基于超级电容的电梯节能控制技术与能效评价方法研究
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摘要
电梯作为高耗能特种设备，节能潜力巨大。目前，国内电梯节能技术以及电梯能效评价方法研究总体处于起步阶段，尚未出台相关国家标准，若照搬国外电梯能耗评价方法对国内电梯开展分等级的能效评价，将得出不合实际的结论；考虑碳排放和贸易保护措施，我国电梯产业发展将受制约。围绕这一课题，本文对基于超级电容的电梯节能技术和能效评价方法进行深入研究，以促进我国电梯节能技术发展，提高电梯节能降耗水平，为电梯能耗审查和监督管理提供技术支撑。
首先采用基于FFT的谐波检测方法，对目前国内在用的12台典型曳引电梯分别在有、无能量反馈情况下进行电压和电流谐波的检测，比较分析了电梯反馈能量的谐波特点以及能量反馈装置对电能质量的影响。研究结果表明，电梯反馈能量会对电网谐波产生不可忽视的影响，应加强电梯能量反馈装置的质量控制和监管，减少谐波污染。
其次，确立超级电容节能型电梯的组成结构，在静态条件下分别建立超级电容debye polarization cell模型，transmission line模型，集总参数电路模型等超级电容等效电路模型，并在此基础上，建立超级电容储能系统的数学模型；对双向DC/DC电路的控制策略展开研究，确立双向DC/DC电路的两种工作模式，采用上下桥臂独立控制方式，设计PI控制器进行仿真分析，模拟电梯运行过程中能量流动状态。
再次，详细推导分析轻载上行/重载下行、轻载上行/轻载下行、重载上行/轻载下行和重载上行/重载下行四种典型工况下功率流状况，结合转矩曲线分析出电梯上行和下行过程中每一个启停和恒速运行阶段的电梯工作状态(电动耗能状态或再生发电状态)，根据推导结果证明一个参考行程下电梯最大再生能量与电梯额定载荷从顶层运行底层的势能相等，并据此给出超级电容参数设计的步骤和方法。
最后，将电梯曳引系统的动力学模型和永磁同步电机的电磁学模型相结合，建立机电耦合的永磁同步电机驱动的曳引电梯的运行能耗计算模型，通过大量实验数据与理论模型的计算结果进行比较，验证能耗计算模型可靠性；以该能耗计算模型和大量实测及调查数据为基础，参考国内外现有的电梯能效评价标准，针对其中的缺陷和不足，确定了电梯使用类型分类、待机能效评价和运行能效评价中的相关参数，提出一套适合中国国情的电梯能效评价程序和方法。
As a kind of high energy consumption special equipment, elevator has a hugeenergy saving potential. At present, the domestic elevator energy-saving technologiesand energy efficiency evaluation methods are currently in their infancy, and there areno relevant national standards. The unrealistic conclusions will be drawn out, ifcarrying out the domestic elevator graded energy efficiency evaluations using foreignstandards. Considering carbon emissions and trade protection measures, thedevelopment of our elevator industry will be restricted. Based on the backgroundabove, the technology of elevator energy conservation based on ultracapacitor and thenew method of energy efficiency evaluation are studied in this paper, aiming atproviding technical support for supervision and management of the elevator energyconsumption as well as promoting our country's elevator energy saving technologydevelopment and elevator energy saving level.
Firstly, a harmonic detection method based on FFT is adopted to detect thevoltage and current harmonics of the typical traction elevators with the energyfeedback device or not respectively. Then the harmonic characteristic of elevatorfeedback energy and the influence of the energy feedback device are analyzed bycomparing the measurement data. The results show that the bad effect of feedbackenergy can not be neglected. To reduce the harmonic pollution, the quality control andsupervision of the feedback device should be strengthened.
Secondly, the elevator structure with ultracapacitor energy storage system isproposed and designed and the equivalent circuit models of ultracapacitor are built,such as debye polarization cell, transmission line model, lumped circuit model and soon. And on this basis, the ultracapacitor energy storage system is modeled. Twoworking modes for bidirectional DC/DC circuit are established and independentcontrol between upper and lower bridge arm is adopted. The PI controller is designedfor simulation to simulate the states of energy flow during elevator runtime.
Thirdly, the power flow status in the four typical working conditions namely lightloading up/heavy loading down, light loading up/light loading down, high loading up/light loading down, and high loading up/heavy loading down is deduced and analyzedin detail. The working states of elevator (electro motion state energy consumption or generating state) are obtained in every start-stop and constant speed stage of the upand down process based on the torque curve. According to the results deduced above,the maximum regenerative energy of the elevator per reference stroke is proved to beequal to the potential energy when the elevator running from the top floor to thebottom floor with rated load. Based on theory above, the designing steps andparameters selecting methods of ultracapacitor are given.
