医疗废物高温蒸汽处理工艺及湿热灭菌中热量质量传递模型
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摘要
医疗废物处理是近年来环境工程领域中一个新颖的研究方向。高温蒸汽处理工艺以其投资少、运行成本低等诸多优点越来越受到人们的青睐。对其进行研究不仅有较好的理论探索意义,而且有很强的实际应用价值。
本文第一部分为医疗废物高温蒸汽灭菌工艺的研究,通过实验验证和理论分析,考察了医疗废物高温蒸汽处理工艺中各因素之间的影响关系。包括:固体物料和残液灭菌中灭菌时间和灭菌温度的关系,空气残余量对温度和热穿透的影响,空气残余量对灭菌效果的影响等。研究表明:灭菌室内的空气残余量会使灭菌室温度降低;空气残余量还会延长热穿透时间,使灭菌效果变差;与固体废物的灭菌过程相比,残液灭菌需要的灭菌时间要短。通过对实验数据的回归,得到了嗜热型脂肪杆菌芽孢在灭菌过程中的杀灭率,热死亡时间和灭菌温度之间的关系式。通过理论计算得到了灭菌室内的空气残余率、内室压力和温度之间的关系式。
如何确定灭菌时间是高温蒸汽灭菌工艺的关键所在,灭菌时间包括热死亡时间和热穿透时间。热死亡时间由微生物本身的特性决定;而热穿透时间与该过程中的热量质量传递有关。
文中的第二部分对湿热灭菌中的热量和质量传递进行了研究,目的是通过理论计算确定湿热灭菌过程中的热穿透时间。将医疗废物按物理形态分为致密性物料和多孔性物料。取其中的一片物料作为研究对象,分别建立了一维状态的热量质量传递数学模型。利用致密性物料的热传递模型,分析了空气对热穿透性的影响,通过计算发现致密性物料需要的热穿透时间很短,瞬间即可完成。
对多孔物料的热量质量传递模型中涉及的参数进行了测算。采用失重法,通过比较计算蒸发量和实验蒸发量的数值,利用多变量寻优的方法得到实验温度下湿分扩散系数与湿含量之间的关系式。之后将其进行计算,推导出了湿分扩散系数与湿含量和温度之间的关系式。采用加湿法,通过比较计算渗透量和实验渗透量及计算温度和实验温度的数值,利用多变量寻优的方法得到了热质扩散系数与湿含量和温度之间的关系式。
在得到湿分扩散系数和热质扩散系数关系式后,对多孔物料湿热灭菌的热量质量传递模型进行了数值计算和实验验证。研究表明,与致密性物料相比多孔物料需要的热穿透时间比较长。计算结果与实验结果吻合性较好。
Medical waste treatment is a new field in environmental engineering. More and more attentions have been paid to medical waste steam treatment technology for its low investment and treatment cost, and the researches on this technology become very important both in theory and practice.
Two correlated parts were studied in this paper. The first part was about steam sterilizing process for medical waste. Based on theoretical analysis and experimental verification, various interrelations of factors such as air remnant, chamber temperature and sterilizing time were investigated. The experiments showed that the more air remained, the lower temperature reached in chamber, and air remnant extended heat transfer time and impaired sterilizing performance. It was found that the liquid waste needed less sterilizing time than solid waste. The relationships among the killing rate of bacillus stearothermophilus, thermal death time and temperature were formulated and the relations between air remnant, pressure and temperature in sterilizing chamber were also developed in this part.
How to determine sterilizing time is quite critical in medical waste sterilization. It includes thermal death time and heat transport time. The former depends on bacteria: the later involves heat mass transfer.
The second part was about heat mass transfer models in moist sterilization process,from which the heat transport time could be theoretically calculated. Medical wastes were divided into dense media and porous media. One dimensional heat and mass transfer models were established from one piece of waste from each media respectively. The calculation results demonstrated that dense material needed less heat penetrating time.
The parameters involved in the heat mass transfer models in porous media were estimated. By adopting desorption apparatus, multivariable optimization method, and comparing calculated moisture evaporation amount with measured ones, the relations between moisture diffusion coefficient and moisture content were determined. The relations among moisture diffusion coefficient, moisture content and temperature were then derived. Sorption method and optimal approach were used to measure and calculate moisture increase values and temperature, by which the relational expressions among thermal diffusion coefficient, moisture content and temperature were obtained.
