中国与印度纺织品贸易竞争与合作研究
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摘要
无论对中国还是印度而言，纺织行业都在其国民经济中扮演着重要的角色，它是中印两国的一大传统优势产业，并且对两国的出口创汇、国内就业和社会稳定等方面都具有相当重要的意义。然而，随着后配额时代的来临，中印的纺织业都面临全新的国际环境。一方面作为世界纺织品服装最大消费市场的美欧，在配额时代结束后都纷纷举起非关税壁垒的大棒，尽管目前中国是其首当其冲的打击对象，印度似乎还可以坐收渔人之利，但目前印度国内学者已经对印度纺织行业提出警告，他们认为随着中国纺织品服装出口的理性化和印度对美欧出口的进一步扩大，美欧下一个打击的对象很可能就是印度。因此，中印实际上都面临着同样的严峻挑战；另一方面，一部分发展中国家也是纺织品主要出口国，如越南、巴基斯坦、南非等，它们目前对中印两国的误解和防范心理很严重，因为纺织品对这些国家来说是重点出口商品，而它们认为零配额时代中印两国抢占了原本属于它们的配额，严重影响其国内出口。因此中印同样面临来自这些发展中国家发起的新的挑战。
新时期中印纺织业何去何从是两国面临的一项重大课题。中印两国同为世界纺织大国，在纺织资源、人力、产品、技术等方面都具有自己的优势，如果能够在充分加强双方了解的基础上，通过展开合作，使双方取长补短，提升自身纺织行业的综合实力和国际竞争力，从而可以增加中印纺织业在对外贸易谈判中的筹码，减缓两国纺织业目前承受的巨大国际压力，同时也可以推动加快建立公平公正的世界纺织品服装市场，从根本上消除两国纺织品服装出口面临的非关税壁垒。
中国与印度的纺织行业同处于相同的发展阶段和层次，而且两国纺织品出口结构相似，因而双边贸易关系可能以竞争性为主。文章通过对中印纺织工业的比较、同时利用净出口竞争力指数(TSC)、显性比较优势指数(RCA)、出口相似指数对中国与印度纺织品贸易的国际竞争力进行了分析，分析结果表明，两国在大部分纺织品的生产和出口上具有一定的竞争性。但是由于两国在资源禀赋方面的差异，两国在部分纺织品的生产上具有互补性。从而也为中印两国纺织品贸易合作提供了一定的客观基础。因此，文章从中印纺织品双边贸易现状、利用贸易互补性指数对中国与印度的纺织品贸易合作潜力进行了分析。结果显示中国与印度在纺织原料类产品上，特别是丝绸、棉花、化纤的进出口上表现出比较强的互补性。基于中国与印度的具体情况，文章最后对中印纺织品贸易合作战略及发展前景进行探讨。中印两国由于经济上各有优势，纺织品贸易具有一定程度的互补性，以及市场资源潜力巨大的特点，未来两国间的纺织业合作具有巨大的发展空间。
文章摒弃了以往单纯从表面现象看待中印之间纺织品服装贸易竞争的思维方式，坚持正视竞争但不夸大竞争的原则，从竞争产生的根源入手研究，挖掘现象背后的本质原因，从而能更客观地分析竞争现象。同时文章立足于中印纺织品服装贸易的合作问题的研究，对合作的可能性和可行性作了详细的分析，这些研究在目前相关研究中几乎是空白，而且本文最大的特点是始终将“合作”置于“竞争”之中进行，具有突出的客观性，使研究成果更具现实意义。
Regardless of speaking of China or India, the textile profession is acting the important role in its national economy,and it is a Chinese and Indian big traditional superiority industry. To both countries, textile profession has the quite vital significance in earning foreign exchange through export, the domestic employment and social stability and other aspects. However, along with after quota oncoming, China and India's textile industry all faces the brand-new international environment. As the biggest world textile clothing market, US and Europe had recommended the non-tariff barrier after the quota time. Although at present China is the attack object and India may have victory fall into one's lap, India domestic scholars already gave the warning to the Indian spinning and weaving profession that along with rationalization of Chinese textile clothing exportation and Indian further expansion of exportation to US and Europe, the American and European next attack object was very possibly India.Therefore, China and India in fact are facing the similar stern challenge; On the other hand, part of developing nations also are mainly the textile the export states,like Vietnam,Pakistan,South Africa and so on,and they have very misunderstanding and the guard psychology to the China and India, because the textile is emphasis of the export commodity to these countries. But they thought China and India seized their quota belonged to them originally at zero quota time, which affected its domestic exportation seriously. Therefore China and India face the new challenge from these developing nations.
