三亚与沈阳两不同纬度地区农村人群户外活动时间的研究
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摘要
目的
1、通过个体户外活动情况调查,计算并比较三亚与沈阳两地区人群不同年龄组、不同性别、以及学前、义务教育和务农时期的日均、年均和累积户外活动时间,对不同年龄组人群户外活动时间进行比较,得出在不同时代背景下人群户外活动时间的变化趋势；
2、通过编制的计算软件,计算得出三亚与沈阳两地人群日间户外活动时间分布。
方法
1、流行病调查：通过整群抽样调查方法,选择海南省三亚市以及辽宁省沈阳市附近地区的农民做为调查人群,获取个体自然状况,个人履历,职业状况和生活史各阶段的户外活动日间规律；
2、个体户外活动时间的计算：建立年个体紫外线暴露时间公式,计算出个体年紫外线暴露时间,并进一步计算出日均、年均和累积户外活动时间,通过t检验比较不同年龄段、不同性别户外活动时间的差异；
3、得出人群同一生活史(学前、义务教育和务农时期)不同时代户外活动时间变化趋势；
4、两地人群日间户外活动时间的计算：将一天(6：00-18：30)的时间划分为以半小时为单位的25个时间段,限定每个时间段的最大值和最小值范围,通过计算软件得出人群不同时期日间户外活动时间分布。
结果
1、通过个体紫外线暴露计算公式,得出三亚与沈阳两地区不同年龄组、不同性别,以及学前、义务教育和务农时期日均、年均和累积户外活动时间；
2、三亚地区人群不同年龄组、不同性别,以及学前、义务教育和务农时期日均、年均和累积户外活动时间显著性大于沈阳地区；其中两地老年人(>60岁)调查结果显示：三亚地区老年人日均户外活动时间为4.72小时,显著性高于沈阳的2.80小时；
3、同一生活史(学前、义务教育和务农时期)不同时代研究结果显示,随着年龄的增加,人群年均暴露时间不断增加；
4、三亚与沈阳两地不同时期(包括学前、小学、中学以及务农时期)日间户外活动时间分布情况大致呈双峰分布,说明峰值期间应该是人群做好紫外线防护的重点时期；且三亚地区各时间段户外活动时间高于沈阳。
结论
1、通过对三亚地区、沈阳地区不同年龄段人群的日均,年均和累积户外活动时间进行比较,可以看出三亚地区人群的户外活动时间明显高于沈阳地区的人群。
2、通过对两地人群同一生活史不同时代的户外活动时间研究,两地人群随着年龄的增加,在学前、义务教育和务农时期的户外活动时间不断增加,三亚地区人群的户外活动时间明显高于沈阳地区人群。
3、三亚与沈阳两地人群不同时期日间户外活动时间分布情况大致呈双峰分布,且三亚地区各时间段户外活动时间高于沈阳。
Purposes
1.Through the study of individual outdoor activity time, we calculated and compared the daily average outdoor activity time, annual average outdoor activity time, and the cumulative outdoor activity time of different ages, genders, and pre-school, compulsory education, farming period in Sanya and Shenyang. Obtained at different background the trend of outdoor activity time in population.
2.Through the development of computing software,calculated the distribution of the outdoor activity time during the day in Sanya and Shenyang.
Methods
1.Epidemiological survey:through the cluster sampling survey method, surveyed for the farmers nearby Sanya,Hainan Province and Shenyang,Liaoning Province. Acquired to individual natural conditions, curriculum vitae and professional situation, and life history stages of the outdoor activities during the day.
2.Calculated the individual outdoor activity time:established the annual individual UV exposure time formula,got the individual annual UV exposure time, and further calculated the daily average, the annual average and the cumulative outdoor activity time, the relationship between different ages and different genders using t test.
3. Acquire to the trend of the people of the same life history(preschool,compulsory education, and farming period) in different times in outdoor time.
4.Calculated the distribution of the outdoor activity time during the day:the day (6:00-18:30) time was divided into half-hour units of 25 time periods, limited the maximum and minimum range of each time, calculated the distribution of the outdoor activity time during the day in the population.
Results
1.Through the calculating formula,we obtained different age groups, gender, and pre-school, compulsory education, and farming during the day, the average annual and cumulative time for outdoor activity time in Sanya and Shenyang.
