双管正激双向DC-DC变换器研究
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摘要
双向DC-DC变换器(Bi-directional DC-DC Converter,BDC)能够根据系统工作需要调节能量的传输方向,实现能量的双向传输,它在功能上相当于两个单向DC-DC变换器,是典型的“一机两用”设备。双向DC-DC变换器在航空电源系统、直流不停电电源系统、多端口混合供电系统以及电动汽车等场合都有相当广泛的应用,它可以使系统的体积和重量大幅减轻,具有十分重要的研究价值。
单管正激双向DC-DC变换器的开关管电压应力较高,变压器磁通复位电路设计复杂；工作于升压模式时,单管正激双向DC-DC变换器需要采用脉冲重叠方式完成电感电流的换流,以实现能量的反向传输,从而导致驱动电路设计复杂,成本增加,系统可靠性降低。针对单管正激双向DC-DC变换器存在的这些问题,本文研究了一种双管正激双向DC-DC变换器,有效降低了开关管的电压应力和变压器设计难度；利用电感电流对元件寄生电容的充放电过程,采用无脉冲重叠换流,实现了能量的反向传输,在提高系统可靠性的同时,简化了驱动电路的设计。该变换器在电源电压较高、电压传输比较大的场合有很好的应用前景。文章详细分析了该变换器的结构及其在电感电流连续情况下的两种工作模式,分析了降压工作模式中低压侧开关管实现零电压导通的原理以及由元件寄生参数引起的开关管电流尖峰问题和抑制措施,从理论上论证了采用无脉冲重叠方式实现能量反向传输的可行性,并进行了仿真验证。最后通过制作双管正激双向DC-DC变换器的实验样机,验证了理论分析和仿真结果的正确性。
Bi-directional DC-DC converter (hereinafter, BDC) can make the power flow in either direction according to external requirements, and can perform two or more functions. With the development of modern science and production, the needs of BDCs grow rapidly. The BDCs are widely used in aerospace power systems, DC uninterruptible power supplies, multi-port hybrid power supply systems and electric vehicle power systems. As the BDCs are used extensively, it is useful to reduce the size and weight of the power systems with great value of research.
The one-switch forward BDC has problems of high switch voltage stress and complicated designing of the magnetic reset circuit of the transformer. Further more, in boost mode it has to use pulse overlapping method to make the inductor current commutate smoothly and to make the power flow in opposite way. However, the pulse overlapping method makes the designing of the driving circuit more complicated, the cost rise and the reliability of the system down. According to these problems existing in one-switch forward BDC, a kind of two-switch forward BDC is researched, which makes the swich voltage stress much lower and reduces the difficulties of the transformer designing. By using no pulse overlapping method can make the power-flow reverse as well through the parasitic capacitance charging-discharging by inductor current. This method improves the reliability of the system and makes the desining of the driving circuit much easier. This converter has good application prospect in occasions such as high voltage of power supply and large voltage transfer ratio. The constructure and the two operation modes in CCM (continual conduction mode of the inductor current) of the converter are analysed in details. Then the principle that the switches at the low voltage side achieved zero voltage conduction is explained, the problems of switchs current spikes caused by parasitic parameters and the suppression measures are explained as well. The feasibility of the converter that can make the power flow in opposite direction by using no pulse overlapping method is verified in theory and simulation confirmation followed. Finally, a prototype of the two-switch forward bi-directional DC-DC conveter is designed to verify the theoretical analysis and simulation results.
单管正激双向DC-DC变换器的开关管电压应力较高,变压器磁通复位电路设计复杂；工作于升压模式时,单管正激双向DC-DC变换器需要采用脉冲重叠方式完成电感电流的换流,以实现能量的反向传输,从而导致驱动电路设计复杂,成本增加,系统可靠性降低。针对单管正激双向DC-DC变换器存在的这些问题,本文研究了一种双管正激双向DC-DC变换器,有效降低了开关管的电压应力和变压器设计难度；利用电感电流对元件寄生电容的充放电过程,采用无脉冲重叠换流,实现了能量的反向传输,在提高系统可靠性的同时,简化了驱动电路的设计。该变换器在电源电压较高、电压传输比较大的场合有很好的应用前景。文章详细分析了该变换器的结构及其在电感电流连续情况下的两种工作模式,分析了降压工作模式中低压侧开关管实现零电压导通的原理以及由元件寄生参数引起的开关管电流尖峰问题和抑制措施,从理论上论证了采用无脉冲重叠方式实现能量反向传输的可行性,并进行了仿真验证。最后通过制作双管正激双向DC-DC变换器的实验样机,验证了理论分析和仿真结果的正确性。
Bi-directional DC-DC converter (hereinafter, BDC) can make the power flow in either direction according to external requirements, and can perform two or more functions. With the development of modern science and production, the needs of BDCs grow rapidly. The BDCs are widely used in aerospace power systems, DC uninterruptible power supplies, multi-port hybrid power supply systems and electric vehicle power systems. As the BDCs are used extensively, it is useful to reduce the size and weight of the power systems with great value of research.
