以交通为导向的新型建筑模式研究
|
摘要
近年来,我国中小城市城市化发展速度迅猛。城市化的无序过快发展导致城市人口短期之内大幅度增加,建筑密度加大,人与车辆流量加大,随之建筑体外部道路空间并没有改善,甚至严重受到压缩,再加上私人交通工具无节制的增长,市内交通拥挤状况愈来愈严重；城市建筑模式尤其是居住区依然有“邻里单位”思想的影子,其主要特征是分散和半封闭。新建高层商住楼之间没有贯通的道路系统,并且外部设有“围墙”,与周围道路和空间分隔开,在交通系统中形成一个个的“死结”。如此不合理的城市建筑模式又导致新的交通拥堵问题的发生,以上这些问题促使中小城市的城市建筑模式与交通系统需要更好地协调与衔接。
针对存在的问题,本文致力于以改变中小城市建筑模式的思路来缓解城市交通拥堵状况,与传统解决交通拥堵问题所采取的单纯改变道路和交通系统元素的方法有所区别。通过对比中国和西方国家产生交通拥堵的历史原因有何不同,分析国内外优秀案例解决此类问题所采用的办法,对国内中小城市建筑模式和“中国特色”的交通现状进行详细的调研和分析,提出一种“以交通为导向的新型建筑模式”理论,英文为The Traffic-oriented Architecture Model,简称“TAM”,并归纳出其遵循的原则与采用的具体办法,具体内容涉及建筑体功能分区与布局、建筑体内外交通的衔接、零换乘交通枢纽、三维立体交通开发和改变道路横断面等。
“TAM”理论不但考虑建筑体内部的交通布局,而且将整体建筑与周围的道路交通、公交换乘点和公共空间作为一个整体考虑,这样可使各交通主体利益最大化,并且增加人与人之间的交流,建筑群体与交通体系得到更好的衔接,一定程度上避免交通拥堵的发生。
为了更加明确的阐述“TAM”理论的具体规划和应用方法,本文后期以经十路两边数个街区为例,对其中所包含的建筑体功能进行整合与归纳,在增加楼层高度,合理规划布局所包含的学校、企事业单位、单位宿舍、居民区、公共展厅、大型酒店及商场等功能建筑体的基础上,最大限度的合理利用土地资源,确保公共交通换乘点与建筑体进行完美的衔接,同时兼顾绿地景观的面积和公共设施的完善。加入交通因素后重新规划的街区建筑模式中,人、车辆和建筑等各项实体更加集中,联系更加密切。“人车分流”的思想和“以交通为导向的新型建筑模式”思路,为居民生活与外出提供方便的同时,大大减轻了该区域常住人口流动量,消除了目前快速主干道上公交车辆过多造成的运力降低,同时达到缓解交通压力的目的。
In recent years, rapid pace of disorder urbanization in medium and small cities led to many bad effects:urban population increase substantially in the short term, building density increased, along with the road and space outside the body building severely compressed, coupled with the uncontrolled growth of private vehicles, city traffic congestion situation is getting worse. City building mode especially in residential areas still have the shadow of "neighborhood unit" thought which main feature is the decentralized and semi-closed. Between the new high-rise commercial and residential there have no linking road system, and its external "wall" separated the surrounding roads and space, forming a series of "knot". Irrational city building mode lead to another new traffic congestion problems occur. These problems prompted the city building mode needs better coordination and convergence with the transportation system in medium and small cities.
For the problems, this article hopes to ease urban traffic congestion problems through the idea of changing building mode, differently with traditional methods which merely change the elements of road and transport system. By comparing the different historical reasons coursing the traffic congestion between China and Western countries, analyzing the excellent case method in home and broad, researching the architectural mode of domestic and the traffic status of "Chinese characteristics", Create a "Traffic-oriented architecture model" theory which short title is "TAM", and summarize the principles and detailed methods used, specific contents covers the functional area and layout of the building body, the convergence of traffic inside and outside, zero transfer hub, the development of three-dimensional transport, the change of road cross section, and so on.
The "TAM" theory not only thought the internal traffic layout of the architecture, but also considered the building, the road traffic, and the bus transfer space as a whole. This allows the maximum benefits of the main traffic, and increase communication between people, the building and transportation system will better convergence, to some extent prevent the occurrence of traffic jams.
In order to more clearly spelled out the "TAM" theory and application of specific plans, the paper will take few blocks along the JINGSHI road for example, integrate and induct the including building function, based on increase the floor height, reasonable layout the school, enterprises and institutions, unit quarters, residential areas, public halls, large hotels and shopping malls, then maximize the rational utilization of land resources, ensure the public transport interchange point and building better convergence, taking the green landscape of the area and public facilities into account. The re-planning building block model of joining transport factors, people, vehicles, buildings and other entities are more focused and closely linked. The thinking of" Separation of pedestrian and vehicle traffic " and "Traffic-oriented architecture model",greatly reduce the resident population flows in the region, and ease the traffic pressure at the same time.