2.Different age groups, gender, and pre-school, compulsory education, and farming during the day, the average annual and cumulative time for outdoor activity time in Sanya was significantly greater than Shenyang. The survey showed that the orders average daily outdoor activity time was 4.72 hours in Sanya, significantly longer than the 2.80 hours in Shenyang.
3.Through the outdoor activity study about the same life history(the pre-school, compulsory education, and farming study) in different age in the two groups, showed that the age older, the outdoor activity time more.
4.The distribution of the outdoor activity time during the day was bimodal distribution in Sanya and Shenyang, shown that the peak period should be the focus of the good UV protection period;and the outdoor activity time in Sanya was higher than Shenyang in each period.
Conclusions
1.By comparing the daily average outdoor activity time, annual average outdoor activity time, and the cumulative outdoor activity time of different ages between Sanya and Shenyang, the outdoor activity time in Sanya is significantly higher than Shenyang.
2.Through the outdoor activity study about the same life history in different age in the two groups, during the pre-school, compulsory education, and farming study,we find that the age older, the outdoor activity time more.
3.The distribution of the outdoor activity time during the day in the different times is bimodal distribution in Sanya and Shenyang, and the outdoor activities of all time in Sanya is higher than Shenyang.
1、通过个体户外活动情况调查,计算并比较三亚与沈阳两地区人群不同年龄组、不同性别、以及学前、义务教育和务农时期的日均、年均和累积户外活动时间,对不同年龄组人群户外活动时间进行比较,得出在不同时代背景下人群户外活动时间的变化趋势；
2、通过编制的计算软件,计算得出三亚与沈阳两地人群日间户外活动时间分布。
方法
1、流行病调查：通过整群抽样调查方法,选择海南省三亚市以及辽宁省沈阳市附近地区的农民做为调查人群,获取个体自然状况,个人履历,职业状况和生活史各阶段的户外活动日间规律；
2、个体户外活动时间的计算：建立年个体紫外线暴露时间公式,计算出个体年紫外线暴露时间,并进一步计算出日均、年均和累积户外活动时间,通过t检验比较不同年龄段、不同性别户外活动时间的差异；
3、得出人群同一生活史(学前、义务教育和务农时期)不同时代户外活动时间变化趋势；
4、两地人群日间户外活动时间的计算：将一天(6：00-18：30)的时间划分为以半小时为单位的25个时间段,限定每个时间段的最大值和最小值范围,通过计算软件得出人群不同时期日间户外活动时间分布。
结果
1、通过个体紫外线暴露计算公式,得出三亚与沈阳两地区不同年龄组、不同性别,以及学前、义务教育和务农时期日均、年均和累积户外活动时间；
2、三亚地区人群不同年龄组、不同性别,以及学前、义务教育和务农时期日均、年均和累积户外活动时间显著性大于沈阳地区；其中两地老年人(>60岁)调查结果显示：三亚地区老年人日均户外活动时间为4.72小时,显著性高于沈阳的2.80小时；
3、同一生活史(学前、义务教育和务农时期)不同时代研究结果显示,随着年龄的增加,人群年均暴露时间不断增加；
4、三亚与沈阳两地不同时期(包括学前、小学、中学以及务农时期)日间户外活动时间分布情况大致呈双峰分布,说明峰值期间应该是人群做好紫外线防护的重点时期；且三亚地区各时间段户外活动时间高于沈阳。
结论
1、通过对三亚地区、沈阳地区不同年龄段人群的日均,年均和累积户外活动时间进行比较,可以看出三亚地区人群的户外活动时间明显高于沈阳地区的人群。
2、通过对两地人群同一生活史不同时代的户外活动时间研究,两地人群随着年龄的增加,在学前、义务教育和务农时期的户外活动时间不断增加,三亚地区人群的户外活动时间明显高于沈阳地区人群。
3、三亚与沈阳两地人群不同时期日间户外活动时间分布情况大致呈双峰分布,且三亚地区各时间段户外活动时间高于沈阳。
Purposes
1.Through the study of individual outdoor activity time, we calculated and compared the daily average outdoor activity time, annual average outdoor activity time, and the cumulative outdoor activity time of different ages, genders, and pre-school, compulsory education, farming period in Sanya and Shenyang. Obtained at different background the trend of outdoor activity time in population.
