单列双向螺旋槽干气密封的性能研究
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摘要
与传统的轴端密封相比,干气密封具有介质泄漏量少、端面磨损小、能耗低、运行寿命长和可靠性高等优点。目前,该类密封已被广泛用于离心式压缩机、离心泵、膨胀机、气体透平机以及其它高速高压机器中。近年来,随着干气密封技术的不断发展,出现了新的密封槽型——单列双向螺旋槽干气密封。该槽型不但能产生较好的流体动压效应,而且旋转方向不受限制,可以双向旋转,避免了由于反转及开、停车时造成的密封失效,从而使单列双向螺旋槽干气密封的应用范围更加广泛,大大提高了它的研究和使用价值。
本文应用计算流体力学(CFD)软件对单列双向螺旋槽干气密封端面间流体三维流动及温度分布进行了数值计算。选取气膜为研究对象,建立了三维模型,然后通过网格划分实现了从微观尺度到宏观尺度的快速过渡,通过求解三维N-S方程,得到了气膜的压力分布、速度矢量分布、质点轨迹、涡量分布等,并在等闭合力的假设下,动环槽形几何结构参数对密封性能的影响进行了理论研究;然后求解能量方程,得到气膜内及动、静环内的温度场的分布,及端面温升的影响因素,并考虑了温度对粘度的影响,得到了变粘度情况下的温度分布;文章还分析了压力、转速等因素对密封性能及温度场的影响,并与单向螺旋槽密封进行对比分析。
通过模拟分析,证明了单列双向螺旋槽干气密封在不同工况下的良好的动压效果和密封效果;根据流体的流动状况,从流动的角度解释了端面热量的产生过程,表明流体膜温度升高主要是在高速旋转工况下,由流体内部的粘性剪切作用及压力梯度作用引起的。这对实验研究有一定的辅助指导作用,并为密封结构设计及性能的优化提供参考,为后续密封环的变形计算奠定基础。
Compared with the conventional shaft end seals, dry gas seal has many advantages including small leakage, little surface abrasion, low power loss, long service life and high reliability. At present, dry gas seal is widely applied in centrifugal compressor, centrifugal pump, expansion machine, gas turbine and other high-pressure or high-speed machines. In recent years, with the rapid development of dry gas seal technology, a new seal pattern named single-row bidirectional spiral grooves dry gas seal is produced. This kind of grooved dry gas seal can not only produce suitable fluid dynamic pressure but also revolute two-directionally, which avoids the seal damage led by the contra-rotation and open-and-close working, causes the application scope of the single-row bidirectional spiral groove dry gas seal to be more widespread, and enhances its research and the use value greatly.
Due to the correlation of the flow and heat transfer, the three-dimensional numerical studies employing CFD software for face single-row bidirectional spiral groove dry gas seal are presented. Firstly, through the study of the selected periodic gas film, the three-dimensional model is structured of which the transition from micro to macro size is made by adopting mesh element. By solving three-dimensional N-S equations, the flow process from entrance to interface clearance is analyzed including the pressure distribution, the speed distribution, the particle track and the swirling distribution. And the influence of geometric structural parameters of the rotor to the performance of seal is theoretically studied with the assumption of fixed closure force. Secondly, by solving energy equation the distribution of temperature field of the gas film, rotor and stator rings are obtained as well as the factures which influence the heat transfer, and the influence of temperature to viscosity is discussed especially, and the temperature field with the variable viscosity is presented. The effects of operating conditions on sealing performance are determined and compared with unilateral spiral groove dry gas seal.
Through the simulation analysis,it is proved that the single-row bidirectional spiral groove dry gas seal having suitable fluid dynamic pressure and seal effect in different operating condition. According to the condition of fluid flowing, the process of heat transfer is explained, which demonstrates that the increase of temperature within the fluid film is resulted from the viscous shear and gradient of pressure, and then the heat is transferred outwards across the buffer fluid and the seal rings. And they can be available to experimental study, parameter and performance optional designs of the seals, and also lay the foundation for studying the thermal distortion of seal rings.
