庭院式民居日照适应性研究
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摘要
中国传统民居是数千年来我国居住经验的结晶,是住宅和自然气候良好结合的典范。因此,对民居进行研究,发现其适应自然环境的方法对现今住宅的设计与建造具有指导意义。
本文首先通过对吉林、北京、晋中、皖南、江苏、闽南六个不同纬度地区庭院式民居利用日照的方式进行调查、罗列以及分析各方式之间的关系,从中找出六个地点共有的日照利用方式,提取这些方式中对应的变量,如庭院高宽比、庭院长宽比等。
随后,对变量进行统计,寻找各地民居之间存在的差异。确定各地民居中变量的取值范围。通过对多个变量的取值范围进行汇总,从而描述各地民居在不同日照情况下所体现出的形制特征,即各地民居基本体。
然后,综合各地区气温、日照情况推导出民居对日照的需求程度。接着,将日照需求程度与民居形制变化的情况综合考虑,得到以日照需求度变化为参照的民居形制变化情况,通过这些变化情况进一步推出由于日照需求度不同而引起的民居变化趋势。这些趋势与民居基本体共同构成了民居日照适应性。
最后,找出民居日照适应性的特点,并与现今住宅的日照适应情况做比较,从对比中发现民居日照适应性中可以借鉴的方面,并对完善现今住宅的日照适应性工作和研究进行展望。
Chinese vernacular dwelling is regarded as the result of thousands of years' wisdom and a good example of the combination of human life and nature. Therefore, the study of Chinese vernacular dwellings may tell how people adapt to the nature, which is very meaningful to modern dwelling design and construction.
Through the on-site study of the yard dwelling on different latitudes in Jilin, Beijing, Jinzhong, Wannan, Jiangsu, Mingnan, the dissertation conducted a research on how residents make use of the sunlight and made a full analysis of the data acquired. As a result, the disseratation found out the common knowledge of sunlitght-using in these six areas and illustrated some data shared by these yard dwellings such as the ratio of yard's three dimensions.
Besides, the study shows that there are differences among the sunlight-using parameters in different areas. Thus, the dissertation also defined the range of sunlight-using parameters in different dwellings and described basic performance of dwellings in different areas.
With the help of data of temperture and sunlight in different areas, the dissertation caculated the sunlight demand of veracular dwelling. Since the dwelling's form varies with the change of sunlight intensity, the author conculeded a rule of yard dwelling architecture based on the change of sunlight demand.
Finally, the author had a further study of sunlight using rule of yard dwellings and found out that some parts of the rule are also applicable to modern dwellings. The author also drew a picture of the future study of the relation between sunlight and dewllings.
本文首先通过对吉林、北京、晋中、皖南、江苏、闽南六个不同纬度地区庭院式民居利用日照的方式进行调查、罗列以及分析各方式之间的关系,从中找出六个地点共有的日照利用方式,提取这些方式中对应的变量,如庭院高宽比、庭院长宽比等。
随后,对变量进行统计,寻找各地民居之间存在的差异。确定各地民居中变量的取值范围。通过对多个变量的取值范围进行汇总,从而描述各地民居在不同日照情况下所体现出的形制特征,即各地民居基本体。
然后,综合各地区气温、日照情况推导出民居对日照的需求程度。接着,将日照需求程度与民居形制变化的情况综合考虑,得到以日照需求度变化为参照的民居形制变化情况,通过这些变化情况进一步推出由于日照需求度不同而引起的民居变化趋势。这些趋势与民居基本体共同构成了民居日照适应性。
最后,找出民居日照适应性的特点,并与现今住宅的日照适应情况做比较,从对比中发现民居日照适应性中可以借鉴的方面,并对完善现今住宅的日照适应性工作和研究进行展望。
Chinese vernacular dwelling is regarded as the result of thousands of years' wisdom and a good example of the combination of human life and nature. Therefore, the study of Chinese vernacular dwellings may tell how people adapt to the nature, which is very meaningful to modern dwelling design and construction.