针对存在的问题,本文致力于以改变中小城市建筑模式的思路来缓解城市交通拥堵状况,与传统解决交通拥堵问题所采取的单纯改变道路和交通系统元素的方法有所区别。通过对比中国和西方国家产生交通拥堵的历史原因有何不同,分析国内外优秀案例解决此类问题所采用的办法,对国内中小城市建筑模式和“中国特色”的交通现状进行详细的调研和分析,提出一种“以交通为导向的新型建筑模式”理论,英文为The Traffic-oriented Architecture Model,简称“TAM”,并归纳出其遵循的原则与采用的具体办法,具体内容涉及建筑体功能分区与布局、建筑体内外交通的衔接、零换乘交通枢纽、三维立体交通开发和改变道路横断面等。
“TAM”理论不但考虑建筑体内部的交通布局,而且将整体建筑与周围的道路交通、公交换乘点和公共空间作为一个整体考虑,这样可使各交通主体利益最大化,并且增加人与人之间的交流,建筑群体与交通体系得到更好的衔接,一定程度上避免交通拥堵的发生。
为了更加明确的阐述“TAM”理论的具体规划和应用方法,本文后期以经十路两边数个街区为例,对其中所包含的建筑体功能进行整合与归纳,在增加楼层高度,合理规划布局所包含的学校、企事业单位、单位宿舍、居民区、公共展厅、大型酒店及商场等功能建筑体的基础上,最大限度的合理利用土地资源,确保公共交通换乘点与建筑体进行完美的衔接,同时兼顾绿地景观的面积和公共设施的完善。加入交通因素后重新规划的街区建筑模式中,人、车辆和建筑等各项实体更加集中,联系更加密切。“人车分流”的思想和“以交通为导向的新型建筑模式”思路,为居民生活与外出提供方便的同时,大大减轻了该区域常住人口流动量,消除了目前快速主干道上公交车辆过多造成的运力降低,同时达到缓解交通压力的目的。
In recent years, rapid pace of disorder urbanization in medium and small cities led to many bad effects:urban population increase substantially in the short term, building density increased, along with the road and space outside the body building severely compressed, coupled with the uncontrolled growth of private vehicles, city traffic congestion situation is getting worse. City building mode especially in residential areas still have the shadow of "neighborhood unit" thought which main feature is the decentralized and semi-closed. Between the new high-rise commercial and residential there have no linking road system, and its external "wall" separated the surrounding roads and space, forming a series of "knot". Irrational city building mode lead to another new traffic congestion problems occur. These problems prompted the city building mode needs better coordination and convergence with the transportation system in medium and small cities.
For the problems, this article hopes to ease urban traffic congestion problems through the idea of changing building mode, differently with traditional methods which merely change the elements of road and transport system. By comparing the different historical reasons coursing the traffic congestion between China and Western countries, analyzing the excellent case method in home and broad, researching the architectural mode of domestic and the traffic status of "Chinese characteristics", Create a "Traffic-oriented architecture model" theory which short title is "TAM", and summarize the principles and detailed methods used, specific contents covers the functional area and layout of the building body, the convergence of traffic inside and outside, zero transfer hub, the development of three-dimensional transport, the change of road cross section, and so on.
The "TAM" theory not only thought the internal traffic layout of the architecture, but also considered the building, the road traffic, and the bus transfer space as a whole. This allows the maximum benefits of the main traffic, and increase communication between people, the building and transportation system will better convergence, to some extent prevent the occurrence of traffic jams.
In order to more clearly spelled out the "TAM" theory and application of specific plans, the paper will take few blocks along the JINGSHI road for example, integrate and induct the including building function, based on increase the floor height, reasonable layout the school, enterprises and institutions, unit quarters, residential areas, public halls, large hotels and shopping malls, then maximize the rational utilization of land resources, ensure the public transport interchange point and building better convergence, taking the green landscape of the area and public facilities into account. The re-planning building block model of joining transport factors, people, vehicles, buildings and other entities are more focused and closely linked. The thinking of" Separation of pedestrian and vehicle traffic " and "Traffic-oriented architecture model",greatly reduce the resident population flows in the region, and ease the traffic pressure at the same time.
引文
[1]李林.商业建筑综合体与城市空间的有机融合[D].湖南大学硕士学位论文,2007
[2]叶强.中国快速城市化对建筑发展的影响[J].建筑师.2006(01)：54
[3]金大雄.交通规划理论[M].形雪出版社,2006：23
[4]叶强.中国快速城市化对建筑发展的影响[J].建筑师.2006(01)：55
[5]韩冬青,冯金龙.城市建筑一体化设计[M].南京：东南大学出版社,1999：3
[6]翁华锋.国外城市更新的历程与特点及其几点启示[J].福建建筑,2006,(5)：23.