2.Through the development of computing software,calculated the distribution of the outdoor activity time during the day in Sanya and Shenyang.
Methods
1.Epidemiological survey:through the cluster sampling survey method, surveyed for the farmers nearby Sanya,Hainan Province and Shenyang,Liaoning Province. Acquired to individual natural conditions, curriculum vitae and professional situation, and life history stages of the outdoor activities during the day.
2.Calculated the individual outdoor activity time:established the annual individual UV exposure time formula,got the individual annual UV exposure time, and further calculated the daily average, the annual average and the cumulative outdoor activity time, the relationship between different ages and different genders using t test.
3. Acquire to the trend of the people of the same life history(preschool,compulsory education, and farming period) in different times in outdoor time.
4.Calculated the distribution of the outdoor activity time during the day:the day (6:00-18:30) time was divided into half-hour units of 25 time periods, limited the maximum and minimum range of each time, calculated the distribution of the outdoor activity time during the day in the population.
Results
1.Through the calculating formula,we obtained different age groups, gender, and pre-school, compulsory education, and farming during the day, the average annual and cumulative time for outdoor activity time in Sanya and Shenyang.
2.Different age groups, gender, and pre-school, compulsory education, and farming during the day, the average annual and cumulative time for outdoor activity time in Sanya was significantly greater than Shenyang. The survey showed that the orders average daily outdoor activity time was 4.72 hours in Sanya, significantly longer than the 2.80 hours in Shenyang.
3.Through the outdoor activity study about the same life history(the pre-school, compulsory education, and farming study) in different age in the two groups, showed that the age older, the outdoor activity time more.
4.The distribution of the outdoor activity time during the day was bimodal distribution in Sanya and Shenyang, shown that the peak period should be the focus of the good UV protection period;and the outdoor activity time in Sanya was higher than Shenyang in each period.
Conclusions
1.By comparing the daily average outdoor activity time, annual average outdoor activity time, and the cumulative outdoor activity time of different ages between Sanya and Shenyang, the outdoor activity time in Sanya is significantly higher than Shenyang.
2.Through the outdoor activity study about the same life history in different age in the two groups, during the pre-school, compulsory education, and farming study,we find that the age older, the outdoor activity time more.
3.The distribution of the outdoor activity time during the day in the different times is bimodal distribution in Sanya and Shenyang, and the outdoor activities of all time in Sanya is higher than Shenyang.
引文
1 CQVIP, http://www.cqvip.com.html
2 Naohito Yamaguchi, et al. Ultraviolet radiation and health:from hazard identification to effective prevention. J Epidemiol,1999,9:1-4
3 SHLim, SMKim, YWLee, et al. Change of biophysical properties of the skin caused by ultraviolet radiation-induced photo damage in Koreans. Skin Research and Technology,2008, 14:93-102
4 Cam C. Solomon, Emily White, et al. Melanoma and lifetime UV radiation. Cancer Causes and Control,2004,15:893-902
5 Thomas Hocker, Hensin Tsao. Ultraviolet Radiation and Melanoma:A Systematic Review and Analysis of Reported Sequence Variants. Human Tation,2007,28(6):578-588
6 MelodyJ, MartinA, Weinstock. Association of UV Index, Latitude, and Melanoma Incidence in Nonwhite Populations—US Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results(SEER) Program, 1992 to 2001.Arch Dermatol,2005,141:477-481
7 Wikonkai, N. M, D. E.Brash Ultraviolet radiation induced signature mutations in photo carcino genesis. Investig Dermatol Symp,1999,4:6-10.