Through the on-site study of the yard dwelling on different latitudes in Jilin, Beijing, Jinzhong, Wannan, Jiangsu, Mingnan, the dissertation conducted a research on how residents make use of the sunlight and made a full analysis of the data acquired. As a result, the disseratation found out the common knowledge of sunlitght-using in these six areas and illustrated some data shared by these yard dwellings such as the ratio of yard's three dimensions.
Besides, the study shows that there are differences among the sunlight-using parameters in different areas. Thus, the dissertation also defined the range of sunlight-using parameters in different dwellings and described basic performance of dwellings in different areas.
With the help of data of temperture and sunlight in different areas, the dissertation caculated the sunlight demand of veracular dwelling. Since the dwelling's form varies with the change of sunlight intensity, the author conculeded a rule of yard dwelling architecture based on the change of sunlight demand.
Finally, the author had a further study of sunlight using rule of yard dwellings and found out that some parts of the rule are also applicable to modern dwellings. The author also drew a picture of the future study of the relation between sunlight and dewllings.
引文
6 资料来源:http://218.24.233.167:8000/Resource/Book/Edu/JXCKS/TS016034/0026_ts016034.htm
7 资料来源:陆元鼎,《中国民居研究现状》,2001
1 资料来源:张驭寰,《吉林民居》,1985
[1]刘敦桢.中国住宅概说.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1957
[2]刘致平.中国居住建筑简史.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1990
[3]中国建筑设计研究院.浙江民居.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1984
[4]张驭寰.吉林民居.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1985
[5]高珍明,王乃香,陈瑜.福建民居.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1987
[6]陆元鼎,魏彦钧.广东民居.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1990
[7]徐民苏,詹永伟.苏州民居.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1991
[8]同济大学建筑系.苏州旧住宅考图录.上海:同济大学教材科,1958
[9]刘敦祯.中国古代建筑史.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1980
[10]陆元鼎.民居史论与文化.广东:华南理王大学出版社,1995
[11]陆翔,王其明.北京四合院.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1996
[12]王其明.北京四合院.北京:中国书店,1999
[13]马炳坚.北京四合院建筑.天津:天津大学出版社,1999
[14]荆其敏.中国传统民居.天津:天津大学出版社,1985
[15]陈从周,潘洪萱,路秉杰.中国民居.上海:学林出版社,1993
[16]东南大学建筑系,歙县文管所.棠樾.南京:东南大学出版社,1993
[17]东南大学建筑系,歙县文管所.瞻淇.南京:东南大学出版社,1996
[18]东南大学建筑系,歙县文管所.渔梁.南京:东南大学出版社,1998
[19]东南大学建筑系,歙县文管所.豸峰.南京:东南大学出版社,1999
[20]东南大学建筑系,歙县文管所.晓起.南京:东南大学出版社,2000
[21]毛佳樑.上海传统民居.上海:上海人民美术出版社,2005
[22]宋昆.平遥古城与民居.天津:天津大学出版社,2000
[23]曹炜.中日居住文化—中日传统城市住宅的比较.上海:同济大学出版社,2002
[24]茂木计一郎(日)·稻次敏郎(日)·片山和俊(日).中国民居の空间を探索.东京:(株)建筑资料研究社,1991
[25]颜纪臣.山西传统民居.北京:中国建筑王业出版社