The one-switch forward BDC has problems of high switch voltage stress and complicated designing of the magnetic reset circuit of the transformer. Further more, in boost mode it has to use pulse overlapping method to make the inductor current commutate smoothly and to make the power flow in opposite way. However, the pulse overlapping method makes the designing of the driving circuit more complicated, the cost rise and the reliability of the system down. According to these problems existing in one-switch forward BDC, a kind of two-switch forward BDC is researched, which makes the swich voltage stress much lower and reduces the difficulties of the transformer designing. By using no pulse overlapping method can make the power-flow reverse as well through the parasitic capacitance charging-discharging by inductor current. This method improves the reliability of the system and makes the desining of the driving circuit much easier. This converter has good application prospect in occasions such as high voltage of power supply and large voltage transfer ratio. The constructure and the two operation modes in CCM (continual conduction mode of the inductor current) of the converter are analysed in details. Then the principle that the switches at the low voltage side achieved zero voltage conduction is explained, the problems of switchs current spikes caused by parasitic parameters and the suppression measures are explained as well. The feasibility of the converter that can make the power flow in opposite direction by using no pulse overlapping method is verified in theory and simulation confirmation followed. Finally, a prototype of the two-switch forward bi-directional DC-DC conveter is designed to verify the theoretical analysis and simulation results.
引文
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[2]陈刚.软开关双向DC-DC变换器的研究[D].浙江大学博士学位论文.2001.
[3]Venkatesan, K. "Current mode controlled bidirectional flyback converter." Power Electronics Specialists Conference,1989. PESC'89 Record,20th Annual IEEE. IEEE, 1989:835-842.
[4]Ray, Biswajit. "Single-cycle resonant bidirectional DC/DC power conversion." Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition,1993. APEC'93. Conference Proceedings 1993, Eighth Annual. IEEE,1993:44-50.
[5]Sable, Dan M., Fred C. Lee, and Bo H. Cho. "A zero-voltage-switching bidirectional battery charger/discharger for the NASA EOS satellite." Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition,1992. APEC'92. Conference Proceedings 1992, Seventh Annual. IEEE,1992:614-621.
[6]张方华.双向DC-DC变换器的研究[D].南京航天航空大学博士学位论文.2004.
[7]Ray, Biswajit. "Bidirectional DC/DC power conversion using constant-frequency quasi-resonant topology." Circuits and Systems,1993, ISCAS'93,1993 IEEE International Symposium on. IEEE,1993:2347-2350.
[8]P.Espinosa,D.Sable,F.C.Lee,and B.H, Cho, "A four-module zero-voltage-switched bidirectional battery charger/discharger." Proceedings of the Viirginia Power Electronics Conference, VPEC,1994, pp.237-244.
[9]G. Stojcic, D.M. Sable, B.H. Cho,and F.C.Lee, "A soft-switching bidirectional for the space station uninterruptible power supply." Proceedings of the Inter society Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, VPEC,1993,pp.1.267-1.272.
[10]Navarro, A. Edith, et al. "A new efficiency low mass bi-directional battery discharge-charge regulator for low voltage batteries." Power Electronics Specialists Conference,1996. PESC'96 Record,27th Annual IEEE. Vol.1. IEEE,1996:842-845.
[11]Caricchi, F., et al. "Study of bi-directional buck-boost converter topologies for application in electrical vehicle motor drives." Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition,1998. APEC'98. Conference Proceedings 1998, Thirteenth Annual. Vol. 1. IEEE,1998:287-293.
[12]Chau, K. T., T. W. Ching, and C. C. Chan. "Constant-frequency multi-resonant converter-fed DC motor drives." Industrial Electronics, Control, and Instrumentation, 1996. Proceedings of the 1996 IEEE IECON 22nd International Conference on. Vol.1. IEEE,1996:78-83.