8 Judith A, Staples, Anne-Louise Ponsonby, et al. Ecologic Analysis of Some Immune-Related Disorders, Including Type-1 Diabetes, in Australia:Latitude, Regional Ultraviolet Radiation, and Disease Prevalence. Environmental Health Perspectives,2003,4(111):518-523
9 Satoshi Okada, Elizabeth Weather head, IraN. Targoff, et al. Global Surface Ultraviolet Radiation Intensity May Modulate the Clinical and Immunologic Expression of Autoimmune Muscle Disease. Arthritis and Rheumatism,2003,48 (8):2285-2293
10 Jin Ho Chung. Photoaging in Asians. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed,2003, 19:109-121
11 Xiuqin Dong, Per G, Soderberg, et al. The Effect of Exposure Time on Maximum Acceptable Dose for Avoidance of Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Cataract.Ophthalmic Res, 2005,37:197-201
12 Heijl A, Leske MC. Cataract epidemiology. Ophthalmology,2007,114(1):201
13 Robyn L,Tony MM, Wayne S,et al. Solar Ultraviolet Radiation—Global burden of disease from solar ultraviolet radiation. World Health Organization,Public Health and the Environment, Geneva 2006
14 第二次全国残疾人抽样调查办公室.第二次全国残疾人抽样调查资料.北京：中国统计出版社,2007
15 Dianne E, Godar. UV Doses of Americans. Photochemistry and Photobiology,2002, 73(6):621-629
16 Thieden E, Philipsen PA, Sandby-Moller J, et al. Sunscreen use related to UV exposure, age, sex, and occupation based on personal dosimeter readings and sun-exposure behavior diaries. Arch Dermatol,2005,141(8):967-973
17 Munakata N, Ono M, Watanabe S. Monitoring of Solar-UV Exposure among Schoolchildren in Five Japanese Cities Using Spore Dosimeter and UV-coloring Labels. Jpn J Cancer Res, 1998,89(3):235-245
18 Munakata N, Makita K, Bolsee D, et al. Spore dosimetry of solar UV radiation:applications to monitoring of daily irradiance and personal exposure.Adv Space Res,2000,26(12):1995-2003
19 Thieden E, Philipsen P A, Heydenredich J, et al. UV Radiation Exposure related to age, sex, occupation, and sun behavior based on time-stamped personal dosimeter readings. Arch dematol,2004,140:197-203
20 Wright CY, Reeder AI. Youth solar ultraviolet radiation exposure, concurrent activities and sun-protective practices:a review. Photochem Photobiol,2005,81 (6):1331-1342
21 Parisi AV, Kimlin MGPersonal Solar UV Exposure Measurements Employing Modified Polysulphone with an Extended Dynamic Range. Photochemistry and Photobiology,2004, 79(5):411-415
22 Peter G, Jill W. Measured Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Exposures of Outdoor Workers in Queensland in the Building and Construction Industry. Photochemistry and Photobiology,2003, 78(4):342-348
23 Ono M, Munakata N, Watanabe S. UV exposure of elementary school children in five Japanese cit
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26 Brilliant LB, Grasset NC, Pokhrel RP, et al. Associations among cataract prevalence, sunlight hours, and altitude in the Himalayas. Am J Epidemiol,1983,118:250-264
27 Hiller R, Superduto RD, Ederer F. Epidemiologic associations with nuclear, cortical, and posterior subcapsular cataracts. Am J Epidemiol,1986,124:916-92
28 Gies Peter,Wright Jill. Measured Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Exposures of Outdoor Workers in Queensland in the Building and Construction Industry. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 2003,78(4):342-348
29 田联普.小康社会与农民生活方式.体育文化导刊,2007,7：9-13
1 CQVIP, http://www.cqvip.com.html.
2 Naohito Yamaguchi, et al. Ultraviolet radiation and health:from hazard identification to effective prevention. J Epidemiol,1999,9:1-4.
3 SHLim, SMKim, YWLee, et al. Change of biophysical properties of the skin caused by ultraviolet radiation-induced photo damage in Koreans. Skin Research and Technology,2008, 14:93-102.
4 Cam C. Solomon, Emily White, et al. Melanoma and lifetime UV radiation. Cancer Causes and Control,2004,15:893-902.
5 Thomas Hocker, Hensin Tsao. Ultraviolet Radiation and Melanoma:A Systematic Review and Analysis of Reported Sequence Variants. Human Tation,2007,28(6):578-588.
6 MelodyJ, MartinA, Weinstock. Association of UV Index, Latitude, and Melanoma Incidence in Nonwhite Populations—US Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results(SEER) Program, 1992 to 2001.Arch Dermatol,2005,141:477-481.