Finally, the energy consumption calculation model of elevator traction system isestablished by combining the dynamical model of elevator system andelectromagnetism model of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) together.Then the reliability of the model is verified by comparing the experimental data withthe calculation results. To solve the defects of foreign standards, the typeclassification of elevators and related parameters of energy efficiency evaluation areconfirmed based on the energy consumption calculation model and large quantities ofmeasured and survey data. Taking national conditions into account, a set of elevatorenergy efficiency evaluation procedures and methods is proposed.
首先采用基于FFT的谐波检测方法，对目前国内在用的12台典型曳引电梯分别在有、无能量反馈情况下进行电压和电流谐波的检测，比较分析了电梯反馈能量的谐波特点以及能量反馈装置对电能质量的影响。研究结果表明，电梯反馈能量会对电网谐波产生不可忽视的影响，应加强电梯能量反馈装置的质量控制和监管，减少谐波污染。
其次，确立超级电容节能型电梯的组成结构，在静态条件下分别建立超级电容debye polarization cell模型，transmission line模型，集总参数电路模型等超级电容等效电路模型，并在此基础上，建立超级电容储能系统的数学模型；对双向DC/DC电路的控制策略展开研究，确立双向DC/DC电路的两种工作模式，采用上下桥臂独立控制方式，设计PI控制器进行仿真分析，模拟电梯运行过程中能量流动状态。
再次，详细推导分析轻载上行/重载下行、轻载上行/轻载下行、重载上行/轻载下行和重载上行/重载下行四种典型工况下功率流状况，结合转矩曲线分析出电梯上行和下行过程中每一个启停和恒速运行阶段的电梯工作状态(电动耗能状态或再生发电状态)，根据推导结果证明一个参考行程下电梯最大再生能量与电梯额定载荷从顶层运行底层的势能相等，并据此给出超级电容参数设计的步骤和方法。
最后，将电梯曳引系统的动力学模型和永磁同步电机的电磁学模型相结合，建立机电耦合的永磁同步电机驱动的曳引电梯的运行能耗计算模型，通过大量实验数据与理论模型的计算结果进行比较，验证能耗计算模型可靠性；以该能耗计算模型和大量实测及调查数据为基础，参考国内外现有的电梯能效评价标准，针对其中的缺陷和不足，确定了电梯使用类型分类、待机能效评价和运行能效评价中的相关参数，提出一套适合中国国情的电梯能效评价程序和方法。
As a kind of high energy consumption special equipment, elevator has a hugeenergy saving potential. At present, the domestic elevator energy-saving technologiesand energy efficiency evaluation methods are currently in their infancy, and there areno relevant national standards. The unrealistic conclusions will be drawn out, ifcarrying out the domestic elevator graded energy efficiency evaluations using foreignstandards. Considering carbon emissions and trade protection measures, thedevelopment of our elevator industry will be restricted. Based on the backgroundabove, the technology of elevator energy conservation based on ultracapacitor and thenew method of energy efficiency evaluation are studied in this paper, aiming atproviding technical support for supervision and management of the elevator energyconsumption as well as promoting our country's elevator energy saving technologydevelopment and elevator energy saving level.
Firstly, a harmonic detection method based on FFT is adopted to detect thevoltage and current harmonics of the typical traction elevators with the energyfeedback device or not respectively. Then the harmonic characteristic of elevatorfeedback energy and the influence of the energy feedback device are analyzed bycomparing the measurement data. The results show that the bad effect of feedbackenergy can not be neglected. To reduce the harmonic pollution, the quality control andsupervision of the feedback device should be strengthened.
Secondly, the elevator structure with ultracapacitor energy storage system isproposed and designed and the equivalent circuit models of ultracapacitor are built,such as debye polarization cell, transmission line model, lumped circuit model and soon. And on this basis, the ultracapacitor energy storage system is modeled. Twoworking modes for bidirectional DC/DC circuit are established and independentcontrol between upper and lower bridge arm is adopted. The PI controller is designedfor simulation to simulate the states of energy flow during elevator runtime.
Thirdly, the power flow status in the four typical working conditions namely lightloading up/heavy loading down, light loading up/light loading down, high loading up/light loading down, and high loading up/heavy loading down is deduced and analyzedin detail. The working states of elevator (electro motion state energy consumption or generating state) are obtained in every start-stop and constant speed stage of the upand down process based on the torque curve. According to the results deduced above,the maximum regenerative energy of the elevator per reference stroke is proved to beequal to the potential energy when the elevator running from the top floor to thebottom floor with rated load. Based on theory above, the designing steps andparameters selecting methods of ultracapacitor are given.
Finally, the energy consumption calculation model of elevator traction system isestablished by combining the dynamical model of elevator system andelectromagnetism model of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) together.Then the reliability of the model is verified by comparing the experimental data withthe calculation results. To solve the defects of foreign standards, the typeclassification of elevators and related parameters of energy efficiency evaluation areconfirmed based on the energy consumption calculation model and large quantities ofmeasured and survey data. Taking national conditions into account, a set of elevatorenergy efficiency evaluation procedures and methods is proposed.
引文
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