小风量试验系统设计与应用研究
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摘要
本文结合国内外近些年关于风量测试的研究,分析比较了各种风量测试方法用于实验室测风量时的优缺点,认为节流差压法是一种经济实用的测风量的方法。根据节流差压法的原理,自行设计了一套以风扇为主要测试对象的多喷嘴小风量试验系统,并对其总体设计方案、大概工作流程及主要性能参数测量进行了细致的分析。
与通用的风量试验系统相比,本系统中辅助风机采用多风机串并联的结构,实验结果证明这种结构在多喷嘴测试系统中具有很好的适应性。此外,由于系统的硬件结构的特殊性,本文自行设计了一种基于PID和PID积分分离算法的控制方式,该方式能很好的适用于多喷嘴切换测风量系统。最后,本文通过数值模拟,建立试验台模型,分析了整流板不同排布方式、整流板孔径与喷嘴相对大小以及不同喷嘴组合对试验台内流特性的影响,得出结论:设计和选择合理的喷嘴上游整流板排布方式应该尽力避免对气体有较大扰动的结构;喷嘴下游整流板的孔径大小与台体最小喷嘴相当时,能够有效的起到整流作用;在实现全量程测试的喷嘴组合选择的过程中总出风面积大的组合比出风面积小的组合更有优势。
本文设计的多喷嘴节流差压式小风量试验系统,具有系统简便,智能控制,测试精确等优点,给以后同类系统的设计提供了很好的一个参考,具有一定的借鉴意义。如何采用合适的硬件设备,并设计与之相适应的控制方式将是该类试验系统设计的重点工作。
This paper analyzes and compares the advantages and disadvantages in various of airflow measurement method which used in laboratory, by combine the research on airflow measurement in domestic and overseas in recent years, find that the method of throttling differential pressure is a method with economical and practical in laboratory test. According to this method, a set of weak airflow testing system with multi-nuzzles is designed, and the overall scheme, main work process and measuring method of main parameters are expressed in detailed.
Compared to the general airflow testing system, the auxiliary fan adopts the structure of series-parallel fans, experimental results proved that this structure has goog performance in the system. In addition, PID and PD control method is used by analyzing the system hardware structure, and the results show that the control mode can be applicable. Finally, base on the numerical simulation method, the test-bed FLUENT models are established, by analyze the influence of flow characteristic of the different combination of rectifier board , the pore size of rectifier board and different nozzles combination by the nozzle given, conclusions are draw: the selection of former rectifier plate should try their best to avoid their own disturbance; the pore size of rectifying plate in the downstream of nuzzles should be smaller than the smallest nozzle, in the process of nozzle choice should be chosen the largest area combination.
This weak airflow testing system with multi-nozzles uses the method of throttle pressure differential, which has the advantages of simple system, intelligent control and precise testing etc, provides a good reference to other similar designs in laboratory, which has certain significance. How to use appropriate hardware equipment, and design the conesponding control mode will be the focal point.
与通用的风量试验系统相比,本系统中辅助风机采用多风机串并联的结构,实验结果证明这种结构在多喷嘴测试系统中具有很好的适应性。此外,由于系统的硬件结构的特殊性,本文自行设计了一种基于PID和PID积分分离算法的控制方式,该方式能很好的适用于多喷嘴切换测风量系统。最后,本文通过数值模拟,建立试验台模型,分析了整流板不同排布方式、整流板孔径与喷嘴相对大小以及不同喷嘴组合对试验台内流特性的影响,得出结论:设计和选择合理的喷嘴上游整流板排布方式应该尽力避免对气体有较大扰动的结构;喷嘴下游整流板的孔径大小与台体最小喷嘴相当时,能够有效的起到整流作用;在实现全量程测试的喷嘴组合选择的过程中总出风面积大的组合比出风面积小的组合更有优势。
本文设计的多喷嘴节流差压式小风量试验系统,具有系统简便,智能控制,测试精确等优点,给以后同类系统的设计提供了很好的一个参考,具有一定的借鉴意义。如何采用合适的硬件设备,并设计与之相适应的控制方式将是该类试验系统设计的重点工作。
This paper analyzes and compares the advantages and disadvantages in various of airflow measurement method which used in laboratory, by combine the research on airflow measurement in domestic and overseas in recent years, find that the method of throttling differential pressure is a method with economical and practical in laboratory test. According to this method, a set of weak airflow testing system with multi-nuzzles is designed, and the overall scheme, main work process and measuring method of main parameters are expressed in detailed.
