基于粒子系统的不规则物体的仿真与实现
|
摘要
随着计算机硬件和软件技术的快速发展,使得计算机对不规则物体的模拟技术已经渗入到人们日常生活中的各个角落,同时也促进了计算机动画技术的发展。计算机动画技术现已被广泛应用于航空航天、影视娱乐、计算机游戏以及三维动画等领域,有着广阔的发展前景,因此对不规则物体的模拟变得更为重要,然而,由于不规则物体具有不规则性、随机性以及内在的不确定性,很难用传统的建模方法和技术进行描述,粒子系统被认为是一种模拟不规则物体较为成功的方法,引起国内外学者广泛的关注和研究。本文使用OpenGL图形软件接口和粒子系统对两种比较有代表性的不规则物体——喷泉和瀑布进行了模拟,主要做了以下工作：
[1]介绍了粒子系统的国内外研究现状。详细描述了粒子系统的基本概念和基本思想,在此基础上进行了研究。掌握了使用粒子系统建立模型的方法和步骤,在前人的基础上进行了概括和总结。
[2]将粒子系统理论和模型应用于喷泉这一自然景观的模拟。在确定粒子属性的时候,根据喷泉粒子运动的特点选取了一部分属性,在很大程度上节省了系统的时间开销。准确的建立喷泉系统模型,通过调整喷泉的初始位置、喷泉股数、喷射角度以及矢量乘积等因素来模拟各种形状的喷泉,模拟效果具有较好的逼真性和实时性。
[3]使用粒子系统模型实现瀑布的模拟。在对瀑布粒子下落过程中受力情况进行分析后,我们引入风力来对瀑布进行模拟,并模拟了无风状态和有风状态两种情况下的瀑布效果图,进而得出了外力的作用对模拟的效果会产生一定的影响,实验模拟的效果具有较好的逼真性。
[4]本文在Windows XP环境下,利用VC++6.0开发工具,采用OpenGL显示列表和纹理映射技术实现喷泉和瀑布两种不规则物体的模拟,取得了较好的模拟效果。
With the computer hardware and software technology's rapid development, making the technology of irregular objects simulation by means of the computer has been infiltrated into every corner of people's daily life, but also promotes the development of computer animation technology. Computer animation technology is now widely used in aerospace, entertainment, computer games, three-dimentional animation and other fields, there are broad prospects for development, therefore the simulation of irregular objects becomes more important, however, because of irregular objects with irregular, random, and inherent uncertainty, it is difficult to describe using traditional modeling methods and techniques, particle system is considered as a more successful method for the simulation of irregular objects, causing widespread concern at home and abroad to learn and study. In this article, two representative irregular objects, fountains and waterfalls are simulated, based on OpenGL graphics software interface and the particle system, the main work of this article is as follows:
[1] Describe the research status of particle system at home and abroad. The basic concepts and basic ideas of particle system are described in detail, and the research proceeds on that basis. Master the methods and steps using particle syatem to model, and summary and conclude on the basis of previous.
[2] Particle system theory and the model will be applied to simulate natural landscape fountain. When we determine the particle properties, we usually choose some properties refer to the characteristics of the movement of fountain particle, to large extent, save the time cost of system. Establish the fountain system model accurately, simulate various forms of fountain by adjusting the initial position of the fountain, tranche, spray angle, vector product and other factors, the simulation results have a good realism and real-time.
[3] Implement the simulation of waterfall using particle system model. After analyzing the forces in the process of the whereabouts of the waterfall particle, we introduce the wind to simulate waterfall, and simulate waterfall effect chart both having no wind condition and having wind condition, then we obtain that the role of external forces will have some impact on the simulation results, experimental simulation results have a good realism.
[4] This paper achieved the simulation of two irregular objects mentioned above in the Windows XP Operating system environment using VC++6.0 as programming tool and OpenGL display lists and texture mapping techniques, experiment obtains a good simulation result.