[7]孙莉芬.城市交道拥挤疏导决策支持系统的研究[D].武汉华中科技大学硕士学位论文,2005
[8]夏业良.中国·交通：交通堵塞的社会成本[J].经济观察报,2003：17
[9]联合国人居中心编著.城市化的世界[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1999：12
[10]马庆斌.全球化背景下的城市发展研究[J].云南大学学报(社会科学版),2004(2)：10-14
[11]李朝阳.面向可持续发展的城市道路规划建设研究[D].同济大学博士学位论文,2002
[12]Hugh Ferris,The Metropolis of Tomorrow [M].Princeton Architectural Press.New York.1986.
[13]Architects Community van den Broken Bakema.Architecture-Urbanism [M].Germany:Karl Kramer Verlag Stuttgart.1976.
[14]Amitava Deb.Sustainable Cities in Developing Countries[M]. Building Research and Information.1998:26.
[15]中国统计摘要.2010.
[16]汤文.香港城市交通管理给我们的启示[J].城市公共交通,2005(03)
[17]借鉴香港“公交优先”经验.http://www.zzszj.gov.cn/htm/news/200510/389.htm
[18]林燕.浅析香港建筑综合体与城市交通空间的整合[J].建筑学报,2007：27
[19]BTV在线.国外治理交通拥堵方面的经验.
[20]王文卿.城市地下空间规划与设计[M].东南大学出版社,2000：45
[21]胡璟.共生理论下的城市建筑综合体设计研究[D].厦门大学.硕士学位论文.2007
[22]王建国,龚恺.现代城市设计理论和方法[M].东南大学出版社,2004：54
[23]景鹏.浅谈以人为本的城市广场设计[D].华南理工大学硕士学位论文.2009
[24]左铁镛,辛铁操.北京交通与奥运[M].人民交通出版社,2004：13
[25]张骏.基于仿真优化的城市交通信号控制系统研究[D].西南交通大学硕士学位论文.2006
[26]郭法霞.中小城市提高公交吸引力的措施[J].河北交通科技,2007(04)：3
[27]易文琼.浅谈如何构建文明交通赣州市公安局交警支队.
[28]吴海强.城镇交通管理现状分析及对策[J].商情,2009(31)：88
[29]仇保兴.8种城建“盲目症”.人民日报海外版,2005(5)
[30]张松,孙世传.论城市的建筑与交通[J].丹东纺专学报,1999(12)：74
[31]潘有成,莫海波.新开发区域建设项目交通影响评价及其应用研究[J].重庆交通学院报,2007(26)：140-143
[32]张燕妮,魏毓洁.对我国现代城市更新的思考[J].高等建筑教育,2006(1)：21-22
[33]陈晓鸿.城市客运交通系统[M].同济大学出版社,2003：12
[34]国际建筑协会.《马丘比丘宪章》.1977.百度百科.
[35]张莉娜.浅谈解决中国城市交通拥堵问题的主要思路[J].现代企业文化,2009(5)：119
[36]科拉伦斯·佩里.“邻里单元”理论.1929.百度百科.
[37]吴尧.TOD理念在我国城市郊区居住区规划中的应用研究[D].湖南大学硕士学位论文.2008
[38](美)凯文。林奇.城市意象[M].项秉仁译.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2001：41-43
[39]Gel Jan.The Residential Street Environment[M].Building Environment.1980:51-56.
[40](丹麦)杨·盖尔.交往与空间[M].何人可译.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2002：32
[41]唐子来.西方城市空间结构研究的理论和方法[J].城市规划汇刊,1997(6)：05
[42]李飞.论促进边缘社区整合的邻里环境营造[D].同济大学硕士学位论文.2001
[43]余以文.城市道路横断面设计探讨[J].广东科技,2010(229)：167
[44]杨晓光.道路横断面形式优化设计[J].道路交通管理,2008：44
[45]李朝阳,徐循初.城市道路横断面规划设计研究[J].城市规划汇刊,2001(2)：49
[46]胡春雷.我国大城市交通问题及对策[J].中国市政工程,2003(1)：5-7
[47]Amitava Deb. Sustainable Cities in Developing Countries [M].Building Research and Information.1998:26
[48]童林旭。地下空间与城市现代化发展[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2005：56
[49]卢源.城市交通空间的塑造与整合--评2003-2004年度中法城市交通系列研讨会[J].城市交通,2005(4)：38
[50]王建国.城市设计[M].南京：东南大学出版社,1999：180
[51]严迅奇.联系的美学[J].世界建筑,1997：98
[2]叶强.中国快速城市化对建筑发展的影响[J].建筑师.2006(01)：54
[3]金大雄.交通规划理论[M].形雪出版社,2006：23
[4]叶强.中国快速城市化对建筑发展的影响[J].建筑师.2006(01)：55
[5]韩冬青,冯金龙.城市建筑一体化设计[M].南京：东南大学出版社,1999：3
[6]翁华锋.国外城市更新的历程与特点及其几点启示[J].福建建筑,2006,(5)：23.