At present, an important issue faced by China and India textile industry is what course shall be followed. As the world spinning and weaving great nations, China and India have their own superiority in textile resources, manpower, product, technology and so on. Through fully strengthening the foundation of understanding between two sides, and launching cooperation, both sides are to make up for one's deficiency by learning from others' strong points, promoting the comprehensive strength and the international competitive power of textile profession, which may increase the China and India textile industry negotiations chip in the foreign trade, slow down huge international pressure that both countries textile industries withstand at present, simultaneously impel to speed up the establishment of fair world textile clothing market, fundamentally eliminate the non-tariff barrier which both countries textile clothing exportation faces.
Chinese and India's textile profession is at the same development phase and the level, and textile exportation structure of both countries is similar. Thus bilateral trade relations is of competitiveness primarily. By comparison of the China and India textile industry and analysis of Chinese and the Indian textile trade international competitive power using the net import competitive power, dominant comparison superiority index (RCA), and the similar exportation index, result had indicated that both countries had certain competitiveness in the majority of textile production and the exportation. But as a result of difference in the resources talent aspect, both countries have the complementarity in the partial textile production, which has also provided certain objective foundation for the China and India textile trade cooperation. Therefore, in this paper, present situation of the textile bilateral trade and Chinese and India's textile trade cooperation potential using the trade complementarity index are analyzed. The result showed China and India have complementarity on the textile raw material class product, specially the silk, the cotton. Based on Chinese and India's special details, the China and India textile trade cooperation strategy and the prospects are discussed finally in this paper. Because of Chinese and Indian superiority concerning the economy respectively and characteristic of textile complementarity, as well as the market resources potential, there will be the huge development space in textile industry cooperation between both countries in future.
In this paper, thinking mode from the superficial phenomenon has been abandoned; competition between China and India is considered seriously rather than exaggerated. From the point of root of the competition, essential reason behind phenomenon is revealed to analyze competition phenomenon more objectively. Based on the China and India textile clothing trade cooperation question research, possibility and the feasibility of cooperation is analyzed in detail. There is no achievement in the related field. Major characteristic feature of the paper is that corporation lies in the frame of competition, focusing on the objectivity and reality.
新时期中印纺织业何去何从是两国面临的一项重大课题。中印两国同为世界纺织大国，在纺织资源、人力、产品、技术等方面都具有自己的优势，如果能够在充分加强双方了解的基础上，通过展开合作，使双方取长补短，提升自身纺织行业的综合实力和国际竞争力，从而可以增加中印纺织业在对外贸易谈判中的筹码，减缓两国纺织业目前承受的巨大国际压力，同时也可以推动加快建立公平公正的世界纺织品服装市场，从根本上消除两国纺织品服装出口面临的非关税壁垒。
中国与印度的纺织行业同处于相同的发展阶段和层次，而且两国纺织品出口结构相似，因而双边贸易关系可能以竞争性为主。文章通过对中印纺织工业的比较、同时利用净出口竞争力指数(TSC)、显性比较优势指数(RCA)、出口相似指数对中国与印度纺织品贸易的国际竞争力进行了分析，分析结果表明，两国在大部分纺织品的生产和出口上具有一定的竞争性。但是由于两国在资源禀赋方面的差异，两国在部分纺织品的生产上具有互补性。从而也为中印两国纺织品贸易合作提供了一定的客观基础。因此，文章从中印纺织品双边贸易现状、利用贸易互补性指数对中国与印度的纺织品贸易合作潜力进行了分析。结果显示中国与印度在纺织原料类产品上，特别是丝绸、棉花、化纤的进出口上表现出比较强的互补性。基于中国与印度的具体情况，文章最后对中印纺织品贸易合作战略及发展前景进行探讨。中印两国由于经济上各有优势，纺织品贸易具有一定程度的互补性，以及市场资源潜力巨大的特点，未来两国间的纺织业合作具有巨大的发展空间。
文章摒弃了以往单纯从表面现象看待中印之间纺织品服装贸易竞争的思维方式，坚持正视竞争但不夸大竞争的原则，从竞争产生的根源入手研究，挖掘现象背后的本质原因，从而能更客观地分析竞争现象。同时文章立足于中印纺织品服装贸易的合作问题的研究，对合作的可能性和可行性作了详细的分析，这些研究在目前相关研究中几乎是空白，而且本文最大的特点是始终将“合作”置于“竞争”之中进行，具有突出的客观性，使研究成果更具现实意义。
Regardless of speaking of China or India, the textile profession is acting the important role in its national economy,and it is a Chinese and Indian big traditional superiority industry. To both countries, textile profession has the quite vital significance in earning foreign exchange through export, the domestic employment and social stability and other aspects. However, along with after quota oncoming, China and India's textile industry all faces the brand-new international environment. As the biggest world textile clothing market, US and Europe had recommended the non-tariff barrier after the quota time. Although at present China is the attack object and India may have victory fall into one's lap, India domestic scholars already gave the warning to the Indian spinning and weaving profession that along with rationalization of Chinese textile clothing exportation and Indian further expansion of exportation to US and Europe, the American and European next attack object was very possibly India.Therefore, China and India in fact are facing the similar stern challenge; On the other hand, part of developing nations also are mainly the textile the export states,like Vietnam,Pakistan,South Africa and so on,and they have very misunderstanding and the guard psychology to the China and India, because the textile is emphasis of the export commodity to these countries. But they thought China and India seized their quota belonged to them originally at zero quota time, which affected its domestic exportation seriously. Therefore China and India face the new challenge from these developing nations.