[1]介绍了粒子系统的国内外研究现状。详细描述了粒子系统的基本概念和基本思想,在此基础上进行了研究。掌握了使用粒子系统建立模型的方法和步骤,在前人的基础上进行了概括和总结。
[2]将粒子系统理论和模型应用于喷泉这一自然景观的模拟。在确定粒子属性的时候,根据喷泉粒子运动的特点选取了一部分属性,在很大程度上节省了系统的时间开销。准确的建立喷泉系统模型,通过调整喷泉的初始位置、喷泉股数、喷射角度以及矢量乘积等因素来模拟各种形状的喷泉,模拟效果具有较好的逼真性和实时性。
[3]使用粒子系统模型实现瀑布的模拟。在对瀑布粒子下落过程中受力情况进行分析后,我们引入风力来对瀑布进行模拟,并模拟了无风状态和有风状态两种情况下的瀑布效果图,进而得出了外力的作用对模拟的效果会产生一定的影响,实验模拟的效果具有较好的逼真性。
[4]本文在Windows XP环境下,利用VC++6.0开发工具,采用OpenGL显示列表和纹理映射技术实现喷泉和瀑布两种不规则物体的模拟,取得了较好的模拟效果。
With the computer hardware and software technology's rapid development, making the technology of irregular objects simulation by means of the computer has been infiltrated into every corner of people's daily life, but also promotes the development of computer animation technology. Computer animation technology is now widely used in aerospace, entertainment, computer games, three-dimentional animation and other fields, there are broad prospects for development, therefore the simulation of irregular objects becomes more important, however, because of irregular objects with irregular, random, and inherent uncertainty, it is difficult to describe using traditional modeling methods and techniques, particle system is considered as a more successful method for the simulation of irregular objects, causing widespread concern at home and abroad to learn and study. In this article, two representative irregular objects, fountains and waterfalls are simulated, based on OpenGL graphics software interface and the particle system, the main work of this article is as follows:
[1] Describe the research status of particle system at home and abroad. The basic concepts and basic ideas of particle system are described in detail, and the research proceeds on that basis. Master the methods and steps using particle syatem to model, and summary and conclude on the basis of previous.
[2] Particle system theory and the model will be applied to simulate natural landscape fountain. When we determine the particle properties, we usually choose some properties refer to the characteristics of the movement of fountain particle, to large extent, save the time cost of system. Establish the fountain system model accurately, simulate various forms of fountain by adjusting the initial position of the fountain, tranche, spray angle, vector product and other factors, the simulation results have a good realism and real-time.
[3] Implement the simulation of waterfall using particle system model. After analyzing the forces in the process of the whereabouts of the waterfall particle, we introduce the wind to simulate waterfall, and simulate waterfall effect chart both having no wind condition and having wind condition, then we obtain that the role of external forces will have some impact on the simulation results, experimental simulation results have a good realism.
[4] This paper achieved the simulation of two irregular objects mentioned above in the Windows XP Operating system environment using VC++6.0 as programming tool and OpenGL display lists and texture mapping techniques, experiment obtains a good simulation result.
引文
[1]Reeves W T. Particle Systems-a Technique for Modeling a Class of Fuzzy Objects[J].Computer Graphics,1983.17(3):359-376.
[2]Reeves W T, Blau R. Approximate and Probabilistic algorithms for shading and rending structured particle system[J].Computer Graphics,1985.19(3):313-322.
[3]Reynolds C. W, Flocks, Herds and Schools. A distributed behavioral model[J]. Computer Graphics(SIGGRAPH'87 Proceedings),1987.21(4):25-34.
[4]K Sims. Particle Animation and Rendering Using Data Parallel Computation[J].Computer Graphics,1990.24(4):405-413.
[5]Teng-See Loke, etc. Rendering fireworks displays[J]. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,1992:33-43.
[6]Stolk, Wijk. Flow visualization with surface particles[J]. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,1993:18-24.
[7]Richard Szeliski, David Tonnesen. Surface modeling with oriented particle systems[A]. Computer Graphics(SIGGRAPH,92)[C],1992.26(3):185-194.
[8]A.H.Wong. Waterfall-A particle system animation[D]. Computer Science Department, Cornell University,1994.