Compared to the general airflow testing system, the auxiliary fan adopts the structure of series-parallel fans, experimental results proved that this structure has goog performance in the system. In addition, PID and PD control method is used by analyzing the system hardware structure, and the results show that the control mode can be applicable. Finally, base on the numerical simulation method, the test-bed FLUENT models are established, by analyze the influence of flow characteristic of the different combination of rectifier board , the pore size of rectifier board and different nozzles combination by the nozzle given, conclusions are draw: the selection of former rectifier plate should try their best to avoid their own disturbance; the pore size of rectifying plate in the downstream of nuzzles should be smaller than the smallest nozzle, in the process of nozzle choice should be chosen the largest area combination.
This weak airflow testing system with multi-nozzles uses the method of throttle pressure differential, which has the advantages of simple system, intelligent control and precise testing etc, provides a good reference to other similar designs in laboratory, which has certain significance. How to use appropriate hardware equipment, and design the conesponding control mode will be the focal point.
引文
[1]王一鸣.相关测量技术应用于测量气体速度和流量的研究.北京农业机械化学院学报. 1984(2): 45-56.
[2] A.Behzadmehr, Sensitivity. Analysis of Entrance Design Parameters of A Backward-inclined Centrifugal Fan Using DOE Method and CFD Calculations. Journal of Fluids Engineering. 2006, 128: 446-453.
[3]全国风扇标准化技术委员会. GB/T3165-1999.离心式和轴流式鼓风扇和压缩机热力性能试验[M].北京:中国标准出版社, 1999.
[4] T.J.Craft, S. E. Gant, H. Iacovides. A New Wall Function Strategy for Complex Turbulent Flows. Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B: Fundamentals, 2004, 45(4): 301-318.
[5] M. Younsi, F. Bakir, S. Kouidri, R. Rey. Influence of Impeller Geometry on The Unsteady Flow in A Centrifugal Fan Numerical And Experimental. International Journal of Rotating Machinery. Volume 2007, Article ID 34901, 10 pages.
[6] K. Vasudeva Karanth, N. Yagnesh Sharma. CFD Analysis on The Effect of Radial Gap on Impeller-diffuser Flow Interaction as Well as on The Flow Characteristics of A Centrifugal Fan of Unsteady Flow in A Centrifugal Fan. International Journal of Rotating Machinery. Volume 2009, Article ID 293508, 8 pages.
[7]王建忠,纪纲.节流式差压流量计为何仍有优势.自动化仪表, 2006, 27(7): 63-66.
[8] ANSI/AMCA 210-85, ANSI/ASHRAE51-2007. Laboratory Methods of Testing Fans for Rating. 1985.
[9] Methods for The Measurement of Fluid Flow in Pipes, British Standard 1042, Part ZA, 1973
[10] Testing Methods for Turbo-fan Sand Blower, Japanese Industrial Standard, JISB8330-1981
[11] ISO/DIS 5801.Industrial Fans-Performance Testing Using Standardized Airways.1993
[12] GB/T1236-2000《工业通风机用标准化风道进行性能试验》
[13]朱正林,徐治皋.进气风室与进气风管对风机性能测试的差异.风机技术, 2003(3): 15-18.
[14]周拨,游斌,谢军龙等.流体机械外特性实验内流研究.工程热物理学报, 2006, 27: 137-140.
[15]曾庆湘,崔彤.篦冷机风机风量测量原理和计算方法.水泥石灰, 1995(3): 3-6.
[16] Zhao Zhengqing, Zhang Jian, etal. Application of Aerofoil Flow Measurement Device with Rectifier. Electric Power of East China, 2001(1): 48-49.