[26]龚恺,陈晓东,张晓东.世界文化遗产—西递古村落解析.南京:东南大学出版社,2006
[27]泉州历史文化中心.泉州古建筑.天津:天津科学技术出版社,1991
[28]苏州市房产管理局.苏州古民居.上海:同济大学出版社,2004
[29]孙大章.中国民居研究.北京:中国建筑王业出版社,2004
[30]陆元鼎.中国民居建筑上、中、下.广东:华南理工大学出版社,2003
[31]薛杰.可持续发展指南:高环境质量的建筑.北京:清华大学出版社,2006
[32]阎英.传统民居艺术.山东:山东科学技术出版社,1998
[33]JUNICHIRO TANIZAKI(日).IN PRAISE OF SHADOWS.LONDON:VINTAGE,2001
[34]冈田威海(日).庭と道.东京:鹿岛出版会,1987
[35]Chuan Wang.The Transformation and Continuity of the Traditional Dwelling in Suzhou,China.The Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture,MIT.1992
[36]单德启.单德启建筑学术论文自选集:从传统民居到地区建筑.北京:中国建材工业出版会,2004
[37]Ronald G.Knapp.Chinese Houses.US:Tuttle Publishing,2005
[38]李允銖.《华夏意匠》.天津:天津大学出版社,2005
7 资料来源:陆元鼎,《中国民居研究现状》,2001
1 资料来源:张驭寰,《吉林民居》,1985
[1]刘敦桢.中国住宅概说.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1957
[2]刘致平.中国居住建筑简史.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1990
[3]中国建筑设计研究院.浙江民居.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1984
[4]张驭寰.吉林民居.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1985
[5]高珍明,王乃香,陈瑜.福建民居.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1987
[6]陆元鼎,魏彦钧.广东民居.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1990
[7]徐民苏,詹永伟.苏州民居.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1991
[8]同济大学建筑系.苏州旧住宅考图录.上海:同济大学教材科,1958
[9]刘敦祯.中国古代建筑史.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1980
[10]陆元鼎.民居史论与文化.广东:华南理王大学出版社,1995
[11]陆翔,王其明.北京四合院.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1996
[12]王其明.北京四合院.北京:中国书店,1999
[13]马炳坚.北京四合院建筑.天津:天津大学出版社,1999
[14]荆其敏.中国传统民居.天津:天津大学出版社,1985
[15]陈从周,潘洪萱,路秉杰.中国民居.上海:学林出版社,1993
[16]东南大学建筑系,歙县文管所.棠樾.南京:东南大学出版社,1993
[17]东南大学建筑系,歙县文管所.瞻淇.南京:东南大学出版社,1996
[18]东南大学建筑系,歙县文管所.渔梁.南京:东南大学出版社,1998
[19]东南大学建筑系,歙县文管所.豸峰.南京:东南大学出版社,1999
[20]东南大学建筑系,歙县文管所.晓起.南京:东南大学出版社,2000
[21]毛佳樑.上海传统民居.上海:上海人民美术出版社,2005
[22]宋昆.平遥古城与民居.天津:天津大学出版社,2000
[23]曹炜.中日居住文化—中日传统城市住宅的比较.上海:同济大学出版社,2002
[24]茂木计一郎(日)·稻次敏郎(日)·片山和俊(日).中国民居の空间を探索.东京:(株)建筑资料研究社,1991
[25]颜纪臣.山西传统民居.北京:中国建筑王业出版社
[26]龚恺,陈晓东,张晓东.世界文化遗产—西递古村落解析.南京:东南大学出版社,2006
[27]泉州历史文化中心.泉州古建筑.天津:天津科学技术出版社,1991
[28]苏州市房产管理局.苏州古民居.上海:同济大学出版社,2004
[29]孙大章.中国民居研究.北京:中国建筑王业出版社,2004
[30]陆元鼎.中国民居建筑上、中、下.广东:华南理工大学出版社,2003
[31]薛杰.可持续发展指南:高环境质量的建筑.北京:清华大学出版社,2006
[32]阎英.传统民居艺术.山东:山东科学技术出版社,1998
[33]JUNICHIRO TANIZAKI(日).IN PRAISE OF SHADOWS.LONDON:VINTAGE,2001
[34]冈田威海(日).庭と道.东京:鹿岛出版会,1987
[35]Chuan Wang.The Transformation and Continuity of the Traditional Dwelling in Suzhou,China.The Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture,MIT.1992
[36]单德启.单德启建筑学术论文自选集:从传统民居到地区建筑.北京:中国建材工业出版会,2004
[37]Ronald G.Knapp.Chinese Houses.US:Tuttle Publishing,2005
[38]李允銖.《华夏意匠》.天津:天津大学出版社,2005
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