7 Wikonkai, N. M, D. E.Brash Ultraviolet radiation induced signature mutations in photo carcino genesis. Investig Dermatol Symp,1999,4:6-10.
8 Judith A, Staples, Anne-Louise Ponsonby, et al. Ecologic Analysis of Some Immune-Related Disorders, Including Type-1 Diabetes, in Australia:Latitude, Regional Ultraviolet Radiation, and Disease Prevalence. Environmental Health Perspectives,2003,4(111):518-523.
9 Satoshi Okada, Elizabeth Weather head, IraN. Targoff, et al. Global Surface Ultraviolet Radiation Intensity May Modulate the Clinical and Immunologic Expression of Autoimmune Muscle Disease. Arthritis and Rheumatism,2003,48 (8):2285-2293.
10 Jin Ho Chung. Photoaging in Asians. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed,2003, 19:109-121.
11 Xiuqin Dong, Per G, Soderberg, et al. The Effect of Exposure Time on Maximum Acceptable Dose for Avoidance of Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Cataract.Ophthalmic Res, 2005,37:197-201.
12 Roy CR, Gies HP. Personal protection against solar ultraviolet radiation in proceedings of the International Symposium on UV. German ministry of the Environment,1993,4:47-52.
13 Hollows E, Moran D. Cataract the ultraviolet risk factor. Lancet,1981,2:1249-1250.
14 Brilliant LB, Grasset NC, Pokhrel RP, et al. Associations among cataract prevalence, sunlight hours, and altitude in the Himalayas. Am J Epidemiol,1983,118:250-264.
15 Hiller R, Superduto RD, Ederer F. Epidemiologic associations with nuclear, cortical, and posterior subcapsular cataracts. Am J Epidemiol,1986,124:916-925.
16 Wright CY, Reeder AI. Youth solar ultraviolet radiation exposure, concurrent activities and sun-protective practices:a review. Photochem Photobiol,2005,81(6):1331-1342.
17 Parisi AV, Kimlin MG.Personal Solar UV Exposure Measurements Employing Modified Polysulphone with an Extended Dynamic Range. Photochemistry and Photobiology,2004, 79(5):411-415.
18 Davis,W. Deane, B.L.Diffey. Possible dosimeter for ultraviolet radiation. Nature,1976, 261:169-170.
19 Gies Peter,Wright Jill. Measured Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Exposures of Outdoor Workers in Queensland in the Building and Construction Industry. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 2003,78(4):342-348.
20 Diffey,BL et al. Behavior Outdoors and Its Effects On Personal Ultraviolet Exposure Rate Measured Using An Ambulatory Datalogging Dosimeter. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 1995,61(6):615-618.
21 Thieden E,Philipsen PA, Sandby-Moller, et al. Sunscreen use related to UV exposure, age, sex, and occupation based on personal dosimeter readings and sun-exposure behavior diaries. Arch Dermatol,2005,141(8):967-973.
22 Ellen Herlithy. Personal dosimetry of solar UV radiation for different outdoor activities. Photochemistry and Photobiology,1994,60(3):288-294.
23 Munakata N, Makita K, Bolsee D, et al. Spore dosimetry of solar UV radiation:applications to monitoring of daily irradiance and personal exposure. Adv Space Res,2000, 26(12):1995-2003.
24 Ono M, Munakata N, Watanabe S.UV exposure of elementary school children in five Japanese cities. Photochem Photobiol,2005,81(2):437-445.
25 Hoeppe P,Oppenrieder A,Erianto C,et al. Visualization of UV exposure of the human body based on data from a scanning UV-measuring system. Int J Biometeorol,2004,9,49(1):18-25.
26 Taylor HR, West SK, Rosenthal FS, et al. Effect of ultraviolet radiation on cataract formation. N Engl J Med,1988,19(22):1429-33.
27 Godar DE, Wengraitis SP, Shreffler J,et al. UV Doses of Americans. Photochem Photobiol, 2001,73(6):621-9.
28 Sheila K.West,Janice D.Longstreth, et al. Model of Risk of Cortical Cataract in the US Population with Exposure to Increased Ultraviolet Radiation due to Stratospheric Ozone Depletion. Am J Epidemiol,2005,162:1080-1088.