[17]周拨,游斌,谢军龙等.风量试验台在不同送风方式下整流效果分析.华中科技大学学报, 2009, 37(1): 126-129.
[18]蒋啸,张启谬.风量测量用整流器的试验研究.中国电机工程学报, 2006, 26(14): 104-108.
[19]王天富.流量喷嘴及其在实验室风量测量中的应用.西北建筑工程学院学报, 1993(1): 62-68.
[20]谢永来.提高差压式流量测量系统的准确性.职业圈, 2007(11): 163-164.
[21]陈文波.风量测量仪表的改进设计.涟钢科技与管理, 2004(2): 23-24.
[22]施红武.风量测量装置的量程修改.中国仪器仪表, 2009(3): 53-55.
[23]张学庆.流量测量的意义及流量传感器的现状.石油化工自动化, 2005, 99(5):99-101.
[24]李雄林,曹小林,张明星等.空调器性能测试中风量测量不确定度的研究.流体机械, 2008, 36(2): 10-13.
[25]王柏华.通风机测试方案选择与风量风压测量计算.江苏煤炭, 1994(4): 14-15.
[26]王民硕,强克炎,黄明生.消防排烟系统风量测试误差分析及对策.安装, 2001(4): 23-25.
[27]罗翼,张涛,方立德.水平安装文丘里管低压湿气测量模型.机械工程学报, 2008(1): 7-12.
[28]秦乐,李明亮,自云江.空气物理参数对电厂风量测量的影响.热能与动力工程,2009, 24(3): 332-336.
[29]朱宰基,关于一次风管含尘气流风量测试的探讨.锅炉技术, 2002(11): 26-28.
[31]张文海,对风机风量计算公式的认识.微电机, 2007(10): 82-83.
[32] L. K. Spink. Principles and Practice of Flow Meter Engineering. 8th Edition.The Foxboro Company,Foxboro,Mass, 1958.
[33] Jiang Xuping , Yao Xinzhong. Selection of Nozzle in Performance Test for Industrial Fan. FLUID MACHINERY, 2009(S1): 555-557
[34] Bob Peters and others. Testing the Water Flowmeters in Accordance With API 22“Testing Protocol”Section2—“Differential Pressure Flow MeasurementDevices”in the CEESI Colorado Test Facility. FLOUEKO 2004.
[35]蒋啸,张启璆.风量测量用整流器的试验研究.中国电机工程学报, 2006(14): 104-108.
[36] Philip, A, Lawrence. Cone meters for Liquid and Gas Measurement. Class 8210,International School of Hydrocarbon Measurement. Oklahoma University,2007,April.
[37]全国风扇标准化技术委员会.GB/T3165-1999.离心式和轴流式鼓风扇和压缩机热力性能试验.北京:中国标准出版社,1999.
[38]周作元,李荣先.温度与流体参数的测量基础.北京:清华大学出版社,1986.
[39] KIRKLAND L V, WRIGHT R G. Using Neural Network to Solve Testing Problems. IEEE Aerospace and Electric Systems Magazine, 1997, 12(8), 36-40
[40]蒋大伟,风机喘振分析及解决方案.广东化工, 2009(7):第245-247
[41]何希才.传感器及其应用.北京:国防工业出版社,2001.
[42]http://www.65198.com/cp_detail.php?id=34536&nowmenuid=136516&cpath=&catid=0
[43]廖崇琦,侯春萍.基于Vb.Net的数据采集系统软件设计.微处理机, 2006(06):54-56.
[44]任剑锋,魏庆.基于.Net平台的实验室信息管理系统的设计与实现.光盘技术, 2006(01):14-15.
[45]王树清,戴连奎,于玲.过程控制工程.北京:化学工业出版社, 2005 : 60-67
[46] Akagi H, Kanazawa Y, Nabae A. Instantaneous Reactive Power Compensators Comprising Switching Devices without Energy Storage Components [J]. IEEE Trans Ind Appl, 1984, 20(3): 625-630.
[47]李士勇.模糊控制,神经网络和智能控制论[M],哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社, 1998
[48] Xu Lihong, Feng Chunbo. Reviews of generalized predictive control. Control and Decision, 1992, 7(4): 241-246.