[9]Stam Jos, Flume Eugene. Depicting fire and other gaseous phenomena using diffusion processes[J]. ACM Computer Graphics,1994.29(4):135-139.
[10]Matthias Unbescheiden, Andrzej Trembilski. Cloud simulation in virtual environments [A]. IEEE Visualization Proceedings [C],1995:95-104.
[11]M. E. Goss. A Real Time Particle System for Display of Ship Wakes[J]. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,Vol.10,No.3,May 1990.30-35.
[12]万华根,金小刚,彭群生.基于物理模型的实时喷泉水流运动模拟[J].计算机学报,1998.21(9)：774-779.
[13]谢剑斌,郝建新,蔡宣平.基于粒子系统的雨点和雪花降落模拟生成[J].中国图象图形学报,1999.4(A)：734-738.
[14]张芹,吴慧中.火焰、烟、云等不规则物体的建模方法研究综述[J].中国图象图形学报,2000(3)：186-190.
[15]张芹,张健.提高粒子系统实时性的方法研究[J].计算机工程,2003.29(18)：46-48.
[16]管宇,邹林灿,陈为,彭群生.基于粒子系统的实时瀑布模拟[J].系统仿真学报,2005.16(11)：2471-2474.
[17]马骏,朱衡君.基于动态纹理和粒子系统的喷泉模拟[J].北京交通大学学报,2005.2(1)：90-94.
[18]方建文,于金辉,马文龙.基于硬件加速和粒子系统的实时喷泉模拟[J].计算机工程与应用,2006.14：118-120.
[19]赵静谧,张慧,郑国勤.基于粒子系统的喷泉模拟[J].计算机应用研究,2006(1)：244-246.
[20]肖何,何明耘,白忠建OpenGL基于粒子系统的喷泉模拟实现[J].计算机仿真.2007.12：201-204.
[21]蒋恒恒,汤宝平,章国稳.基于OpenGL与粒子系统实现三维喷泉模拟[J].计算机测量与控制,2009.17(9)：1717-1723.
[22]李建明,吴云龙,何荣盛,钱昆明.基于粒子系统和GPU加速的喷泉实时仿真[J].系统仿真学报,2009.21(10)：3139-3145.
[23]胡文平,汪继文.基于粒子系统的三叶玫瑰动态烟花模拟[J].计算机工程,2010.36(22)：286-288.
[24]张芹,吴慧中,谢隽毅等.基于粒子系统的火焰模型及其生成方法研究[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2001.13(1)：78-82.
[25]和援军.论计算机图形学的若干问题[J].上海交通大学学报,2008.42(4)：513-517
[26]彭群生,金小刚,张宏鑫.数字娱乐与计算机图形学[J].国际学术动态.2007.3：31-33.
[27]马义俊,巴力登.基于OpenGL的水波动画模拟[J].微计算机信息(测控自动化),2009.25(3)：215-216,259.
[28]王兰美,赵继成,秦华东OpenGL及其在VC++下的开发应用[J].武汉大学学报(工学版),2006,39(4)：62-65.
[29][美]Riehard S.Wright,Jr.Benjamin Lipchak.OpenGL超级宝典.徐波译.第三版.北京：人民邮电出版社,2005.100-104.
[30][美]Dave Shreiner,Mason Woo,Jackie Neider,Tom Davis.OpenGL编程指南.徐波等译.北京：机械工业出版社,2008,63-84
[31]杨春雨.基于粒子系统的喷泉动画模拟[D]:[硕士学位论文].长春：吉林大学.2008.
[32]和平鸽工作室OpenGL高级编程与可视化系统开发—高级编程篇[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2005.
[33]辛玲.粒子系统在视景仿真中的研究和应用[D].武汉：中南民族大学,2008.
[34]王静秋.基于粒子系统的动态自然景物模拟的研究[D].南京：南京航空航天大学硕士学位论文,1999.
[35]吴继承,江南.虚拟现实中粒子系统的设计与应用[J].计算机仿真,2004.(11)：137-140.
[36]张占龙,罗辞勇,何为.虚拟现实技术概述[J].计算机仿真,2005.22(3)：1-3.
