超滤膜处理滦河水工艺研究
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摘要
由于水资源的短缺、水环境的恶化、饮用水标准的提高以及传统饮用水处理工艺自身存在的局限性,寻求新的饮用水安全保障技术以改进或替代传统工艺成为给水处理领域的重要内容。膜技术被称为“21世纪的水处理技术”,格外引人关注。
本文采用压入式和浸入式超滤膜系统对滦河微污染原水进行了中试研究,对比分析了两系统的运行特性,并重点对浸入式膜系统进行了深入研究,主要研究成果和结论如下：
(1)以滦河微污染原水为研究对象,对比分析了压入式和浸入式混凝-超滤两系统的除污特性及运行经济性。在设定工况下,压入式系统和浸入式系统运行稳定,对有机物的去除率分别为41.6%和36.5%；出水浊度均值分别为0.07NTU和0.08NTU；一次产水率分别为89.6%和91.4%；运行费用分别为0.136元／m3和0.122元／m3。采用模糊综合评价法,从技术性能、经济性能和环境性能三方面对压入式系统和浸入式系统进行了综合评价,从初级评判结果来看,压入式系统在环境性能方面表现较优,而浸入式系统在经济性能方面表现较优,从综合评判结果来看,压入式系统和浸入式系统的综合评价隶属度分别为0.490和0.510,根据最大隶属原则,浸入式系统的整体性能相对较优。
(2)分析了不同水质期滦河原水的有机物分子量分布规律,并对浸入式系统去除有机物在相对分子量上的特点进行了考察。滦河原水不同水质期内的有机物主要由分子量<1kDa的小分子构成,其中低温低浊期内小分子有机物占总量的比例相对最低,而高温高藻期最高。通过分析THMFP/DOC的含量发现,3k-1k分子量区间内的有机物取得最大值,产生THMs的能力最强,提高小分子有机物的去除率有助于降低产生THMs的风险。投加Al盐对有机物的去除效果明显好于投加Fe盐,尤其是在分子量<1k的有机物去除上。在各个水质期内,系统对分子量<1k的有机物去除效果最差,有时甚至出现负增长,而对分子量>30k的有机物去除效果最好。
(3)以浸入式膜系统为研究对象,利用BP神经网络建立了出水水质和膜污染预测模型。通过对该模型的训练得到,出水COD、出水浊度和TMP的相关系数R都大于0.8；均方标准差RMSE分别为0.0083、0.0009和0.4617,说明该BP神经网络模型有较好的模拟精度。利用检验样本对所建模型的预测性能进行检验,出水COD、出水浊度和TMP的预测值与试验值的平均相对偏差分别为4.63%、9.32%和8.08%,平均相对偏差较小,表明所建BP神经网络预测模型具有较高的预测精度。
(4)利用所建BP神经网络模型的高效预测性,并结合正交设计,对浸入式膜系统的运行操作参数进行了优化,得到最佳操作参数组合为：膜运行通量53.3L／m2.h,膜过滤周期30min,混凝剂投加量4mg／L,反洗时间80s,反洗水量15m3／h,混凝反应时间6min,反洗曝气量7m3／h。
(5)在低温低浊期,浸入式膜出水的有机物和浊度保持相对稳定,但当水温低于5℃、膜通量不变的情况下,运行中出现较高的初始TMP,影响了系统的正常运行,提高混凝剂投加量并不能有效改善膜污染状况,而适当降低膜通量可以有效缓解系统的膜污染。高藻原水采取预加氯后,不仅提高了系统对有机物的去除,而且对膜过滤性能起到了一定的改善作用。在线气／水反冲洗可以缓解系统的膜污染,但并不能使TMP完全恢复,定期执行EFM能及时恢复系统的过滤性能。通过分析化学清洗废液的成分发现,有机物是造成膜污染的主要物质,而Fe盐等无机元素在膜面上的沉积作用也不容忽视。
(6)膜反洗水中的有机物含量较高,以DOC表征的有机物主要分布在分子量>30kDa和<1kDa区间内。混凝／粉末炭-浸入式膜试验装置对膜反洗水的处理效果较好,出水平均浊度为0.07NTU；在FeCl3投加量为15mg／L、PAC为15 mg／L时,出水CODMn平均值为2.81mg/L,平均去除率达到50.7%；出水的pH和微生物指标均满足饮用水标准要求。示范工程的实践证明,选择混凝-超滤短流程处理工艺是可行的,超滤膜技术将是改进或替代常规处理工艺的最佳工艺选择。
Due to the shortage of water resource, the deterioration of water environment, the enhancement of drinking water quality standards and the limitations of traditional drinking water treatment processes, it has been a great subject that new water treatment technologies were explored to improve or replace traditional treatment processes in the area of drinking water treatment. Membrane technology is known as "water treatment technologies in the 21st century", particularly the concern caused by water treatment workers.