[7]孙莉芬.城市交道拥挤疏导决策支持系统的研究[D].武汉华中科技大学硕士学位论文,2005
[8]夏业良.中国·交通：交通堵塞的社会成本[J].经济观察报,2003：17
[9]联合国人居中心编著.城市化的世界[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1999：12
[10]马庆斌.全球化背景下的城市发展研究[J].云南大学学报(社会科学版),2004(2)：10-14
[11]李朝阳.面向可持续发展的城市道路规划建设研究[D].同济大学博士学位论文,2002
[12]Hugh Ferris,The Metropolis of Tomorrow [M].Princeton Architectural Press.New York.1986.
[13]Architects Community van den Broken Bakema.Architecture-Urbanism [M].Germany:Karl Kramer Verlag Stuttgart.1976.
[14]Amitava Deb.Sustainable Cities in Developing Countries[M]. Building Research and Information.1998:26.
[15]中国统计摘要.2010.
[16]汤文.香港城市交通管理给我们的启示[J].城市公共交通,2005(03)
[17]借鉴香港“公交优先”经验.http://www.zzszj.gov.cn/htm/news/200510/389.htm
[18]林燕.浅析香港建筑综合体与城市交通空间的整合[J].建筑学报,2007：27
[19]BTV在线.国外治理交通拥堵方面的经验.
[20]王文卿.城市地下空间规划与设计[M].东南大学出版社,2000：45
[21]胡璟.共生理论下的城市建筑综合体设计研究[D].厦门大学.硕士学位论文.2007
[22]王建国,龚恺.现代城市设计理论和方法[M].东南大学出版社,2004：54
[23]景鹏.浅谈以人为本的城市广场设计[D].华南理工大学硕士学位论文.2009
[24]左铁镛,辛铁操.北京交通与奥运[M].人民交通出版社,2004：13
[25]张骏.基于仿真优化的城市交通信号控制系统研究[D].西南交通大学硕士学位论文.2006
[26]郭法霞.中小城市提高公交吸引力的措施[J].河北交通科技,2007(04)：3
[27]易文琼.浅谈如何构建文明交通赣州市公安局交警支队.
[28]吴海强.城镇交通管理现状分析及对策[J].商情,2009(31)：88
[29]仇保兴.8种城建“盲目症”.人民日报海外版,2005(5)
[30]张松,孙世传.论城市的建筑与交通[J].丹东纺专学报,1999(12)：74
[31]潘有成,莫海波.新开发区域建设项目交通影响评价及其应用研究[J].重庆交通学院报,2007(26)：140-143
[32]张燕妮,魏毓洁.对我国现代城市更新的思考[J].高等建筑教育,2006(1)：21-22
[33]陈晓鸿.城市客运交通系统[M].同济大学出版社,2003：12
[34]国际建筑协会.《马丘比丘宪章》.1977.百度百科.
[35]张莉娜.浅谈解决中国城市交通拥堵问题的主要思路[J].现代企业文化,2009(5)：119
[36]科拉伦斯·佩里.“邻里单元”理论.1929.百度百科.
[37]吴尧.TOD理念在我国城市郊区居住区规划中的应用研究[D].湖南大学硕士学位论文.2008
[38](美)凯文。林奇.城市意象[M].项秉仁译.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2001：41-43
[39]Gel Jan.The Residential Street Environment[M].Building Environment.1980:51-56.
[40](丹麦)杨·盖尔.交往与空间[M].何人可译.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2002：32
[41]唐子来.西方城市空间结构研究的理论和方法[J].城市规划汇刊,1997(6)：05
[42]李飞.论促进边缘社区整合的邻里环境营造[D].同济大学硕士学位论文.2001
[43]余以文.城市道路横断面设计探讨[J].广东科技,2010(229)：167
[44]杨晓光.道路横断面形式优化设计[J].道路交通管理,2008：44
[45]李朝阳,徐循初.城市道路横断面规划设计研究[J].城市规划汇刊,2001(2)：49
[46]胡春雷.我国大城市交通问题及对策[J].中国市政工程,2003(1)：5-7
[47]Amitava Deb. Sustainable Cities in Developing Countries [M].Building Research and Information.1998:26
[48]童林旭。地下空间与城市现代化发展[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2005：56
[49]卢源.城市交通空间的塑造与整合--评2003-2004年度中法城市交通系列研讨会[J].城市交通,2005(4)：38
[50]王建国.城市设计[M].南京：东南大学出版社,1999：180
[51]严迅奇.联系的美学[J].世界建筑,1997：98