[37]卞锋,江漫清,桑永英.虚拟现实及其应用进展[J].计算机仿真,2007.24(6)：1-4.
[38]王梅艳.虚拟现实技术的历史与未来[J].中国现代教育装备,2007.(1)：108-110.
[39]彭群生,鲍虎军,金小刚.计算机真实感图形的算法基础[M].北京：北京科学出版社,2003.
[40]魏开平,朱晓华,沈显君,熊磊.基于纹理映射和粒子系统的三维喷泉实时模拟[J].计算机工程与设计,2007.28(11)：2586-2588.
[41]赵春霞,张艳,战守义.基于粒子系统方法的三维火焰模拟[J].计算机工程与应用,2004.28,pp.73-75.
[42]徐阳东.基于粒子系统的不规则景物建模研究[D].济南：山东师范大学硕士学位论文,2009.
[43]马骏,朱衡君,龚建华.基于矢量控制法和LOD的音乐喷泉模拟[J].系统仿真学报,2005.17(7)：1674-1678.
[44]丁纪云,陈利平,李思昆.基于OpenGL的烟花动态模拟方法的研究与实现[J].计算机工程,2002.28(4),pp.240-241,275.
[45]B.T.Phong.Ilunimation for Computer Generated Pictures[J].Communications of the ACM,1975.NO.6,pp.311-317.
[46]侯阳,迪克.三维图形动画编程实例.北京：海洋出版社,1993.
[47]朱洪波Visual C++6.0完全自学宝典.北京：清华大学出版社,2008.
[2]Reeves W T, Blau R. Approximate and Probabilistic algorithms for shading and rending structured particle system[J].Computer Graphics,1985.19(3):313-322.
[3]Reynolds C. W, Flocks, Herds and Schools. A distributed behavioral model[J]. Computer Graphics(SIGGRAPH'87 Proceedings),1987.21(4):25-34.
[4]K Sims. Particle Animation and Rendering Using Data Parallel Computation[J].Computer Graphics,1990.24(4):405-413.
[5]Teng-See Loke, etc. Rendering fireworks displays[J]. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,1992:33-43.
[6]Stolk, Wijk. Flow visualization with surface particles[J]. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,1993:18-24.
[7]Richard Szeliski, David Tonnesen. Surface modeling with oriented particle systems[A]. Computer Graphics(SIGGRAPH,92)[C],1992.26(3):185-194.
[8]A.H.Wong. Waterfall-A particle system animation[D]. Computer Science Department, Cornell University,1994.
[9]Stam Jos, Flume Eugene. Depicting fire and other gaseous phenomena using diffusion processes[J]. ACM Computer Graphics,1994.29(4):135-139.
[10]Matthias Unbescheiden, Andrzej Trembilski. Cloud simulation in virtual environments [A]. IEEE Visualization Proceedings [C],1995:95-104.
[11]M. E. Goss. A Real Time Particle System for Display of Ship Wakes[J]. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,Vol.10,No.3,May 1990.30-35.
[12]万华根,金小刚,彭群生.基于物理模型的实时喷泉水流运动模拟[J].计算机学报,1998.21(9)：774-779.
[13]谢剑斌,郝建新,蔡宣平.基于粒子系统的雨点和雪花降落模拟生成[J].中国图象图形学报,1999.4(A)：734-738.
[14]张芹,吴慧中.火焰、烟、云等不规则物体的建模方法研究综述[J].中国图象图形学报,2000(3)：186-190.
[15]张芹,张健.提高粒子系统实时性的方法研究[J].计算机工程,2003.29(18)：46-48.
[16]管宇,邹林灿,陈为,彭群生.基于粒子系统的实时瀑布模拟[J].系统仿真学报,2005.16(11)：2471-2474.
[17]马骏,朱衡君.基于动态纹理和粒子系统的喷泉模拟[J].北京交通大学学报,2005.2(1)：90-94.
[18]方建文,于金辉,马文龙.基于硬件加速和粒子系统的实时喷泉模拟[J].计算机工程与应用,2006.14：118-120.
