豆荚结构碳纳米材料Peapod（C_（60）@SWNTs）的制备及其结构和高压相变研究
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摘要
本论文主要围绕限域在壁碳纳米管内部的C_(60)所形成的新型豆荚型碳纳米材料的合成、结构及其高压聚合开展了系统研究。
利用直流电弧法,采用新型双金属催化剂制备出了高纯度、直径适合填充C_(60)的单壁碳纳米管(SWNTs)。建立了高温气相扩散实验系统,将C_(60)高填充率地限域在单壁碳纳米管中,成功地合成出peapod(C_(60)@SWNTs)样品。首次采用近红外激光激发,获得了C_(60)在SWNT内部的本征拉曼振动,为判定C_(60)存在于碳管内部提供了新判据。
利用高压原位近红外拉曼光谱,研究了限域在碳纳米管内部的C_(60)高压聚合结构变化规律。利用压力和碳管限域的双重作用,首次在室温下实现了碳纳米管内的C_(60)的压致共价键合,获得了限域在碳纳米管内、真正的准一维链状聚合的C_(60)纳米线。首次发现在压力作用下C_(60)键合成一维纳米线的聚合过程,揭示了管内C_(60)与体材料C_(60)有着截然不同的相变规律,同时发现紫外激光可以使键合压力降低。
研究了聚合结构Peapod的热稳定性,发现其明显高于体材料C_(60),二聚和一维链状结构的解聚温度提高了70K和80K。该研究表明利用高压作用,有助于深入认识纳米限域体系的键合规律,为制备新纳米材料提供了实验依据。
在高压和低温条件下系统研究了Peapod的中频拉曼光谱。首次利用近红外激光激发,在实验上获得了Peapod的拉曼振动全谱,并探索了在碳管限域条件下C_(60)分子的运动状态,首次提出C_(60)分子在SWNTs内表现出不同寻常的锯齿阻碍型的准自由旋转。该结果有助于深入认识纳米限域体系中C_(60)分子新奇的结构,为其应用提供了实验依据。
利用高压原位拉曼研究了填充C_(60)后的单壁碳纳米管在高压下的结构变化,首次发现了peapod中碳管的G-band出现了平台同时伴随R-band(呼吸模)强度的明显下降,该现象与空心单壁碳纳米管的高压原位拉曼光谱变化相近,认为C_(60)填充后的碳管在高压下发生了与空心碳管相近的从圆形到扁平、再到椭圆的结构变化。还发现了限域在碳管中的C_(60)无论是压致二聚还是一维链状聚合,解聚后直径不同的碳管结构变化不同,较小直径的碳管结构相变完全可逆,而较大直径碳管的相变具有不可逆性。
Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) and C_(60), as the most important members of carbon family, has become the most focused material for their unique chemical and physical properties in the field of condensed matter physics and nano-materials.
C_(60)-peapod, a SWNT including C_(60) molecules inside the tube, is quasi one dimensional nanostructure material, now attracting much interest. The unique structure of peapod and their fascinating physical and chemical properites imply a great potential in nanoscience and in technological applications. The discovery of peapods has opened new and fascinating possibilities to make building blocks for nanoengineering applications.
Many experimental and theoretical studies have recently found that The C_(60) molecules into carbon nanotubes may significantly alter their electronic, conducting, or mechanical properties and thermal conductivity.
One of the most widely used methods, the vapor phase reaction method, can produce peapod with a high filled ratio and high purity. Here, we synthesize peapod in high ratio and high purity by this method. The SWNTs were purified and opened and then sealed with C_(60) powder (purityof 99.9%) in a Y-shaped quartz tube at 1.2*10~(-4) Pa, and finally heated in a furnace at 823 K for 72 h to complete the encapsulation process by a vapor phase reaction.
It is a still an open question whether the C_(60) molecules inside a nanotube are separated or whether they are connected by covalent bonds to form dimers, trimers, or longer oligomer chains in the nanotubes at ambient conditions. Therefore studies on the structures of C_(60) molecules in SWNTs and the possibility to synthesize one-dimensional C_(60) polymers inside has become a significant and interesting research field.