[13]Liu, C., et al. "Power balance control and voltage conditioning for fuel cell converter with multiple sources." Power Electronics Specialists Conference,2002. PESC 02.2002 IEEE 33rd Annual. Vol.4. IEEE,2002.4:2001-2006.
[14]郭熠.电动汽车双向DC/DC变换器的研究[D].天津大学硕士学位论文,2004.
[15]高金萍.大功率双向DC/DC变换器的研究[D].华中科技大学硕士学位论文.2009.
[16]Martinez, L., et al. "On the synthesis and control of bidirectional switching converters." Power Electronics Specialists Conference,1993. PESC'93 Record.24th Annual IEEE. IEEE,1993:197-202.
[17]Stahl, Greg, Miguel Rodriguez, and Dragan Maksimovic. "A high-efficiency bidirectional buck-boost dc-dc converter." Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC),2012 Twenty-Seventh Annual IEEE. IEEE,2012:1362-1367.
[18]Lei, Dong, et al. "A new soft switching bidirectional buck or boost DC-DC converter." Electrical Machines and Systems,2008. ICEMS 2008. International Conference on. IEEE,2008:1163-1167.
[19]Arash A Boora. "Bidirectional Positive Buck-Boost Converter." International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference. IEEE.2008:723-727.
[20]Pavlovsky, M., Y. Tsuruta, and A. Kawamura. "Bi-directional buck/boost dc-dc converter with ultra high efficiency based on improved SAZZ topology." Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition,2009. ECCE 2009. IEEE. IEEE,2009:1783-1796
[21]封焯文,粟梅,孙尧.用于电动汽车的双向交错式DC/DC变换器的设计[J].电力电子技术,2010,44(9)：16-17.
[22]陈灵敏.一种应用于电动汽车的双向DC/DC变换器研究[J].通信电源技术,2009,26(4)：11-13.
[23]Chan, H. L., K. W. E. Cheng, and Danny Sutanto. "A phase-shift controlled bi-directional DC-DC converter." Circuits and Systems,2000.42nd Midwest Symposium on. Vol.2. IEEE,1999,2:723-726.
[24]张方华,朱成花,严仰光.双向DC-DC变换器的控制模型[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,25(11)：46-49.
[25]Su, Gui-Jia, Fang Z. Peng, and Donald J. Adams. "Experimental evaluation of a soft-switching DC/DC converter for fuel cell vehicle applications." Power Electronics in Transportation,2002. IEEE,2002:39-44.
[26]Hui Li; Fang Zheng Peng; Lawler, J.S. "A natural ZVS medium-power bidirectional DC-DC converter with minimum number of devices." Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on Volume 39, Issue 2, March-April 2003 pp:525-535.
[27]B. Eckardt, Et. "High Power Buck-Boost DC/DC Converter for Automotive Power train Applications." Power Conversion Intelligent Motion,2005, Nuremberg, Germany.
[28]Kang, Taewon, et al. "A design and control of bi-directional non-isolated DC-DC converter for rapid electric vehicle charging system." Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC),2012 Twenty-Seventh Annual IEEE. IEEE,2012: 14-21.
[29]陈刚,徐德宏,李枢.一种软开关低通态损耗的双向DC/DC变换器[J].电力电子技术,2000,6：1-4.
[30]陈刚,徐德宏.一种零电压开关双向DC/DC变换器[J].电力电子技术.2001,2：1-3.
[31]范海峰,赵川红,徐德宏.双向DC/DC变换器的改进移相控制设计[J].电力电子技术.2003,37(3)：12-14.
[32]Chen, Gang, et al. "A new family of soft-switching phase-shift bidirectional DC-DC converters." Power Electronics Specialists Conference,2001. PESC.2001 IEEE 32nd Annual. Vol.2. IEEE,2001:859-865.
[33]张方华,严仰光.推挽正激移相式双向DC-DC变换器[J].电工技术学报.2004,19(12)：59-64.
[34]张方华,严仰光.变压器匝比不同的正反激组合式双向DC-DC变换器[J].中国电机工程学报.2005,25(14)：57-61.
[35]张方华,严仰光.一簇正反激组合式双向DC-DC变换器[J].中国电机工程学报.2004,24(5)：157-162.
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