[19]赵静谧,张慧,郑国勤.基于粒子系统的喷泉模拟[J].计算机应用研究,2006(1)：244-246.
[20]肖何,何明耘,白忠建OpenGL基于粒子系统的喷泉模拟实现[J].计算机仿真.2007.12：201-204.
[21]蒋恒恒,汤宝平,章国稳.基于OpenGL与粒子系统实现三维喷泉模拟[J].计算机测量与控制,2009.17(9)：1717-1723.
[22]李建明,吴云龙,何荣盛,钱昆明.基于粒子系统和GPU加速的喷泉实时仿真[J].系统仿真学报,2009.21(10)：3139-3145.
[23]胡文平,汪继文.基于粒子系统的三叶玫瑰动态烟花模拟[J].计算机工程,2010.36(22)：286-288.
[24]张芹,吴慧中,谢隽毅等.基于粒子系统的火焰模型及其生成方法研究[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2001.13(1)：78-82.
[25]和援军.论计算机图形学的若干问题[J].上海交通大学学报,2008.42(4)：513-517
[26]彭群生,金小刚,张宏鑫.数字娱乐与计算机图形学[J].国际学术动态.2007.3：31-33.
[27]马义俊,巴力登.基于OpenGL的水波动画模拟[J].微计算机信息(测控自动化),2009.25(3)：215-216,259.
[28]王兰美,赵继成,秦华东OpenGL及其在VC++下的开发应用[J].武汉大学学报(工学版),2006,39(4)：62-65.
[29][美]Riehard S.Wright,Jr.Benjamin Lipchak.OpenGL超级宝典.徐波译.第三版.北京：人民邮电出版社,2005.100-104.
[30][美]Dave Shreiner,Mason Woo,Jackie Neider,Tom Davis.OpenGL编程指南.徐波等译.北京：机械工业出版社,2008,63-84
[31]杨春雨.基于粒子系统的喷泉动画模拟[D]:[硕士学位论文].长春：吉林大学.2008.
[32]和平鸽工作室OpenGL高级编程与可视化系统开发—高级编程篇[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2005.
[33]辛玲.粒子系统在视景仿真中的研究和应用[D].武汉：中南民族大学,2008.
[34]王静秋.基于粒子系统的动态自然景物模拟的研究[D].南京：南京航空航天大学硕士学位论文,1999.
[35]吴继承,江南.虚拟现实中粒子系统的设计与应用[J].计算机仿真,2004.(11)：137-140.
[36]张占龙,罗辞勇,何为.虚拟现实技术概述[J].计算机仿真,2005.22(3)：1-3.
[37]卞锋,江漫清,桑永英.虚拟现实及其应用进展[J].计算机仿真,2007.24(6)：1-4.
[38]王梅艳.虚拟现实技术的历史与未来[J].中国现代教育装备,2007.(1)：108-110.
[39]彭群生,鲍虎军,金小刚.计算机真实感图形的算法基础[M].北京：北京科学出版社,2003.
[40]魏开平,朱晓华,沈显君,熊磊.基于纹理映射和粒子系统的三维喷泉实时模拟[J].计算机工程与设计,2007.28(11)：2586-2588.
[41]赵春霞,张艳,战守义.基于粒子系统方法的三维火焰模拟[J].计算机工程与应用,2004.28,pp.73-75.
[42]徐阳东.基于粒子系统的不规则景物建模研究[D].济南：山东师范大学硕士学位论文,2009.
[43]马骏,朱衡君,龚建华.基于矢量控制法和LOD的音乐喷泉模拟[J].系统仿真学报,2005.17(7)：1674-1678.
[44]丁纪云,陈利平,李思昆.基于OpenGL的烟花动态模拟方法的研究与实现[J].计算机工程,2002.28(4),pp.240-241,275.
[45]B.T.Phong.Ilunimation for Computer Generated Pictures[J].Communications of the ACM,1975.NO.6,pp.311-317.
[46]侯阳,迪克.三维图形动画编程实例.北京：海洋出版社,1993.
[47]朱洪波Visual C++6.0完全自学宝典.北京：清华大学出版社,2008.