矿物成分与水化学成分对粘性土抗剪强度的控制规律及其应用
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摘要
岩土体抗剪强度是控制斜坡稳定性的关键指标，粘性土由于其较低的力学性质，在有利的地形、地下水等条件下，分布粘性土的天然斜坡或人工边坡通常多发滑坡，因而粘性土抗剪强度一直是工程地质领域研究的热点问题。矿物成分是组成粘性土骨架的物质基础，孔隙水（地下水）是导致粘性土抗剪强度衰减的最活跃介质，所以矿物成分和孔隙水化学成分是控制粘性土抗剪强度的基本要素。然而各类矿物成分对粘性土抗剪强度的控制规律以及孔隙水化学成分变化条件下粘性土抗剪强度的变化规律目前并不清楚。本文通过大量直剪、三轴剪试验，结合矿物成分分析、水化学分析、电子显微镜扫描等多种室内试验手段，系统研究了孔隙水化学成分不同时，人工配制粘性土和天然粘性土在不同排水条件下抗剪强度的变化规律，深入探讨了矿物成分和孔隙水化学成分对粘性土抗剪强度的控制规律，并从各类矿物对抗剪强度控制作用强弱和水-土物理化学作用角度分析了粘性土抗剪强度变化的内在机理，并将对天然粘性土的研究结果用于黄茨滑坡机理分析。研究发现：
（1）蒙脱石由于其强烈的膨胀性和更为典型的片状形态，对粘性土抗剪强度具有较强的控制作用，且蒙脱石片状颗粒间摩擦强度低，对于粘粒组中不含碎屑矿物的粘性土，25%的蒙脱石干重比例即可显著降低粘性土的残余强度；
（2）粘粒组中粘土矿物和碎屑矿物对粘性土抗剪强度控制作用的强弱比较取决于两类矿物的相对比例。粘粒组碎屑矿物高于某临界含量时，控制作用强于粘土矿物；试验发现该临界含量在含蒙脱石、伊利石和高岭石粘性土中分别为10~15%、8%和6%。
（3）孔隙水矿化度对粘性土抗剪强度的控制规律受粘性土矿物组成和孔隙水离子浓度范围影响。蒙脱石是粘性土抗剪强度受孔隙水矿化度控制程度高低的关键组分，且孔隙水NaCl浓度仅在0~1mol/L范围内变化对粘性土抗剪强度产生影响。孔隙水酸碱性对粘性土抗剪强度的控制规律则取决于对粘性土抗剪强度起主要控制作用的矿物成分。
（4）兰州及其周边地区红层风化泥岩富含亲水性粘土矿物和可溶盐，在黄河水灌溉后，其中起胶结作用的易溶盐被溶解并淋出，颗粒间联结力减弱，集合体分散，从而导致溶滤后红层风化泥岩的排水残余内摩擦角降低45.7~61.7%，不排水峰值抗剪强度降低28.9~33.9%，且通过数值模拟手段证实，灌溉溶滤引发的风化泥岩抗剪强度衰减是黄茨滑坡活动的重要因素，黑台台面的持续灌溉仍有可能导致黄茨滑坡再次滑动。
Shear strength of soil is one of the key parameters controlling slope stability, andcohesive soils were extensively found to be facility-sliding strata to many natural slopes orcuttings as its poor mechanical properties, so the shear strength of cohesive soil has been oneof the hot spots in engineering geology. As mineral compostion forms the skeleton of thecohesive soil and pore water (groundwater) is one of the key causes leading to reduction of itsshear strength, the mineralogical composition and the pore water chemistry were two crucialfactors controlling the shear strength of cohesive soils. However, the control law of mineralcomposition and pore water chemistry on cohesive soil’s shear strength is not clear. Thisdissertation experimentally studied the impact of mineralogical composition in clay fractionand pore water chemistry on the shear strength of artificial and natural cohesive soils, bymeans of direct shear test, triaxial shear test, mineral compositon analysis, water chemistryanalysis, electron scanning microscope etc. The mechanism was analyzed in terms ofwater-soil physic-chemical interactions and the strength control effect of each type of mineral.And the research result of natural cohesive soil was used in analyzing the mechanism ofHuangci Landslide. The following specific conclusions could be drawn:
First of all, smectite has strong control effect on the shear strength of cohesive soil due toits strong expansibility and typical flake shape of particle. For cohesive soils whose clayfraction contains no detrital mineral,25%of smectite content would greatly reduce its shearstrength as the frictional strength between smectite particles was low.
Secondly, the control effect of clay mineral and detrial mineral in clay fraction on theshear strength of cohesive soils depends on the relative compostion of these two types ofmineral. The control effect of detrial mineral is stronger than clay minerals only when itscontent is higher than a critical content which was found to be10~15%,8%and6%incohesive soils containing smectite, illite and kaolinite repectively.
Thirdly, the control effect of of pore water salinity on the shear strength of cohesive soilwas affected by the mineral compostion and ion concentration. Smectite content decided thecontrol degree of pore water salinity, and the control effect was observed only when the NaClconcentration in0~1mol/L. The impact of pore water alkalinity/acidity on shear strength of cohesive soils was controlled by dominant mineral composition which had the key role in theshear strength of soils.