[49]陈振环与李笑,一种逆向变速积分PID算法及其在盾构土压平衡模拟系统中的应用.机床与液压, 2006(11): 102-103+106
[50] STAMPM, MATHUR.A, KIM.S. Role-based Access Control and The Jxta Peer-to-peer Framework. Proc of International Conference on Security & Management. 2006.
[51] SANDHU.R.S, COYNE.E.J, FEI.NSTEI.N.H.L. Role-based Access Control Models. IEEE Computer, 1996, 29(2): 38247.
[52]梁德旺,郭荣伟,赵明桂.格栅对进气道的气动性能和电磁散射特性的影响.航空学报, 1998, 19(5): 567-569.
[2] A.Behzadmehr, Sensitivity. Analysis of Entrance Design Parameters of A Backward-inclined Centrifugal Fan Using DOE Method and CFD Calculations. Journal of Fluids Engineering. 2006, 128: 446-453.
[3]全国风扇标准化技术委员会. GB/T3165-1999.离心式和轴流式鼓风扇和压缩机热力性能试验[M].北京:中国标准出版社, 1999.
[4] T.J.Craft, S. E. Gant, H. Iacovides. A New Wall Function Strategy for Complex Turbulent Flows. Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B: Fundamentals, 2004, 45(4): 301-318.
[5] M. Younsi, F. Bakir, S. Kouidri, R. Rey. Influence of Impeller Geometry on The Unsteady Flow in A Centrifugal Fan Numerical And Experimental. International Journal of Rotating Machinery. Volume 2007, Article ID 34901, 10 pages.
[6] K. Vasudeva Karanth, N. Yagnesh Sharma. CFD Analysis on The Effect of Radial Gap on Impeller-diffuser Flow Interaction as Well as on The Flow Characteristics of A Centrifugal Fan of Unsteady Flow in A Centrifugal Fan. International Journal of Rotating Machinery. Volume 2009, Article ID 293508, 8 pages.
[7]王建忠,纪纲.节流式差压流量计为何仍有优势.自动化仪表, 2006, 27(7): 63-66.
[8] ANSI/AMCA 210-85, ANSI/ASHRAE51-2007. Laboratory Methods of Testing Fans for Rating. 1985.
[9] Methods for The Measurement of Fluid Flow in Pipes, British Standard 1042, Part ZA, 1973
[10] Testing Methods for Turbo-fan Sand Blower, Japanese Industrial Standard, JISB8330-1981
[11] ISO/DIS 5801.Industrial Fans-Performance Testing Using Standardized Airways.1993
[12] GB/T1236-2000《工业通风机用标准化风道进行性能试验》
[13]朱正林,徐治皋.进气风室与进气风管对风机性能测试的差异.风机技术, 2003(3): 15-18.
[14]周拨,游斌,谢军龙等.流体机械外特性实验内流研究.工程热物理学报, 2006, 27: 137-140.
[15]曾庆湘,崔彤.篦冷机风机风量测量原理和计算方法.水泥石灰, 1995(3): 3-6.
[16] Zhao Zhengqing, Zhang Jian, etal. Application of Aerofoil Flow Measurement Device with Rectifier. Electric Power of East China, 2001(1): 48-49.
[17]周拨,游斌,谢军龙等.风量试验台在不同送风方式下整流效果分析.华中科技大学学报, 2009, 37(1): 126-129.
[18]蒋啸,张启谬.风量测量用整流器的试验研究.中国电机工程学报, 2006, 26(14): 104-108.
[19]王天富.流量喷嘴及其在实验室风量测量中的应用.西北建筑工程学院学报, 1993(1): 62-68.
[20]谢永来.提高差压式流量测量系统的准确性.职业圈, 2007(11): 163-164.
[21]陈文波.风量测量仪表的改进设计.涟钢科技与管理, 2004(2): 23-24.
[22]施红武.风量测量装置的量程修改.中国仪器仪表, 2009(3): 53-55.
[23]张学庆.流量测量的意义及流量传感器的现状.石油化工自动化, 2005, 99(5):99-101.