At present, an important issue faced by China and India textile industry is what course shall be followed. As the world spinning and weaving great nations, China and India have their own superiority in textile resources, manpower, product, technology and so on. Through fully strengthening the foundation of understanding between two sides, and launching cooperation, both sides are to make up for one's deficiency by learning from others' strong points, promoting the comprehensive strength and the international competitive power of textile profession, which may increase the China and India textile industry negotiations chip in the foreign trade, slow down huge international pressure that both countries textile industries withstand at present, simultaneously impel to speed up the establishment of fair world textile clothing market, fundamentally eliminate the non-tariff barrier which both countries textile clothing exportation faces.
Chinese and India's textile profession is at the same development phase and the level, and textile exportation structure of both countries is similar. Thus bilateral trade relations is of competitiveness primarily. By comparison of the China and India textile industry and analysis of Chinese and the Indian textile trade international competitive power using the net import competitive power, dominant comparison superiority index (RCA), and the similar exportation index, result had indicated that both countries had certain competitiveness in the majority of textile production and the exportation. But as a result of difference in the resources talent aspect, both countries have the complementarity in the partial textile production, which has also provided certain objective foundation for the China and India textile trade cooperation. Therefore, in this paper, present situation of the textile bilateral trade and Chinese and India's textile trade cooperation potential using the trade complementarity index are analyzed. The result showed China and India have complementarity on the textile raw material class product, specially the silk, the cotton. Based on Chinese and India's special details, the China and India textile trade cooperation strategy and the prospects are discussed finally in this paper. Because of Chinese and Indian superiority concerning the economy respectively and characteristic of textile complementarity, as well as the market resources potential, there will be the huge development space in textile industry cooperation between both countries in future.
In this paper, thinking mode from the superficial phenomenon has been abandoned; competition between China and India is considered seriously rather than exaggerated. From the point of root of the competition, essential reason behind phenomenon is revealed to analyze competition phenomenon more objectively. Based on the China and India textile clothing trade cooperation question research, possibility and the feasibility of cooperation is analyzed in detail. There is no achievement in the related field. Major characteristic feature of the paper is that corporation lies in the frame of competition, focusing on the objectivity and reality.
引文
1 邓芳．中印贸易发展现状与前景分析．集团经济研究，2007(3下)
2 赵宏，黄故，马涛．中国和印度纺织服装业的比较研究．东华大学学报(社会科学版)2004(2)
3 王新华．中国和印度纺织工业比较研究．天津工业大学硕士论文．2005年1月：4-5
4 高巍．中国和印度纺织业竞争力比较与合作建议．国际贸易．2006(8)
5 王永利．从竞争性与互补性看中印两国服装纺织品贸易的发展前景．世界经济研究．2004(8)：59-60
6 姜延书，辛海．后配额时代中印纺织品出口比较与借鉴．北方工业大学学报．2005，17(4)：27-36
7 王亚静，陈富桥，祁春节：中国与印度纺织品国际竞争力比较研究，世界经济研究，2005
8 Michael E. Porter.The Competitive Advantage of Nations.The Free Press.1990:1-123
9 Michael E．Porter．竞争战略．陈小悦译．华夏出版社．1997年1月：4-5
10 Michael E．Porter．竞争优势．陈小悦译．华夏出版社．1997年1月：32
11 Peter Kilduff.The Dynamics of National Textile and Clothing Industries and Their Markets: Observations on Patterns of Evolution and Future Prospects.University of North Carolina Greensboro.November 2003.International textile round-table conference