本文应用计算流体力学(CFD)软件对单列双向螺旋槽干气密封端面间流体三维流动及温度分布进行了数值计算。选取气膜为研究对象,建立了三维模型,然后通过网格划分实现了从微观尺度到宏观尺度的快速过渡,通过求解三维N-S方程,得到了气膜的压力分布、速度矢量分布、质点轨迹、涡量分布等,并在等闭合力的假设下,动环槽形几何结构参数对密封性能的影响进行了理论研究;然后求解能量方程,得到气膜内及动、静环内的温度场的分布,及端面温升的影响因素,并考虑了温度对粘度的影响,得到了变粘度情况下的温度分布;文章还分析了压力、转速等因素对密封性能及温度场的影响,并与单向螺旋槽密封进行对比分析。
通过模拟分析,证明了单列双向螺旋槽干气密封在不同工况下的良好的动压效果和密封效果;根据流体的流动状况,从流动的角度解释了端面热量的产生过程,表明流体膜温度升高主要是在高速旋转工况下,由流体内部的粘性剪切作用及压力梯度作用引起的。这对实验研究有一定的辅助指导作用,并为密封结构设计及性能的优化提供参考,为后续密封环的变形计算奠定基础。
Compared with the conventional shaft end seals, dry gas seal has many advantages including small leakage, little surface abrasion, low power loss, long service life and high reliability. At present, dry gas seal is widely applied in centrifugal compressor, centrifugal pump, expansion machine, gas turbine and other high-pressure or high-speed machines. In recent years, with the rapid development of dry gas seal technology, a new seal pattern named single-row bidirectional spiral grooves dry gas seal is produced. This kind of grooved dry gas seal can not only produce suitable fluid dynamic pressure but also revolute two-directionally, which avoids the seal damage led by the contra-rotation and open-and-close working, causes the application scope of the single-row bidirectional spiral groove dry gas seal to be more widespread, and enhances its research and the use value greatly.
Due to the correlation of the flow and heat transfer, the three-dimensional numerical studies employing CFD software for face single-row bidirectional spiral groove dry gas seal are presented. Firstly, through the study of the selected periodic gas film, the three-dimensional model is structured of which the transition from micro to macro size is made by adopting mesh element. By solving three-dimensional N-S equations, the flow process from entrance to interface clearance is analyzed including the pressure distribution, the speed distribution, the particle track and the swirling distribution. And the influence of geometric structural parameters of the rotor to the performance of seal is theoretically studied with the assumption of fixed closure force. Secondly, by solving energy equation the distribution of temperature field of the gas film, rotor and stator rings are obtained as well as the factures which influence the heat transfer, and the influence of temperature to viscosity is discussed especially, and the temperature field with the variable viscosity is presented. The effects of operating conditions on sealing performance are determined and compared with unilateral spiral groove dry gas seal.
Through the simulation analysis,it is proved that the single-row bidirectional spiral groove dry gas seal having suitable fluid dynamic pressure and seal effect in different operating condition. According to the condition of fluid flowing, the process of heat transfer is explained, which demonstrates that the increase of temperature within the fluid film is resulted from the viscous shear and gradient of pressure, and then the heat is transferred outwards across the buffer fluid and the seal rings. And they can be available to experimental study, parameter and performance optional designs of the seals, and also lay the foundation for studying the thermal distortion of seal rings.