Ultrafiltration membrane process was tested for treatment of Tjanjin Luan River micro-polluted raw water. The pollutant removal characteristics and operating economics of the pressured membrane system and the submerged membrane system for treatment of Luan river water were studied. The two systems were evaluated comprehensively by using of fuzzy comprehensive Evaluation Method.The characteristics in relative molecular weight of the submerged membrane system on the removal of organic matter were investigated.The prediction model between effluent quality and membrane fouling of the immersed membrane system was established by using of BP artificial neural network. The effects of influent quality, membrane fouling and membrane integrity on the stability of submerged membrane system were analyzed in the periods of low temperature and low turbidity period and the period of high temperature and high amount of algae. In order to improve water production rate of UF system, Coagulation/PAC adsorption/immersed membrane was tested for treatment of inside-out UF membrane backwash water. The process design characteristics, the operation management and process design experience of the demonstration project, as well as the problems of ultrafiltration membrane technology in municipal water supply industry application were discussed.
The results and conclusions were as follows:
(1) The pollutant removal characteristics and operating economics of the pressured membrane system and the submerged membrane system for treatment of Luan river water were studied contrastingly in the same water conditions. The results showed that pressured membrane system and immersed membrane system showed operation stability in setting operating conditions. By two systems, the removals of organic matter were 41.6% and 36.5% respectively. The two systems had shown a great advantage comparision with conventional water treatment process in turbidity removal, and the mean effluent turbidity was respectively 0.07NTU and 0.08NTU. The water production rate of the pressured membrane system and immersed membrane system were 89.6% and 91.4% respectively, the operating costs were 0.136 yuan/m3 and 0.122 yuan/m3 respectively. Pressured membrane system and immersed membrane system were made a comprehensive evaluation from the technical performance, economic performance and environmental performance by Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. From the initial evaluation results, the pressured membrane system showed better environmental performance; while immersed membrane system showed better economic performance.From the comprehensive evaluation results, immersed membrane system demonstrated superior overall performance.
(2) The molecular weight distribution of organic matter in the different period of Luan River water quality was analyzed. The characteristics of the relative molecular weight of organic matter removal from the immersed membrane systems were studied. The results showed that the organic matters in Luan River raw water were mainly composed of the small molecules with MW less than lkDa during the different water quality periods, in which the proportion of the total organic matter was the mininum in the periods of low temperature and low turbidity, while the maximum in the periods of high temperature and high amount of algae. It was found that the THMFP/DOC was the maximum on the organic molecular weight range of 3k-1k, and followed by molecular weight range of 10k-3k. Thus increasing the removal rate of small-molecule organic compounds helps reduce the risks of producing THMs. The organic removal efficiency of Al salt coagulants was significantly better than Fe salt coagulants, especially for the organic matter with MW 30k was best.
(3) The prediction model between effluent quality and membrane fouling of the immersed membrane system was established by using of BP artificial neural network.BP artificial neural network prediction model which was trained had good simulation accuracy.The correlation coefficient R of the effluent COD, effluent turbidity and TMP were greater than 0.8. The simulation results and experimental results showed a good correlation.The RMSE of the effluent COD, effluent turbidity and TMP were 0.0083,0.0009 and 0.4617 respectively, which indicated unapparent discrete trend of the simulated values and experimental values series.The predicition performance of the models was tested for using test samples. It was found that the average relative deviation of predicted values and experimental values of the effluent COD, effluent turbidity and TMP were 4.63%,9.32% and 8.08% respectively. It showed that the BP artificial neural network prediction model built had a high prediction performance.
