声学法仓储粮食温度检测关键技术的研究
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摘要
仓储粮食中霉变、虫害的发生以及水分异常都会直接反映在粮温变化上。储粮温度检测是储粮状态监测的最重要手段。如果在粮堆中某区域温度明显高于其他区域，则称该区域为热点。目前国内外普遍采用的储粮测温方法为接触式测温法，其最大弊端是测温点密度低。如果热点不是恰好出现在某个测温点附近，霉变、虫害通常只有蔓延到较大区域才能被发现，使得后续的控制处理措施不及时而导致储粮损失很大。粮食为热的不良导体，为能及时发现热点并采取必要措施，温度采样点间距应不超过0.5m，因此非接触测温更适合储粮温度检测。声波在粮食中可通过粮食颗粒孔隙间的气体来传播，因此，本文研究声学法储粮温度检测技术，并对此展开了理论与实验研究。本文的主要工作及贡献如下：
将粮食颗粒间孔隙视为刚性的、圆柱形细管模型，推导了细管中的声波传播的波动方程、声波衰减方程和声速方程，并用曲折度描述声波在粮食中的曲折前行，建立了粮食中实测声速与粮温等参数之间的函数模型。定义相同温度、相同传声器间距下自由空间声速与粮食中的实测声速的比值为声速转换因子，分析了声速转换因子的影响因素，给出声速转换因子的标定方法，从而获得一个实用的、储粮温度声学法测量模型。应用声波传播时间测量系统在大豆中对函数模型进行了实验验证。结果表明，大豆中不同深度和传声器间距下的实测声速与声速转换因子的变化规律，符合其理论分析结果。
在粮食中声波信号传播衰减大，且衰减程度与声波频率有关导致声信号畸变。为提高粮食中声波传播时间测量的稳定性和准确性，提出带小波抑噪的三次相关时延估计法(WT-TC)，并与基本互相关法(CC)、带小波抑噪的基本互相关法(WT-CC)和带小波抑噪的相位加权广义互相关法(WT-PG)，进行了比较研究。利用粮食对声波的衰减模型和MATLAB语言环境下自开发的仿真软件，在不同传声器间距和不同信噪比下，获得声波信号的仿真数据。用上述四种时延估计法，估计了声波在大豆中的传播时间。结果表明，传声器间距近时，声波信号衰减程度小，WT-CC、WT-TC和CC法的时延估计性能相当，且均好于WT-PG法；传声器间距远时，声波信号衰减程度大，WT-TC法的时延估值稳定性与准确性均好于其他三种方法。用自开发的声波传播时间测量系统测量了声波在大豆中的传播时间。结果亦表明，WT-TC法所获得的测量值的稳定性和准确性均好于其他三种时延估计法。
储粮中可能同时出现多个热点且出现位置随机，而目前大多数声学法温度场重建算法，要求重建区域划分网格数目N小于系统有效声波路径数目M，等效测温点密度低，难以满足储粮中复杂温度场重建要求。为此，提出了不要求M>N基于Markov径向基函数和Tikhonov正则化的重建算法，简称MTR算法。应用该算法对三热点、五热点以及421个位置不同的单热点温度场进行仿真重建。结果表明，该算法具有更强的复杂温度场重建能力和热点定位能力，可望更好地适应储粮温度检测要求。
以LabVIEW为软件平台，自开发了基于虚拟仪器技术的声学法温度场检测系统。利用修正转换后的实测声波传播时间和MTR算法，对大豆中用电加热器所形成的三种热点位置不同的单热点温度场进行了重建。单热点温度场重建图像能够正确的反应大豆中的热点存在，热点位置重建误差不大于0.07m，热点温度最大值的重建相对误差不高于1.9%。
本文研究初步验证了用声学法监测储粮温度的可行性。
The activity of insects and fungi in the stored grain produces heat that inducedtemperature rising and the temperature is directly related to the spoilage. The temperaturemeasurement is the important method for status detection of stored grain. High temperaturezone in a grain bulk called hot spot is the location of spoilage caused by insects and fungi.Presently, the normal method of temperature measurement in stored grain is the invasivemethod. The disadvantage of the invasive method is the low. As the hot spot is far from themeasurement point, the spoilage area couldn’t be detected unless it is very large. That willmake the big loss of grain without detecting hot spot early. The grain is a poor heatconductor. The space between temperature sampling points must be less than 0.5m fordetecting the hot spot early. Therefore, the non-invasive method of temperaturemeasurement is more suitable for temperature detection in stored grain. The sound couldpropagate through the gas in the pores between the grain kernels. Thus, in this paper, theacoustic temperature measurement in stored grain is proposed and the theoretic andexperimental study is also introduced. The main study and the contribution are listed asfollows:
The pore between grain kernels is considered as rigid, narrow, cylindrical pipes.Based of that, the acoustic wave equation in pipe, acoustic attenuation equation andacoustic velocity equation are deduced. The tortuosity is used to describe the flectionalpropagation of sound in grain. The function model between measured acoustic velocity, thetemperature and other parameters in stored grain is established. The acoustic velocityconversion factor is defined as the ratio of the measured acoustic velocity in grain and theacoustic velocity in free space as the temperature and the distance between microphonesare the same. The affection factors of acoustic velocity conversion factor are analyzed andthe calibration of the factor is introduced in details. Thereby, the applied acoustictemperature measurement model in stored grain is obtained. The model is verified bysound travel-time measurement system in soybeans. The result shows that the variation of measured sound velocity and the acoustic velocity conversion factor in different depths ofsoybeans and distances between two microphones is fitted for the theory analyze.