High pressure can change the structure of materials, and thus change their physical properties. It provides us a very powerful tool to study the relations between the structure and physical properties.
A resonant Raman spectroscopy study has been carried out under high pressure, using a diamond anvil cell, on carbon nanotube peapods synthesized in high yield in our laboratory. The Raman signal was excited by a near IR laser (830 nm) to avoid photopolymerization of C_(60) and thus obtain the intrinsic vibrational information on the C_(60) molecules in the nanotubes. It is found that the surrounding tubes create an effective pressure on the encapsulated C_(60) due to tube-fullerene interactions, resulting in a shift of the intrinsic Ag(2) vibrational mode to 1474 cm?1 at ambient pressure. High pressure Raman spectroscopy indicates that (C_(60))2 dimers form near 1 GPa, and that a further polymerization of C_(60) occurs near 23 GPa, creating linear chains of covalently linked C_(60) molecules in the tubes. These studies provide helpful information on the structures of peapods both at ambient and high pressure.
Polymerization of C_(60) molecules in SWNTs under high pressure and simultaneous irradiation of UV laser (325 nm) has been carried out for the first time by using diamond anvil cell. Raman spectra for the peapod samples decompressed from high pressure indicated that C_(60)s form one-dimensional orthorhombic polymer in SWNTs with the UV laser irradiation at high pressure of 21.5 GPa, which is lower than that for the polymerized sample only induced by high pressure. The polymerization is an irreversible phase transition in the peapod.
Peapods present a model system for studying the properties of dimensionally constrained crystal structures, whose dynamical properties are very important. However, how the C_(60) molecules rotate inside SWNTs, especially at room temperature, is still an interesting open question. We have recently studied the rotational dynamics of C_(60) molecules confined inside SWNT by analyzing the IFM (intermediate frequency mode) lattice vibrations using NIR Raman spectroscopy. The rotation of C_(60) was tuned to a known state by applying high pressure, at which condition C_(60) first forms covalently bonded dimers at low pressure and then forms a single-chain non-rotating polymer structure at high pressure, in which state the molecules form chains with a two-fold symmetry. We propose that the C_(60) molecules in carbon nanotubes exhibit an unusual type of ratcheted rotation due to the interaction between C_(60) and SWNT walls in the“hexagon orientation”, and the characteristic vibrations of ratcheted rotation becomes more obvious with decreasing temperature. This study has given new insights and has provided an effective method (combination of NIR Raman and high pressure) to study the one-dimensional confinement effects. Not only do the results have important implications for the future utilization of peapods in new nano-materials, but they have also increased our basic understanding of the dynamics of a unique dimensionally constrained crystal structure, which is important for many applications in various fields, such as superhard and electronic materials, geology and geophysics.
Peapod can be taken as a representative qusi-one-dimensional model material. As a fundamental data, thermal stability of polymeric peapod is necessary for its potential application in the nanodevice and nanoengineering field. We thus have investigated the thermal stability and the de-plymerization process for this particular polymeric structure for the first time and compared with that of bulky polymeric structure. We found that polymeric C_(60) Chain confinement within SWNTs has better stability than the bulky sample. The chemical thermal stability of polymeric C_(60) molecules inside SWNT was analyzed by heat in Ar atmosphere. The de-polymeric temperature of the polymeric C_(60) molecules inside nanutube is higher than that of polymeric C_(60) powder, respectively, about 40~70 K for dimer polymeric and about 60~80 K for orthorhombic polymer. These results indicated that the thermal stability of polymeric C_(60) is increased due to the encapsulation, the host SWNT indeed plays an exactly important role to prevent the heated-depolymerizing.
We investigated the different diameter transition of host SWNT for both dimer and one-chain polymer of peapod in polymerization and de-polymerization process. The nanotube diameter reduction from the pristine peapod to the dimer and one-chain polymer are observed; however, the reversibility of diameter only occurs in the smaller nanotube. This work can help us to further understand the physical and structure properties of peapod, and provide a new approach to tune the diameter of SWNTs.