12 Bela A. Balassa,The Theory of Economic Integration, London, George Allen and Unwin LTD,1965,p. I
13 Dominick Salvatore著，朱宝宪吴洪等译，国际经济学，清华大学出版社，2003年，P234
14 Viner.,Jacob,"The custom Union issue",Carnegie Endowment for international Peace,New York, 1950
15 Robson,P. (1998), The Economics of International Integration,Fourth Edition,London: Routledge, p.43.
16 彼得·林德特，查尔斯·金德尔伯格．《国际经济学》．上海译文出版社．1985年版
17 中国纺织工业协会统计中心．http://tongji.ctei.gov.cn/
18 印度纺织工业概况．纺织信息周刊：2004(44)
19 中国统计年鉴．中国统计出版社．2006
20 Reports on Textiles Industry．印度纺织局．http://texmin.nic.in
21 中国纺织工业协会．2002-2003纺织工业发展报告．中国纺织出版社
22 Samar Verma. Export competitiveness of Indian textile and garment industry. Indian council for research on international economic relations. Working paper 94. 2001
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33 中印纺织服装出口竞争力比较．证券时报记者吴智钢．2007年4月7日
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43 中野宏．日中贸易的发展与比较优势结构．世界经济评论．2000年1月号
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51 周金秦，罗文宝．浅析构建中印自由贸易区的现实意义．天府新论．2005年11月
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53 中国国家统计局 http://www.stats.gov.cn
54 世界贸易组织 http://www.wto.org
55 中国纺织经济信息网 http://www.ctei.gov.cn
56 中国化纤信息网 http://www.ccf.com.cn
57 中国丝绸信息网 http://www.cbinasilk.com．
58 中国棉纺织信息网 http://www.tteb.com
59 中国驻印度大使馆经济商赞处网站 http://in.mofcom.gov.cn
60 中国商务部网站 http://www.mofcom.gov.cn
61 http://www.intracen.org
62 http://monitor.textile.org.tw
63 http://texmin.nic.in/
2 赵宏，黄故，马涛．中国和印度纺织服装业的比较研究．东华大学学报(社会科学版)2004(2)
3 王新华．中国和印度纺织工业比较研究．天津工业大学硕士论文．2005年1月：4-5
4 高巍．中国和印度纺织业竞争力比较与合作建议．国际贸易．2006(8)
5 王永利．从竞争性与互补性看中印两国服装纺织品贸易的发展前景．世界经济研究．2004(8)：59-60
6 姜延书，辛海．后配额时代中印纺织品出口比较与借鉴．北方工业大学学报．2005，17(4)：27-36
7 王亚静，陈富桥，祁春节：中国与印度纺织品国际竞争力比较研究，世界经济研究，2005
8 Michael E. Porter.The Competitive Advantage of Nations.The Free Press.1990:1-123
9 Michael E．Porter．竞争战略．陈小悦译．华夏出版社．1997年1月：4-5
10 Michael E．Porter．竞争优势．陈小悦译．华夏出版社．1997年1月：32
11 Peter Kilduff.The Dynamics of National Textile and Clothing Industries and Their Markets: Observations on Patterns of Evolution and Future Prospects.University of North Carolina Greensboro.November 2003.International textile round-table conference
12 Bela A. Balassa,The Theory of Economic Integration, London, George Allen and Unwin LTD,1965,p. I
13 Dominick Salvatore著，朱宝宪吴洪等译，国际经济学，清华大学出版社，2003年，P234
14 Viner.,Jacob,"The custom Union issue",Carnegie Endowment for international Peace,New York, 1950
15 Robson,P. (1998), The Economics of International Integration,Fourth Edition,London: Routledge, p.43.
16 彼得·林德特，查尔斯·金德尔伯格．《国际经济学》．上海译文出版社．1985年版
17 中国纺织工业协会统计中心．http://tongji.ctei.gov.cn/
18 印度纺织工业概况．纺织信息周刊：2004(44)
19 中国统计年鉴．中国统计出版社．2006
20 Reports on Textiles Industry．印度纺织局．http://texmin.nic.in
21 中国纺织工业协会．2002-2003纺织工业发展报告．中国纺织出版社
22 Samar Verma. Export competitiveness of Indian textile and garment industry. Indian council for research on international economic relations. Working paper 94. 2001
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