The triple correlation with wavelet de-noising (WT-TC) is proposed for improving theaccuracy and the stability of time delay estimation at the condition of seriously soundsignal attenuation with sound frequency in the grain. The method is studied that comparedwith the cross-correlation (CC), the cross-correlation with wavelet de-noising (WT-CC),and the PHAT generalized cross-correlation with wavelet de-noising (WT-PG). Thesimulated acoustic signal is obtained in different distance between two microphones anddifferent signal-to-noise ratio with the sound attenuation model of stored grain. The soundtravel-time in soybeans is estimated by four methods in simulation. The result shows that,if the distance between two microphones is short, the sound propagated between them areattenuated lightly, and the time delay estimation ability of WT-TC is as much as theWT-CC and the CC, that is better than WT-PG; if the distance between two microphones islong, the sound propagated between them are attenuated seriously, and the WT-TC hasbetter stability and accuracy than the other methods. The sound travel-time measurementsystem is built and used to measure the sound travel-time in soybeans. The experimentalresult also shows that the accuracy and stability of WT-TC are better than the othermethods.
Many hot spots could appear simultaneously at random locations in grain. Presently,most of acoustic temperature field reconstruction algorithm demand that the number ofpixels N divided in measured area must be less than the number of sound paths M. Thatcould make the density of temperature measurement points very low, and could not satisfythe need of complex temperature field reconstruction in grain. For solving the problem, thereconstruction algorithm based on Markov radial basic function and Tikhonovregularization is proposed with no demand of M>N, and called MTR for short. In computersimulation, three hot spots, five hot spots and 421 different locations of one hot spottemperature models are reconstructed by the algorithm proposed in the paper. The resultshows that, the proposed algorithm has good reconstruction capability of different complextemperature fields and good anti-noise ability. Therefore, it is expected to apply fortemperature measurement in grain.
The acoustic temperature field measurement system based on virtual instrument isbuilt in laboratory, and the software of system control is self-developed under LabVIEW.By MTR algorithm with the stable measured sound travel-time of modification and conversion, the three temperature fields with one hot spot in different location arereconstructed. The reconstruction images of single hot spot can reflect the hot spot insoybeans exactly. The location error of hot spot is less than 0.07m, and relative error of themaximum temperature value of hot spot is less than 1.9%.
The primary research in this paper verifies that the acoustic temperature measurementof stored grain is feasible.
将粮食颗粒间孔隙视为刚性的、圆柱形细管模型，推导了细管中的声波传播的波动方程、声波衰减方程和声速方程，并用曲折度描述声波在粮食中的曲折前行，建立了粮食中实测声速与粮温等参数之间的函数模型。定义相同温度、相同传声器间距下自由空间声速与粮食中的实测声速的比值为声速转换因子，分析了声速转换因子的影响因素，给出声速转换因子的标定方法，从而获得一个实用的、储粮温度声学法测量模型。应用声波传播时间测量系统在大豆中对函数模型进行了实验验证。结果表明，大豆中不同深度和传声器间距下的实测声速与声速转换因子的变化规律，符合其理论分析结果。
在粮食中声波信号传播衰减大，且衰减程度与声波频率有关导致声信号畸变。为提高粮食中声波传播时间测量的稳定性和准确性，提出带小波抑噪的三次相关时延估计法(WT-TC)，并与基本互相关法(CC)、带小波抑噪的基本互相关法(WT-CC)和带小波抑噪的相位加权广义互相关法(WT-PG)，进行了比较研究。利用粮食对声波的衰减模型和MATLAB语言环境下自开发的仿真软件，在不同传声器间距和不同信噪比下，获得声波信号的仿真数据。用上述四种时延估计法，估计了声波在大豆中的传播时间。结果表明，传声器间距近时，声波信号衰减程度小，WT-CC、WT-TC和CC法的时延估计性能相当，且均好于WT-PG法；传声器间距远时，声波信号衰减程度大，WT-TC法的时延估值稳定性与准确性均好于其他三种方法。用自开发的声波传播时间测量系统测量了声波在大豆中的传播时间。结果亦表明，WT-TC法所获得的测量值的稳定性和准确性均好于其他三种时延估计法。
储粮中可能同时出现多个热点且出现位置随机，而目前大多数声学法温度场重建算法，要求重建区域划分网格数目N小于系统有效声波路径数目M，等效测温点密度低，难以满足储粮中复杂温度场重建要求。为此，提出了不要求M>N基于Markov径向基函数和Tikhonov正则化的重建算法，简称MTR算法。应用该算法对三热点、五热点以及421个位置不同的单热点温度场进行仿真重建。结果表明，该算法具有更强的复杂温度场重建能力和热点定位能力，可望更好地适应储粮温度检测要求。
以LabVIEW为软件平台，自开发了基于虚拟仪器技术的声学法温度场检测系统。利用修正转换后的实测声波传播时间和MTR算法，对大豆中用电加热器所形成的三种热点位置不同的单热点温度场进行了重建。单热点温度场重建图像能够正确的反应大豆中的热点存在，热点位置重建误差不大于0.07m，热点温度最大值的重建相对误差不高于1.9%。
本文研究初步验证了用声学法监测储粮温度的可行性。
The activity of insects and fungi in the stored grain produces heat that inducedtemperature rising and the temperature is directly related to the spoilage. The temperaturemeasurement is the important method for status detection of stored grain. High temperaturezone in a grain bulk called hot spot is the location of spoilage caused by insects and fungi.Presently, the normal method of temperature measurement in stored grain is the invasivemethod. The disadvantage of the invasive method is the low. As the hot spot is far from themeasurement point, the spoilage area couldn’t be detected unless it is very large. That willmake the big loss of grain without detecting hot spot early. The grain is a poor heatconductor. The space between temperature sampling points must be less than 0.5m fordetecting the hot spot early. Therefore, the non-invasive method of temperaturemeasurement is more suitable for temperature detection in stored grain. The sound couldpropagate through the gas in the pores between the grain kernels. Thus, in this paper, theacoustic temperature measurement in stored grain is proposed and the theoretic andexperimental study is also introduced. The main study and the contribution are listed asfollows:
The pore between grain kernels is considered as rigid, narrow, cylindrical pipes.Based of that, the acoustic wave equation in pipe, acoustic attenuation equation andacoustic velocity equation are deduced. The tortuosity is used to describe the flectionalpropagation of sound in grain. The function model between measured acoustic velocity, thetemperature and other parameters in stored grain is established. The acoustic velocityconversion factor is defined as the ratio of the measured acoustic velocity in grain and theacoustic velocity in free space as the temperature and the distance between microphonesare the same. The affection factors of acoustic velocity conversion factor are analyzed andthe calibration of the factor is introduced in details. Thereby, the applied acoustictemperature measurement model in stored grain is obtained. The model is verified bysound travel-time measurement system in soybeans. The result shows that the variation of measured sound velocity and the acoustic velocity conversion factor in different depths ofsoybeans and distances between two microphones is fitted for the theory analyze.
The triple correlation with wavelet de-noising (WT-TC) is proposed for improving theaccuracy and the stability of time delay estimation at the condition of seriously soundsignal attenuation with sound frequency in the grain. The method is studied that comparedwith the cross-correlation (CC), the cross-correlation with wavelet de-noising (WT-CC),and the PHAT generalized cross-correlation with wavelet de-noising (WT-PG). Thesimulated acoustic signal is obtained in different distance between two microphones anddifferent signal-to-noise ratio with the sound attenuation model of stored grain. The soundtravel-time in soybeans is estimated by four methods in simulation. The result shows that,if the distance between two microphones is short, the sound propagated between them areattenuated lightly, and the time delay estimation ability of WT-TC is as much as theWT-CC and the CC, that is better than WT-PG; if the distance between two microphones islong, the sound propagated between them are attenuated seriously, and the WT-TC hasbetter stability and accuracy than the other methods. The sound travel-time measurementsystem is built and used to measure the sound travel-time in soybeans. The experimentalresult also shows that the accuracy and stability of WT-TC are better than the othermethods.
Many hot spots could appear simultaneously at random locations in grain. Presently,most of acoustic temperature field reconstruction algorithm demand that the number ofpixels N divided in measured area must be less than the number of sound paths M. Thatcould make the density of temperature measurement points very low, and could not satisfythe need of complex temperature field reconstruction in grain. For solving the problem, thereconstruction algorithm based on Markov radial basic function and Tikhonovregularization is proposed with no demand of M>N, and called MTR for short. In computersimulation, three hot spots, five hot spots and 421 different locations of one hot spottemperature models are reconstructed by the algorithm proposed in the paper. The resultshows that, the proposed algorithm has good reconstruction capability of different complextemperature fields and good anti-noise ability. Therefore, it is expected to apply fortemperature measurement in grain.
The acoustic temperature field measurement system based on virtual instrument isbuilt in laboratory, and the software of system control is self-developed under LabVIEW.By MTR algorithm with the stable measured sound travel-time of modification and conversion, the three temperature fields with one hot spot in different location arereconstructed. The reconstruction images of single hot spot can reflect the hot spot insoybeans exactly. The location error of hot spot is less than 0.07m, and relative error of themaximum temperature value of hot spot is less than 1.9%.
The primary research in this paper verifies that the acoustic temperature measurementof stored grain is feasible.
引文
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