国保险业的经济外部性根源于经济补偿、资金融通和社会管理三大产业功能,在此基础上衍生出共享资源、优化配置、提升效率、推动创新、扩大投资、深化金融、促进消费、扩大内需、管控风险、提升素质、和谐社会等一系列经济外溢效应。
     (2)调研实证显示,中国保险业的经济外部性溢出渠道主要有规模经济溢出、投资溢出、消费溢出、技术溢出、知识溢出与人力溢出等数种。
     (3)基于两部门Panel Data模型的实证表明,保险作为一种重要的生产要素投入,会显著影响非保险部门的产出进而促进经济增长。经测算,对非保险部门每增加1%的保险要素投入,会产生国民经济增长0.1142%的保险生产外溢效应。
     (4)基于预防性储蓄理论的VAR拓展模型实证显示,保险通过降低个体未来的经济不确定性,可有效释放全社会的预防性储蓄,提升储蓄向投资转化的效率,保险消费的增加,短期内会带来社会边际消费倾向同比增加0.09,长期内对社会消费的促进作用稳定在5%的水平。
     本文的创新之处在于:(1)首次构建了较为完整的中国保险业的经济外部性作用体系,在金融领域的外部性理论研究方面有所拓展;
     (2)对中国保险业的经济外部性进行广泛问卷调研,并运用Logit二元离散模型进行实证检验,展现了中国保险业的经济外部性特征;
     (3)对Feder两部门模型和预防性储蓄理论进行了相应地理论拓展与创新,并在此基础上分别构建两部门Panel Data模型和VAR模型对中国保险业的生产与消费外部性进行实证研究。
ABSTRACT:The study of externality is a hot issue in the study of economics.Its appearance in the field of finance in recent years has become a reliable empirical method revealing the causal relationship between financial development and economic growth. Insurance industry,as an important part of the modern financial system, whose economic spillover is remarkable, makes a positive contribution to promote the economic growth,so the empirical research on its spillover mechanism and performance is one of the focus of the research at home and abroad. Specific to the Chinese insurance industry,it presents exuberant vitality and its significant externality during the development process. Therefore, an empirical study on the economic externality of Chinese insurance industry possesses high value of theory study and practical applications.
     In the first part, this paper conducts a comprehensive analysis and evaluation on the development of Chinese insurance industry,and there is also an empirical inspection showing the economic externality through the correlation of the insurance industry and economic growth.Then this paper illustrates the principle of the economic externality in insurance industry from the perspective of industrial function, and it studies the spillover paths and the overflow channels respectively based on the two departments Feder model and the development model of precautionary savings theory,to build up the economic externality spillover mechanism model for Chinese insurance industry.
     On the basis of theoretical analysis, this paper obtains a large amount of raw data in24provinces and regions in our country through a wide range of questionnaire survey and verifies the rationality of the models above by a detailed data analysis and a empirical test result of Logit binary discrete model, which reveals the externality characteristics of the overflow in the present economic of Chinese insurance industry.Then this paper carries on an empirical research on the production externality in Chinese insurance industry with the Panel Data from31provinces throughout the country in2003to2012of,on the basis of the theory development of two departments of the Feder model with Panel Data model of two departments.The results show that the insurance can significantly affects the output of the non-insurance sectors,whose coefficient of the insurance industry production spillover effect is0.1142. And by introducing this important influencing factors insurance consumption, it builds VAR model based on the precautionary savings theory, using the annual time series data in1980to2010of the consumption externalities in Chinese insurance industry for empirical research, whose results shows that insurance can effectively promote the growth of consumption and income by5%steadily in the long term.
     This paper can draw the main following conclusions:
     (1) The economic externality is rooted in the three big industrial functions,which are the economic compensation, financing and social management function,deriving a series of spillover effect such as the risk control,loss reduction,efficiency improvement, and trade promotion,investment expansion, innovation promotion, resource optimization, deepening the financial,consumption promotion,domestic demand expansion, better employment and social security,quality improvement,ecological management and harmonious society and so on.
     (2) Empirical research shows that the spillovers of scale economy,investment,consumption, technology, knowledge and human resources are the main spillover channels.
     (3) The empirical evidence based on two department Panel Data model shows that the insurance as an important production input will significantly influence the output of non-insurance departments, and accordingly it promotes economic growth.By calculation for the insurance sector, every1%increase in insurance inputs will lead to0.1142%growth of national economic which results from spillover of the insurance production.
     (4) The empirical evidence based on the precautionary savings theory of the VAR model shows that insurance release the precautionary savings of the whole society by reducing individual economic uncertainty in the future to improve the conversion efficiency from saving to investment. The increase of insurance consumption in the short term will bring0.09rise of social marginal propensity to consume,and in the long term it promotes social consumption by5%steadily.
     The innovations of this paper are as follows:(1) It has constructed a comprehensive economic externality research system for Chinese insurance industry for the first time which has developed the theory in financial field;(2) It has conducted an extensive questionnaire and investigation on the economic externality for Chinese insurance industry, and has empirically tested it with discrete binary Logit model, showing the economic externality characteristics of the Chinese insurance industry;(3) This paper has also extended the Feder two departments model and the precautionary savings theory correspondingly, and on this basis it has carried on empirical research with two departments Panel Data model and the VAR model of the production and consumption externalities for Chinese insurance industry.