(4) The system operating parameters was optimized by using BP artificial neural network model and orthogonal design. The optimization results showed that the optimal operating parameters(membrane flux, membrane filtration cycle, coagulant dosage, backwashing time, backwashing water flux, coagulation reaction time, backwashing air flux) were 53.3L/m2.h,30min,4mg/L,80s,15m3/h,6min,7m3/h respectively.
(5) The organic matter and turbidity of the submerged membrane effluent remained relatively stable in the period of low temperature and low turbidity, but the higher initial TMP caused by the situations which were water temperature below 5℃and constant flux affected the normal operation of the system. Increasing the coagulant dosage can not effectively improve the membrane fouling. Decreasing membrane flux properly can effectively reduce the initial TMP, thereby easing the fouling of membrane system. High algae raw water will not only affect the membrane system's effulent quality, but also cause the serious membrane fouling. Pre-chlorination processes increased could not only improve the organic matter removal, but also play a certain improvement to membrane filtration performance.Air-water backwashing can mitigate membrane fouling, but it does not make TMP fully recovered. Periodic EFM can timely recover the membrane performance. It was found by analyzing the composition of chemical cleaning waste liquid that organic was the main material causing membrane fouling, while the deposition of inorganic elements such as Fe salt in the membrane surface can not be ignored.
(6) The concentration of organic matter in membrane backwash water was relatively high. The molecular weight of DOC in membrane backwash water was mainly more than 30ku and less than lku. The average permeate turbidity was 0.07 NTU. The average removal efficiency of CODMn was 50.7% and the average permeate CODMn was 2.81mg/L under the conditions of 15mg/L FeCl3 and 15mg/L PAC. Microcystin levels and pH were lower than the water quality requirements of "Sanitary standard for drinking water". Practice has proved that Coagulation-UF short flowsheet process is feasible. The ultrafiltration membrane technology is the optimum choice to improve or replace traditional treatment process.
本文采用压入式和浸入式超滤膜系统对滦河微污染原水进行了中试研究,对比分析了两系统的运行特性,并重点对浸入式膜系统进行了深入研究,主要研究成果和结论如下：
(1)以滦河微污染原水为研究对象,对比分析了压入式和浸入式混凝-超滤两系统的除污特性及运行经济性。在设定工况下,压入式系统和浸入式系统运行稳定,对有机物的去除率分别为41.6%和36.5%；出水浊度均值分别为0.07NTU和0.08NTU；一次产水率分别为89.6%和91.4%；运行费用分别为0.136元／m3和0.122元／m3。采用模糊综合评价法,从技术性能、经济性能和环境性能三方面对压入式系统和浸入式系统进行了综合评价,从初级评判结果来看,压入式系统在环境性能方面表现较优,而浸入式系统在经济性能方面表现较优,从综合评判结果来看,压入式系统和浸入式系统的综合评价隶属度分别为0.490和0.510,根据最大隶属原则,浸入式系统的整体性能相对较优。
(2)分析了不同水质期滦河原水的有机物分子量分布规律,并对浸入式系统去除有机物在相对分子量上的特点进行了考察。滦河原水不同水质期内的有机物主要由分子量<1kDa的小分子构成,其中低温低浊期内小分子有机物占总量的比例相对最低,而高温高藻期最高。通过分析THMFP/DOC的含量发现,3k-1k分子量区间内的有机物取得最大值,产生THMs的能力最强,提高小分子有机物的去除率有助于降低产生THMs的风险。投加Al盐对有机物的去除效果明显好于投加Fe盐,尤其是在分子量<1k的有机物去除上。在各个水质期内,系统对分子量<1k的有机物去除效果最差,有时甚至出现负增长,而对分子量>30k的有机物去除效果最好。