Finally, the weathered red mudstone in Lanzhou and around was rich in clay mineralsand soluble salts. The soluble salts were dramatically dissolved and leached by irrigationwater (Yellow River water), and the drained residual friction angle was reduced by45.7~61.7%, and the undrained peak shear strength reduced by28.9~33.9%. It was also foundthrough numerical simulation that the shear strength reduction inducd by irrigation lixiviationplayed a major role in Huangci Landslide activity, and continous irrigation on Heitai wouldprobably cause anther sliding of Huangci Landslide.
（1）蒙脱石由于其强烈的膨胀性和更为典型的片状形态，对粘性土抗剪强度具有较强的控制作用，且蒙脱石片状颗粒间摩擦强度低，对于粘粒组中不含碎屑矿物的粘性土，25%的蒙脱石干重比例即可显著降低粘性土的残余强度；
（2）粘粒组中粘土矿物和碎屑矿物对粘性土抗剪强度控制作用的强弱比较取决于两类矿物的相对比例。粘粒组碎屑矿物高于某临界含量时，控制作用强于粘土矿物；试验发现该临界含量在含蒙脱石、伊利石和高岭石粘性土中分别为10~15%、8%和6%。
（3）孔隙水矿化度对粘性土抗剪强度的控制规律受粘性土矿物组成和孔隙水离子浓度范围影响。蒙脱石是粘性土抗剪强度受孔隙水矿化度控制程度高低的关键组分，且孔隙水NaCl浓度仅在0~1mol/L范围内变化对粘性土抗剪强度产生影响。孔隙水酸碱性对粘性土抗剪强度的控制规律则取决于对粘性土抗剪强度起主要控制作用的矿物成分。
（4）兰州及其周边地区红层风化泥岩富含亲水性粘土矿物和可溶盐，在黄河水灌溉后，其中起胶结作用的易溶盐被溶解并淋出，颗粒间联结力减弱，集合体分散，从而导致溶滤后红层风化泥岩的排水残余内摩擦角降低45.7~61.7%，不排水峰值抗剪强度降低28.9~33.9%，且通过数值模拟手段证实，灌溉溶滤引发的风化泥岩抗剪强度衰减是黄茨滑坡活动的重要因素，黑台台面的持续灌溉仍有可能导致黄茨滑坡再次滑动。
Shear strength of soil is one of the key parameters controlling slope stability, andcohesive soils were extensively found to be facility-sliding strata to many natural slopes orcuttings as its poor mechanical properties, so the shear strength of cohesive soil has been oneof the hot spots in engineering geology. As mineral compostion forms the skeleton of thecohesive soil and pore water (groundwater) is one of the key causes leading to reduction of itsshear strength, the mineralogical composition and the pore water chemistry were two crucialfactors controlling the shear strength of cohesive soils. However, the control law of mineralcomposition and pore water chemistry on cohesive soil’s shear strength is not clear. Thisdissertation experimentally studied the impact of mineralogical composition in clay fractionand pore water chemistry on the shear strength of artificial and natural cohesive soils, bymeans of direct shear test, triaxial shear test, mineral compositon analysis, water chemistryanalysis, electron scanning microscope etc. The mechanism was analyzed in terms ofwater-soil physic-chemical interactions and the strength control effect of each type of mineral.And the research result of natural cohesive soil was used in analyzing the mechanism ofHuangci Landslide. The following specific conclusions could be drawn:
First of all, smectite has strong control effect on the shear strength of cohesive soil due toits strong expansibility and typical flake shape of particle. For cohesive soils whose clayfraction contains no detrital mineral,25%of smectite content would greatly reduce its shearstrength as the frictional strength between smectite particles was low.
Secondly, the control effect of clay mineral and detrial mineral in clay fraction on theshear strength of cohesive soils depends on the relative compostion of these two types ofmineral. The control effect of detrial mineral is stronger than clay minerals only when itscontent is higher than a critical content which was found to be10~15%,8%and6%incohesive soils containing smectite, illite and kaolinite repectively.
Thirdly, the control effect of of pore water salinity on the shear strength of cohesive soilwas affected by the mineral compostion and ion concentration. Smectite content decided thecontrol degree of pore water salinity, and the control effect was observed only when the NaClconcentration in0~1mol/L. The impact of pore water alkalinity/acidity on shear strength of cohesive soils was controlled by dominant mineral composition which had the key role in theshear strength of soils.
Finally, the weathered red mudstone in Lanzhou and around was rich in clay mineralsand soluble salts. The soluble salts were dramatically dissolved and leached by irrigationwater (Yellow River water), and the drained residual friction angle was reduced by45.7~61.7%, and the undrained peak shear strength reduced by28.9~33.9%. It was also foundthrough numerical simulation that the shear strength reduction inducd by irrigation lixiviationplayed a major role in Huangci Landslide activity, and continous irrigation on Heitai wouldprobably cause anther sliding of Huangci Landslide.
引文
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