In the end, the heat and mass transfer models in porous media were numerically
本文第一部分为医疗废物高温蒸汽灭菌工艺的研究,通过实验验证和理论分析,考察了医疗废物高温蒸汽处理工艺中各因素之间的影响关系。包括:固体物料和残液灭菌中灭菌时间和灭菌温度的关系,空气残余量对温度和热穿透的影响,空气残余量对灭菌效果的影响等。研究表明:灭菌室内的空气残余量会使灭菌室温度降低;空气残余量还会延长热穿透时间,使灭菌效果变差;与固体废物的灭菌过程相比,残液灭菌需要的灭菌时间要短。通过对实验数据的回归,得到了嗜热型脂肪杆菌芽孢在灭菌过程中的杀灭率,热死亡时间和灭菌温度之间的关系式。通过理论计算得到了灭菌室内的空气残余率、内室压力和温度之间的关系式。
如何确定灭菌时间是高温蒸汽灭菌工艺的关键所在,灭菌时间包括热死亡时间和热穿透时间。热死亡时间由微生物本身的特性决定;而热穿透时间与该过程中的热量质量传递有关。
文中的第二部分对湿热灭菌中的热量和质量传递进行了研究,目的是通过理论计算确定湿热灭菌过程中的热穿透时间。将医疗废物按物理形态分为致密性物料和多孔性物料。取其中的一片物料作为研究对象,分别建立了一维状态的热量质量传递数学模型。利用致密性物料的热传递模型,分析了空气对热穿透性的影响,通过计算发现致密性物料需要的热穿透时间很短,瞬间即可完成。
对多孔物料的热量质量传递模型中涉及的参数进行了测算。采用失重法,通过比较计算蒸发量和实验蒸发量的数值,利用多变量寻优的方法得到实验温度下湿分扩散系数与湿含量之间的关系式。之后将其进行计算,推导出了湿分扩散系数与湿含量和温度之间的关系式。采用加湿法,通过比较计算渗透量和实验渗透量及计算温度和实验温度的数值,利用多变量寻优的方法得到了热质扩散系数与湿含量和温度之间的关系式。
在得到湿分扩散系数和热质扩散系数关系式后,对多孔物料湿热灭菌的热量质量传递模型进行了数值计算和实验验证。研究表明,与致密性物料相比多孔物料需要的热穿透时间比较长。计算结果与实验结果吻合性较好。
Medical waste treatment is a new field in environmental engineering. More and more attentions have been paid to medical waste steam treatment technology for its low investment and treatment cost, and the researches on this technology become very important both in theory and practice.
Two correlated parts were studied in this paper. The first part was about steam sterilizing process for medical waste. Based on theoretical analysis and experimental verification, various interrelations of factors such as air remnant, chamber temperature and sterilizing time were investigated. The experiments showed that the more air remained, the lower temperature reached in chamber, and air remnant extended heat transfer time and impaired sterilizing performance. It was found that the liquid waste needed less sterilizing time than solid waste. The relationships among the killing rate of bacillus stearothermophilus, thermal death time and temperature were formulated and the relations between air remnant, pressure and temperature in sterilizing chamber were also developed in this part.
How to determine sterilizing time is quite critical in medical waste sterilization. It includes thermal death time and heat transport time. The former depends on bacteria: the later involves heat mass transfer.
The second part was about heat mass transfer models in moist sterilization process,from which the heat transport time could be theoretically calculated. Medical wastes were divided into dense media and porous media. One dimensional heat and mass transfer models were established from one piece of waste from each media respectively. The calculation results demonstrated that dense material needed less heat penetrating time.
The parameters involved in the heat mass transfer models in porous media were estimated. By adopting desorption apparatus, multivariable optimization method, and comparing calculated moisture evaporation amount with measured ones, the relations between moisture diffusion coefficient and moisture content were determined. The relations among moisture diffusion coefficient, moisture content and temperature were then derived. Sorption method and optimal approach were used to measure and calculate moisture increase values and temperature, by which the relational expressions among thermal diffusion coefficient, moisture content and temperature were obtained.
In the end, the heat and mass transfer models in porous media were numerically
引文
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