[24]李雄林,曹小林,张明星等.空调器性能测试中风量测量不确定度的研究.流体机械, 2008, 36(2): 10-13.
[25]王柏华.通风机测试方案选择与风量风压测量计算.江苏煤炭, 1994(4): 14-15.
[26]王民硕,强克炎,黄明生.消防排烟系统风量测试误差分析及对策.安装, 2001(4): 23-25.
[27]罗翼,张涛,方立德.水平安装文丘里管低压湿气测量模型.机械工程学报, 2008(1): 7-12.
[28]秦乐,李明亮,自云江.空气物理参数对电厂风量测量的影响.热能与动力工程,2009, 24(3): 332-336.
[29]朱宰基,关于一次风管含尘气流风量测试的探讨.锅炉技术, 2002(11): 26-28.
[31]张文海,对风机风量计算公式的认识.微电机, 2007(10): 82-83.
[32] L. K. Spink. Principles and Practice of Flow Meter Engineering. 8th Edition.The Foxboro Company,Foxboro,Mass, 1958.
[33] Jiang Xuping , Yao Xinzhong. Selection of Nozzle in Performance Test for Industrial Fan. FLUID MACHINERY, 2009(S1): 555-557
[34] Bob Peters and others. Testing the Water Flowmeters in Accordance With API 22“Testing Protocol”Section2—“Differential Pressure Flow MeasurementDevices”in the CEESI Colorado Test Facility. FLOUEKO 2004.
[35]蒋啸,张启璆.风量测量用整流器的试验研究.中国电机工程学报, 2006(14): 104-108.
[36] Philip, A, Lawrence. Cone meters for Liquid and Gas Measurement. Class 8210,International School of Hydrocarbon Measurement. Oklahoma University,2007,April.
[37]全国风扇标准化技术委员会.GB/T3165-1999.离心式和轴流式鼓风扇和压缩机热力性能试验.北京:中国标准出版社,1999.
[38]周作元,李荣先.温度与流体参数的测量基础.北京:清华大学出版社,1986.
[39] KIRKLAND L V, WRIGHT R G. Using Neural Network to Solve Testing Problems. IEEE Aerospace and Electric Systems Magazine, 1997, 12(8), 36-40
[40]蒋大伟,风机喘振分析及解决方案.广东化工, 2009(7):第245-247
[41]何希才.传感器及其应用.北京:国防工业出版社,2001.
[42]http://www.65198.com/cp_detail.php?id=34536&nowmenuid=136516&cpath=&catid=0
[43]廖崇琦,侯春萍.基于Vb.Net的数据采集系统软件设计.微处理机, 2006(06):54-56.
[44]任剑锋,魏庆.基于.Net平台的实验室信息管理系统的设计与实现.光盘技术, 2006(01):14-15.
[45]王树清,戴连奎,于玲.过程控制工程.北京:化学工业出版社, 2005 : 60-67
[46] Akagi H, Kanazawa Y, Nabae A. Instantaneous Reactive Power Compensators Comprising Switching Devices without Energy Storage Components [J]. IEEE Trans Ind Appl, 1984, 20(3): 625-630.
[47]李士勇.模糊控制,神经网络和智能控制论[M],哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社, 1998
[48] Xu Lihong, Feng Chunbo. Reviews of generalized predictive control. Control and Decision, 1992, 7(4): 241-246.
[49]陈振环与李笑,一种逆向变速积分PID算法及其在盾构土压平衡模拟系统中的应用.机床与液压, 2006(11): 102-103+106
[50] STAMPM, MATHUR.A, KIM.S. Role-based Access Control and The Jxta Peer-to-peer Framework. Proc of International Conference on Security & Management. 2006.
[51] SANDHU.R.S, COYNE.E.J, FEI.NSTEI.N.H.L. Role-based Access Control Models. IEEE Computer, 1996, 29(2): 38247.
[52]梁德旺,郭荣伟,赵明桂.格栅对进气道的气动性能和电磁散射特性的影响.航空学报, 1998, 19(5): 567-569.