(3)以浸入式膜系统为研究对象,利用BP神经网络建立了出水水质和膜污染预测模型。通过对该模型的训练得到,出水COD、出水浊度和TMP的相关系数R都大于0.8；均方标准差RMSE分别为0.0083、0.0009和0.4617,说明该BP神经网络模型有较好的模拟精度。利用检验样本对所建模型的预测性能进行检验,出水COD、出水浊度和TMP的预测值与试验值的平均相对偏差分别为4.63%、9.32%和8.08%,平均相对偏差较小,表明所建BP神经网络预测模型具有较高的预测精度。
(4)利用所建BP神经网络模型的高效预测性,并结合正交设计,对浸入式膜系统的运行操作参数进行了优化,得到最佳操作参数组合为：膜运行通量53.3L／m2.h,膜过滤周期30min,混凝剂投加量4mg／L,反洗时间80s,反洗水量15m3／h,混凝反应时间6min,反洗曝气量7m3／h。
(5)在低温低浊期,浸入式膜出水的有机物和浊度保持相对稳定,但当水温低于5℃、膜通量不变的情况下,运行中出现较高的初始TMP,影响了系统的正常运行,提高混凝剂投加量并不能有效改善膜污染状况,而适当降低膜通量可以有效缓解系统的膜污染。高藻原水采取预加氯后,不仅提高了系统对有机物的去除,而且对膜过滤性能起到了一定的改善作用。在线气／水反冲洗可以缓解系统的膜污染,但并不能使TMP完全恢复,定期执行EFM能及时恢复系统的过滤性能。通过分析化学清洗废液的成分发现,有机物是造成膜污染的主要物质,而Fe盐等无机元素在膜面上的沉积作用也不容忽视。
(6)膜反洗水中的有机物含量较高,以DOC表征的有机物主要分布在分子量>30kDa和<1kDa区间内。混凝／粉末炭-浸入式膜试验装置对膜反洗水的处理效果较好,出水平均浊度为0.07NTU；在FeCl3投加量为15mg／L、PAC为15 mg／L时,出水CODMn平均值为2.81mg/L,平均去除率达到50.7%；出水的pH和微生物指标均满足饮用水标准要求。示范工程的实践证明,选择混凝-超滤短流程处理工艺是可行的,超滤膜技术将是改进或替代常规处理工艺的最佳工艺选择。
Due to the shortage of water resource, the deterioration of water environment, the enhancement of drinking water quality standards and the limitations of traditional drinking water treatment processes, it has been a great subject that new water treatment technologies were explored to improve or replace traditional treatment processes in the area of drinking water treatment. Membrane technology is known as "water treatment technologies in the 21st century", particularly the concern caused by water treatment workers.
Ultrafiltration membrane process was tested for treatment of Tjanjin Luan River micro-polluted raw water. The pollutant removal characteristics and operating economics of the pressured membrane system and the submerged membrane system for treatment of Luan river water were studied. The two systems were evaluated comprehensively by using of fuzzy comprehensive Evaluation Method.The characteristics in relative molecular weight of the submerged membrane system on the removal of organic matter were investigated.The prediction model between effluent quality and membrane fouling of the immersed membrane system was established by using of BP artificial neural network. The effects of influent quality, membrane fouling and membrane integrity on the stability of submerged membrane system were analyzed in the periods of low temperature and low turbidity period and the period of high temperature and high amount of algae. In order to improve water production rate of UF system, Coagulation/PAC adsorption/immersed membrane was tested for treatment of inside-out UF membrane backwash water. The process design characteristics, the operation management and process design experience of the demonstration project, as well as the problems of ultrafiltration membrane technology in municipal water supply industry application were discussed.