引文
1 数据来源于历年《中国保险年鉴》和中国保险监督管理委员会公布的官方统计数据。
    1 数据来源于瑞士再保险最新Sigma披露的相关信息。
    1 数据来源于《2013中国保险年鉴》。
    2 数据来源于中国保险监督管理委员会官方网站(http://www.circ.gov.cn)公布的2013年保险统计数据。
    1 据瑞士再世界保险数据库数据,2010年的全球保险深度为6.9%,全球保险密度为627.3美元;而中国的保险深度为3.7%,中国保险密度为1083.4元,差距之大,显而易见。
    2 根据新华网(www.news.cn)2012年2月7日的新闻“2011年各省市人均GDP数据出炉25省份超4000美元”一文,“统计表明,在31个省区市2011年人均GDP一览表中,共有25个省份的人均GDP超过4000美元,达到中等偏上国家水平。全国2011年人均GDP实现5450美元,共有天津、上海、北京、江苏、浙江、内蒙古等11个省份超过全国这一平均水平。”
    3 数据来源于《2012、2013中国保险年鉴》。
    1 数据来源于国家统计局公布的数据:2010年我国GDP(国内生产总值)为39.7983万亿元,这意味着人均GDP已超过4000美元。
    2 2006年,世行《东亚经济发展报告》提出了“中等收入陷阱”(Middle Income Trap)的概念,基本涵义是指:即鲜有中等收入的经济体成功地跻身为高收入国家,这些国家往往陷入了经济增长的停滞期,既无法在工资方面与低收入国家竞争,又无法在尖端技术研制方面与富裕国家竞争。要跳过这个陷阱,转变经济发展方式,进行经济结构的战略性调整是关键。按照世界银行的标准,2010年我国人均国内生产总值达到4400美元,已经进入中等收入偏上国家的行列。
    3 根据国际经验,城市化的发展是一个缓慢、加速、再减慢的过程。当城市化水平达到30%左右后,就将进入加速阶段。2010年我国的城市化率是47.5%(根据2010年11月1日零时为标准时点进行的第六次全国人口普查数据计算),已经处于加速阶段内。据预测我国城市化水平在2015年将达到50.35%,2020年达到54.45%,2030年达到61.63%。
    1 数据来源于2013年1月16日商务部公告:我国城乡居民储蓄余额接近40万亿元,详见:http://finance.sina.com.cn/china/20130116/104714303145.shtml。
    3 数据来源于2013年1月18日国家统计局网站公告:2012年GDP同比增7.8%首次突破50万亿元,详见:http://money.163.com/13/0118/10/8LGAROCE00253B0H_all.html。
    1 上述保险定义参考自[挪威]Karl H. Borch著,庹国柱、王国军、丁少群、王锋译,并由北京商务印书馆1999年出版的《保险经济学》第3页。
    1 上述关于保险经济的论述,引用自加拿大统计局Tarek M. Harchaoui的《经济学账户中的保险业处理》,来源十[美]迪翁(Georges Dionne)主编、朱铭来等译校并由中国金融出版社2007年出版的《保险经济学前沿问题研究》第652~656页。
    1 数据来源于中国保险监督管理委员会官方网站(http://www.circ.gov.cn)公布的2013年保险统计数据。
    1 上述观点总结自[美]小哈罗德·斯凯博等著、荆涛等译的《国际风险与保险:环境——管理分析》(北京:机械工业出版社,1999)一书中的第40~48页。
    2 上述观点总结自孙祁祥等著的《体制转轨时期的中国保险业》(北京:中国财政经济出版社,1999)一书中的第195~197页。
    1 此处两段内容引用自孙祁祥、郑伟等著《保险制度与市场经济——历史、理论与实证考察》(北京:经济科学出版社,2009)一书中第73-75页、第113-115页的相关观点。
    1 著名经济学家斯蒂格利茨(Joseph E.Stiglitz)在《经济学》中写到:“投资包含了两层意思。家庭认为自己购买的股票和债券是投资,这称为金融投资。”“购买新机器和建筑物代表企业投资,有时我们称为实物投资。
    1 1962年阿罗(Arrow)在著名的《干中学的经济含义》中提出了干中学效应(Learning by doing),将知识归结为经验:在生产中产生并尝试解决问题的实践将会极大促进生产的发展。罗默1986年在《收益递增经济增长模型》中提出了自己的内生经济增长模型,继承了阿罗的思想,认为知识和技术研发是经济增长的源泉,指出知识是公共产品,具有正的外部性,即“外溢效应”。
    2 舒尔茨认为教育或人力资本投资将产生两种收益:一种是个人或家庭获得的未来收益;另一种是其他人及家庭获得的收益,或社会收益,这是一种非市场化收益,如受过教育的工作对雇主和其他同事的良好影响,受教育者对邻居的影响等。总之,教育投资会产生在一个社会中广泛扩散的教育收支系列。因此计量人力资本对经济增长和发展的贡献,应该充分考虑个人收益流量中没有得到显示的教育和人力资本投资的外溢效应或收益。
    1 数据来自中国人民银行2013年1月的“金融机构本外币信贷收支表”,http://www.pbc.gov.cn/publish/html/kuangjia.htm?id=2012s01.htm。
    2 数据来源于中华人民共和国国家统计局2013年2月22日公布的“中华人民共和国2012年国民经济和社会发展统计公报”,http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/ndtjgb/qgndtjgb/t20130221_402874525.htm。
    3 相关评论详见新华社2011年3月16日公布的“国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划纲要”,http://www.gov.cn/20111h/content_1825838_2.htm。
    1 相关预防性储蓄理论的详细的公式推导过程,可参考北京经济科学出版社2009年出版的,由裴春霞和臧旭恒所著《中国居民预防性储蓄行为研究》一书的第56-83页。
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