引文
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[7] Cheng H S, Chow C Y, Wilcock D F. Behavior of Hydrostatic and Hydrodynamic Non-contacting Face Seals [J].Journal of Lubrication Technology,1967, 89(2): 510-519
[8] Etsion I,Constantinescu I.Experimental Observation of the Dynamic Behavior of Noncontacting Coned-Face Mechanical Seals[J].ASLE Transaction,1971,27(3):263-273
[9]宋鹏云,陈匡民,董宗玉等.端面开槽机械密封技术的应用与发展[J],云南化工,1999(3):47-49
[10]彭旭东,谢友柏,顾永泉等.热流体动力楔机械密封性能参数的近似计算[J].流体机械,1997,25(6):24-27,23
[11]杨惠霞,顾永泉.圆弧深槽热流体机械密封理论研究[J].流体机械,1997,25(9):12-18
[12] S B Gordon, Dong Volden. Upstream Pumping: A New Concept in Mechanical Sealing Technology [J]. Lubrication Engineering, 1990 (4):213-217
[13] Wasser,RJames.Dry Seal Technology for Rotating Equipment[J].Lubrication Engineering,1993,50 (3)
[14] Netzel J P.High performance gas compressor seals[C].Proceedings of the 11thInternational Conference on Fluid Sealing.1987:532-547
[15] Whipple R T P. Herringbone-Pattern Thrust Bearings[J].Journal of Tribology,1951(29):147-152
[16] Vohr J H, Pan C H T. On the Spiral Grooved Self acting Gas Bearing, MTI-1963TR52, Mechanical Technology Incorporated, Latham, N. Y.
[17] E.A.Muijderman, Spiral Groove Bearings, Philips Technical Library Springer-Verlog, NewYork:1966
[18] E.A.Muijderman. Analysis of Spiral Groove Face Seals for Liquid Oxygen[J]. ASLE Transaction, 1967,23(3):177-188
[19] Elord H G. Adams M L.A Computer Program for Cavitations and Starvation Problems[C]. In:Cavitations and Related Phenomena in Lubrication. New York: Mechanical Engineering Publications, 1974,33-41
[20] Gardner James F. Recent Development on Non-contacting Face Seals[J].Lubrication Engineering, 1973,29(2):406-412
[21] Zobens, Arthur. A Non-contacting Face Seal Application for Sealing Gas at 105 psig, 7000rpm[J]. Lubrication Engineering.1975,31(1):16-19
[22] Shapiro W, Wafowit J, Jones H.E., Analysis of Spiral Groove Face Seals for Liquid oxygen[J], ASLE Transactions,1984,27:177-188
[23] Brad A. Miller, Itzhak Green, Numerical Formulation For the Dynamic Analysis of Spiral-Grooved Gas Face Seals[J], Journal of Tribology,2001,123:395-03
[24] James D.D., Potter A.F., Numerical Analysis of the Gas Lubricated Spiral Groove Thrust Bearing Compressor[J], ASME Journal of Lubrication Technology,1967,Vol.89(10):439-444
[25] Zuk J, Penkel H E.Numerical solutions for the Flow and Pressure Fields in an Idealized Spiral Grooved Pumping Seal[C].In: Proceeding of 4thInternational Conference on Fluid Sealing,Paper G1, 1969,290 -301
[26] Reddi.M.M. and Chu,T.Y.,Finite Element Solution of the Steady-State Compressible Lubrication Problem[J]. Jour. of Lubr.Teeh,1970,92(3):495-503
[27] Murata S,Miyake Y, Kawabata N. Exact Two-Dimensional Analysis of Circular Disk Spiral Groove Bearing(Part 1) [J].ASME Journal of Lubrication Technology, 1979,101:424-430
[28]池长青.流体力学润滑[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1998,7
[29] Bonneau, D. Huitric J. Tournerie, B., Finite Element Analysis of Grooved Gas Thrust Bearings and Grooved Gas Face Seals[J]. ASME Journal of Tribology,1993;115(3):348-354
[30] Arghir, M. and Frene J. Analysis of a test case for annular seal flows[J]. ASME Journal of Tribology, 1997,119:408-414
[31] Braun, M. J., and Dzodzo, M, Three-Dimensional Flow and Pressure Patterns in a Hydrostatic Journal Bearing Pocket[J]. ASME Journal of Tribology, 1997,119:711-719
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