The investigation of their structural evolution under high pressure is always an important topic, which can provide information on the stability and phase transitions of SWNTs under compression.
利用直流电弧法,采用新型双金属催化剂制备出了高纯度、直径适合填充C_(60)的单壁碳纳米管(SWNTs)。建立了高温气相扩散实验系统,将C_(60)高填充率地限域在单壁碳纳米管中,成功地合成出peapod(C_(60)@SWNTs)样品。首次采用近红外激光激发,获得了C_(60)在SWNT内部的本征拉曼振动,为判定C_(60)存在于碳管内部提供了新判据。
利用高压原位近红外拉曼光谱,研究了限域在碳纳米管内部的C_(60)高压聚合结构变化规律。利用压力和碳管限域的双重作用,首次在室温下实现了碳纳米管内的C_(60)的压致共价键合,获得了限域在碳纳米管内、真正的准一维链状聚合的C_(60)纳米线。首次发现在压力作用下C_(60)键合成一维纳米线的聚合过程,揭示了管内C_(60)与体材料C_(60)有着截然不同的相变规律,同时发现紫外激光可以使键合压力降低。
研究了聚合结构Peapod的热稳定性,发现其明显高于体材料C_(60),二聚和一维链状结构的解聚温度提高了70K和80K。该研究表明利用高压作用,有助于深入认识纳米限域体系的键合规律,为制备新纳米材料提供了实验依据。
在高压和低温条件下系统研究了Peapod的中频拉曼光谱。首次利用近红外激光激发,在实验上获得了Peapod的拉曼振动全谱,并探索了在碳管限域条件下C_(60)分子的运动状态,首次提出C_(60)分子在SWNTs内表现出不同寻常的锯齿阻碍型的准自由旋转。该结果有助于深入认识纳米限域体系中C_(60)分子新奇的结构,为其应用提供了实验依据。
利用高压原位拉曼研究了填充C_(60)后的单壁碳纳米管在高压下的结构变化,首次发现了peapod中碳管的G-band出现了平台同时伴随R-band(呼吸模)强度的明显下降,该现象与空心单壁碳纳米管的高压原位拉曼光谱变化相近,认为C_(60)填充后的碳管在高压下发生了与空心碳管相近的从圆形到扁平、再到椭圆的结构变化。还发现了限域在碳管中的C_(60)无论是压致二聚还是一维链状聚合,解聚后直径不同的碳管结构变化不同,较小直径的碳管结构相变完全可逆,而较大直径碳管的相变具有不可逆性。
Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) and C_(60), as the most important members of carbon family, has become the most focused material for their unique chemical and physical properties in the field of condensed matter physics and nano-materials.
C_(60)-peapod, a SWNT including C_(60) molecules inside the tube, is quasi one dimensional nanostructure material, now attracting much interest. The unique structure of peapod and their fascinating physical and chemical properites imply a great potential in nanoscience and in technological applications. The discovery of peapods has opened new and fascinating possibilities to make building blocks for nanoengineering applications.
Many experimental and theoretical studies have recently found that The C_(60) molecules into carbon nanotubes may significantly alter their electronic, conducting, or mechanical properties and thermal conductivity.
One of the most widely used methods, the vapor phase reaction method, can produce peapod with a high filled ratio and high purity. Here, we synthesize peapod in high ratio and high purity by this method. The SWNTs were purified and opened and then sealed with C_(60) powder (purityof 99.9%) in a Y-shaped quartz tube at 1.2*10~(-4) Pa, and finally heated in a furnace at 823 K for 72 h to complete the encapsulation process by a vapor phase reaction.
It is a still an open question whether the C_(60) molecules inside a nanotube are separated or whether they are connected by covalent bonds to form dimers, trimers, or longer oligomer chains in the nanotubes at ambient conditions. Therefore studies on the structures of C_(60) molecules in SWNTs and the possibility to synthesize one-dimensional C_(60) polymers inside has become a significant and interesting research field.
High pressure can change the structure of materials, and thus change their physical properties. It provides us a very powerful tool to study the relations between the structure and physical properties.