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30 Norval M, Cullen AP, Gruijl FR, et al. The effects on human health from stratospheric ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change. Photochem Photobiol Sci,2007, 6(3):232-51.
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32 Ono M. Studies on ultraviolet radiation and health effects:ocular exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Dev Ophthalmol,2002,35:32-9.
33 Sydenham MM, Collins MJ, Hirst LW. Measurement of ultraviolet radiation at the surface to the eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,1997,38:1485-1492.
34 Yamada Y, Kojiama M. Repairing process of rabbit lens epithelial cells damaged by ultraviolet-B. J Kanazawa Medical Univ,2003,9:66-69.
2 Naohito Yamaguchi, et al. Ultraviolet radiation and health:from hazard identification to effective prevention. J Epidemiol,1999,9:1-4
3 SHLim, SMKim, YWLee, et al. Change of biophysical properties of the skin caused by ultraviolet radiation-induced photo damage in Koreans. Skin Research and Technology,2008, 14:93-102
4 Cam C. Solomon, Emily White, et al. Melanoma and lifetime UV radiation. Cancer Causes and Control,2004,15:893-902
5 Thomas Hocker, Hensin Tsao. Ultraviolet Radiation and Melanoma:A Systematic Review and Analysis of Reported Sequence Variants. Human Tation,2007,28(6):578-588
6 MelodyJ, MartinA, Weinstock. Association of UV Index, Latitude, and Melanoma Incidence in Nonwhite Populations—US Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results(SEER) Program, 1992 to 2001.Arch Dermatol,2005,141:477-481
7 Wikonkai, N. M, D. E.Brash Ultraviolet radiation induced signature mutations in photo carcino genesis. Investig Dermatol Symp,1999,4:6-10.
8 Judith A, Staples, Anne-Louise Ponsonby, et al. Ecologic Analysis of Some Immune-Related Disorders, Including Type-1 Diabetes, in Australia:Latitude, Regional Ultraviolet Radiation, and Disease Prevalence. Environmental Health Perspectives,2003,4(111):518-523
9 Satoshi Okada, Elizabeth Weather head, IraN. Targoff, et al. Global Surface Ultraviolet Radiation Intensity May Modulate the Clinical and Immunologic Expression of Autoimmune Muscle Disease. Arthritis and Rheumatism,2003,48 (8):2285-2293
10 Jin Ho Chung. Photoaging in Asians. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed,2003, 19:109-121
11 Xiuqin Dong, Per G, Soderberg, et al. The Effect of Exposure Time on Maximum Acceptable Dose for Avoidance of Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Cataract.Ophthalmic Res, 2005,37:197-201
12 Heijl A, Leske MC. Cataract epidemiology. Ophthalmology,2007,114(1):201
13 Robyn L,Tony MM, Wayne S,et al. Solar Ultraviolet Radiation—Global burden of disease from solar ultraviolet radiation. World Health Organization,Public Health and the Environment, Geneva 2006
14 第二次全国残疾人抽样调查办公室.第二次全国残疾人抽样调查资料.北京：中国统计出版社,2007
15 Dianne E, Godar. UV Doses of Americans. Photochemistry and Photobiology,2002, 73(6):621-629
16 Thieden E, Philipsen PA, Sandby-Moller J, et al. Sunscreen use related to UV exposure, age, sex, and occupation based on personal dosimeter readings and sun-exposure behavior diaries. Arch Dermatol,2005,141(8):967-973
17 Munakata N, Ono M, Watanabe S. Monitoring of Solar-UV Exposure among Schoolchildren in Five Japanese Cities Using Spore Dosimeter and UV-coloring Labels. Jpn J Cancer Res, 1998,89(3):235-245
18 Munakata N, Makita K, Bolsee D, et al. Spore dosimetry of solar UV radiation:applications to monitoring of daily irradiance and personal exposure.Adv Space Res,2000,26(12):1995-2003
19 Thieden E, Philipsen P A, Heydenredich J, et al. UV Radiation Exposure related to age, sex, occupation, and sun behavior based on time-stamped personal dosimeter readings. Arch dematol,2004,140:197-203
20 Wright CY, Reeder AI. Youth solar ultraviolet radiation exposure, concurrent activities and sun-protective practices:a review. Photochem Photobiol,2005,81 (6):1331-1342
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