The results and conclusions were as follows:
(1) The pollutant removal characteristics and operating economics of the pressured membrane system and the submerged membrane system for treatment of Luan river water were studied contrastingly in the same water conditions. The results showed that pressured membrane system and immersed membrane system showed operation stability in setting operating conditions. By two systems, the removals of organic matter were 41.6% and 36.5% respectively. The two systems had shown a great advantage comparision with conventional water treatment process in turbidity removal, and the mean effluent turbidity was respectively 0.07NTU and 0.08NTU. The water production rate of the pressured membrane system and immersed membrane system were 89.6% and 91.4% respectively, the operating costs were 0.136 yuan/m3 and 0.122 yuan/m3 respectively. Pressured membrane system and immersed membrane system were made a comprehensive evaluation from the technical performance, economic performance and environmental performance by Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. From the initial evaluation results, the pressured membrane system showed better environmental performance; while immersed membrane system showed better economic performance.From the comprehensive evaluation results, immersed membrane system demonstrated superior overall performance.
(2) The molecular weight distribution of organic matter in the different period of Luan River water quality was analyzed. The characteristics of the relative molecular weight of organic matter removal from the immersed membrane systems were studied. The results showed that the organic matters in Luan River raw water were mainly composed of the small molecules with MW less than lkDa during the different water quality periods, in which the proportion of the total organic matter was the mininum in the periods of low temperature and low turbidity, while the maximum in the periods of high temperature and high amount of algae. It was found that the THMFP/DOC was the maximum on the organic molecular weight range of 3k-1k, and followed by molecular weight range of 10k-3k. Thus increasing the removal rate of small-molecule organic compounds helps reduce the risks of producing THMs. The organic removal efficiency of Al salt coagulants was significantly better than Fe salt coagulants, especially for the organic matter with MW
(3) The prediction model between effluent quality and membrane fouling of the immersed membrane system was established by using of BP artificial neural network.BP artificial neural network prediction model which was trained had good simulation accuracy.The correlation coefficient R of the effluent COD, effluent turbidity and TMP were greater than 0.8. The simulation results and experimental results showed a good correlation.The RMSE of the effluent COD, effluent turbidity and TMP were 0.0083,0.0009 and 0.4617 respectively, which indicated unapparent discrete trend of the simulated values and experimental values series.The predicition performance of the models was tested for using test samples. It was found that the average relative deviation of predicted values and experimental values of the effluent COD, effluent turbidity and TMP were 4.63%,9.32% and 8.08% respectively. It showed that the BP artificial neural network prediction model built had a high prediction performance.
(4) The system operating parameters was optimized by using BP artificial neural network model and orthogonal design. The optimization results showed that the optimal operating parameters(membrane flux, membrane filtration cycle, coagulant dosage, backwashing time, backwashing water flux, coagulation reaction time, backwashing air flux) were 53.3L/m2.h,30min,4mg/L,80s,15m3/h,6min,7m3/h respectively.
(5) The organic matter and turbidity of the submerged membrane effluent remained relatively stable in the period of low temperature and low turbidity, but the higher initial TMP caused by the situations which were water temperature below 5℃and constant flux affected the normal operation of the system. Increasing the coagulant dosage can not effectively improve the membrane fouling. Decreasing membrane flux properly can effectively reduce the initial TMP, thereby easing the fouling of membrane system. High algae raw water will not only affect the membrane system's effulent quality, but also cause the serious membrane fouling. Pre-chlorination processes increased could not only improve the organic matter removal, but also play a certain improvement to membrane filtration performance.Air-water backwashing can mitigate membrane fouling, but it does not make TMP fully recovered. Periodic EFM can timely recover the membrane performance. It was found by analyzing the composition of chemical cleaning waste liquid that organic was the main material causing membrane fouling, while the deposition of inorganic elements such as Fe salt in the membrane surface can not be ignored.
(6) The concentration of organic matter in membrane backwash water was relatively high. The molecular weight of DOC in membrane backwash water was mainly more than 30ku and less than lku. The average permeate turbidity was 0.07 NTU. The average removal efficiency of CODMn was 50.7% and the average permeate CODMn was 2.81mg/L under the conditions of 15mg/L FeCl3 and 15mg/L PAC. Microcystin levels and pH were lower than the water quality requirements of "Sanitary standard for drinking water". Practice has proved that Coagulation-UF short flowsheet process is feasible. The ultrafiltration membrane technology is the optimum choice to improve or replace traditional treatment process.
引文
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