A resonant Raman spectroscopy study has been carried out under high pressure, using a diamond anvil cell, on carbon nanotube peapods synthesized in high yield in our laboratory. The Raman signal was excited by a near IR laser (830 nm) to avoid photopolymerization of C_(60) and thus obtain the intrinsic vibrational information on the C_(60) molecules in the nanotubes. It is found that the surrounding tubes create an effective pressure on the encapsulated C_(60) due to tube-fullerene interactions, resulting in a shift of the intrinsic Ag(2) vibrational mode to 1474 cm?1 at ambient pressure. High pressure Raman spectroscopy indicates that (C_(60))2 dimers form near 1 GPa, and that a further polymerization of C_(60) occurs near 23 GPa, creating linear chains of covalently linked C_(60) molecules in the tubes. These studies provide helpful information on the structures of peapods both at ambient and high pressure.
Polymerization of C_(60) molecules in SWNTs under high pressure and simultaneous irradiation of UV laser (325 nm) has been carried out for the first time by using diamond anvil cell. Raman spectra for the peapod samples decompressed from high pressure indicated that C_(60)s form one-dimensional orthorhombic polymer in SWNTs with the UV laser irradiation at high pressure of 21.5 GPa, which is lower than that for the polymerized sample only induced by high pressure. The polymerization is an irreversible phase transition in the peapod.
Peapods present a model system for studying the properties of dimensionally constrained crystal structures, whose dynamical properties are very important. However, how the C_(60) molecules rotate inside SWNTs, especially at room temperature, is still an interesting open question. We have recently studied the rotational dynamics of C_(60) molecules confined inside SWNT by analyzing the IFM (intermediate frequency mode) lattice vibrations using NIR Raman spectroscopy. The rotation of C_(60) was tuned to a known state by applying high pressure, at which condition C_(60) first forms covalently bonded dimers at low pressure and then forms a single-chain non-rotating polymer structure at high pressure, in which state the molecules form chains with a two-fold symmetry. We propose that the C_(60) molecules in carbon nanotubes exhibit an unusual type of ratcheted rotation due to the interaction between C_(60) and SWNT walls in the“hexagon orientation”, and the characteristic vibrations of ratcheted rotation becomes more obvious with decreasing temperature. This study has given new insights and has provided an effective method (combination of NIR Raman and high pressure) to study the one-dimensional confinement effects. Not only do the results have important implications for the future utilization of peapods in new nano-materials, but they have also increased our basic understanding of the dynamics of a unique dimensionally constrained crystal structure, which is important for many applications in various fields, such as superhard and electronic materials, geology and geophysics.
Peapod can be taken as a representative qusi-one-dimensional model material. As a fundamental data, thermal stability of polymeric peapod is necessary for its potential application in the nanodevice and nanoengineering field. We thus have investigated the thermal stability and the de-plymerization process for this particular polymeric structure for the first time and compared with that of bulky polymeric structure. We found that polymeric C_(60) Chain confinement within SWNTs has better stability than the bulky sample. The chemical thermal stability of polymeric C_(60) molecules inside SWNT was analyzed by heat in Ar atmosphere. The de-polymeric temperature of the polymeric C_(60) molecules inside nanutube is higher than that of polymeric C_(60) powder, respectively, about 40~70 K for dimer polymeric and about 60~80 K for orthorhombic polymer. These results indicated that the thermal stability of polymeric C_(60) is increased due to the encapsulation, the host SWNT indeed plays an exactly important role to prevent the heated-depolymerizing.
We investigated the different diameter transition of host SWNT for both dimer and one-chain polymer of peapod in polymerization and de-polymerization process. The nanotube diameter reduction from the pristine peapod to the dimer and one-chain polymer are observed; however, the reversibility of diameter only occurs in the smaller nanotube. This work can help us to further understand the physical and structure properties of peapod, and provide a new approach to tune the diameter of SWNTs.
The investigation of their structural evolution under high pressure is always an important topic, which can provide information on the stability and phase transitions of SWNTs under compression.
引文
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