预应力桥梁结构耐久性与剩余寿命研究
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摘要
现代预应力桥梁结构因其良好的使用性能和优越的跨越能力而得到公路、铁路桥梁建设领域的大规模使用。预应力桥梁在气候、环境等自然因素的影响下,预应力混凝土材料同样逐渐老化,而日益增加的汽车重载作用损伤也使构件力学性能不断衰减。不仅如此,高强度预应力钢材带来的高应力工作状态也加剧了应力腐蚀后发生脆性破坏的风险。因而,对预应力桥梁的耐久性和继续正常服役的剩余寿命展开研究,可以真实的了解预应力桥梁在腐蚀环境中的可靠度,揭示桥梁耐久性寿命的时变规律,并且为预应力桥梁结构的正常安全的使用以及桥梁耐久性设计、评定提供理论基础和实践参考。
本文针对预应力混凝土桥梁使用环境特点和结构的力学以及构造特征,在总结已有的耐久性和可靠度研究成果的基础上,基于可靠度对预应力桥梁耐久性及剩余寿命问题进行了深入的研究,主要研究内容为：
1.对时变可靠度常用的时间综合法,时间离散法和首次超越概率法进行对比研究,给出了基于时间离散法的首次超越概率求解时变可靠度的分析方法,阐明了简明的求解思路。
2.提出预应力混凝土结构的保护层体系的概念,通过对应力状态下碳化扩散模型的探讨,对多因素下完全碳化区和部分碳化区的碳化反应和扩散过程进行分析,提出了碳化失钝长度求解方程。建立一般大气环境预应力混凝土结构耐久性极限状态方程,并以之作为结构保护层厚度取值的重要条件。提出了碳化腐蚀条件下预应力混凝土保护体系最小厚度的确定方法,并给出了部分代表城市的推荐预应力混凝土保护体系最小厚度取值。进一步的,对应力状态下氯离子侵蚀和普通钢筋修正模型进行分析,建立氯离子侵蚀环境预应力混凝土结构耐久性极限状态方程,从而导出氯盐侵蚀条件下预应力混凝土保护体系最小厚度的确定方法,并据此给出了部分沿海代表城市的推荐氯盐腐蚀环境预应力混凝土保护体系最小厚度取值。
3.从预应力桥梁结构的预应力钢筋锈蚀脱钝问题和预应力结构中普通钢筋锈胀开裂问题出发,以耐久性寿命时间历程为分析手段,探讨了碳化和氯离子侵蚀两类腐蚀环境下PC桥梁结构的预应力钢筋锈蚀脱钝时间和预应力结构中普通钢筋锈胀开裂时间,建立了与之对应的预应力钢筋的腐蚀耐久寿命和普通钢筋的锈胀开裂寿命,得出了两种耐久性寿命随腐蚀环境和时空特征变化的规律：碳化环境下,北方地区预应力桥梁结构预应力钢筋腐蚀耐久寿命小于其普通钢筋的锈胀开裂寿命,而南方地区由于高温湿热环境的影响,预应力桥梁结构预应力钢筋腐蚀耐久寿命大于其普通钢筋的锈胀开裂寿命。沿海氯盐环境下,氯离子的侵蚀较快,预应力钢筋的初锈时间和普通钢筋的锈胀时间都很短,并且沿海地区预应力结构中的普通钢筋锈胀开裂往往先于预应力钢筋锈蚀,其耐久性外观检查评定可以作为预应力桥梁结构的耐久性评价依据。
4.以概率极限状态设计方法作为耐久性设计的方法,将PC桥梁结构耐久性极限状态和寿命终结标准各划分为三类,即PC桥梁预应力钢筋初锈极限状态、PC桥梁结构普通钢筋锈胀极限状态和预应力结构受力开裂极限状态；相对应的预应力钢筋初锈寿命准则、预应力桥梁普通钢筋锈胀寿命准则和预应力结构受力开裂寿命准则。推导了各腐蚀环境极限状态方程形式,给出了3种耐久性极限状态的目标可靠指标建议值。
5.针对我国桥梁结构尤其是预应力桥梁结构耐久性病害呈现出的巨大的地域差异特征,对桥梁耐久性环境展开研究。通过对预应力桥梁结构耐久性的分析和论证,确定了以预应力保护体系厚度的环境区划作为桥梁耐久性环境区划研究的核心内容,完成了各环境影响因素敏感度因子的求解,确立了混凝土强度,温度和相对湿度作为桥梁耐久性环境区划指标。最后,通过对碳化和氯盐环境中的敏感度因子分析,分别给出了碳化和氯盐环境预应力保护体系厚度全国区划,为不同环境下耐久性设计和评定的开展建立了理论基础。
6.针对预应力结构的荷载和抗力时变规律展开研究,通过对桥梁耐久性寿命基准期和评估基准期的讨论,分析了目前桥梁标准荷载对应的一般运行状态、密集运行状态荷载变化规律,推导了基于实测拟合荷载运行状态的桥上运营荷载在不同评估期内的荷载变化规律(该荷载为桥梁实测通行荷载统计数据分析后仿真模拟而得)。对碳化和氯盐腐蚀环境下预应力受力开裂极限状态对应的抗力衰减模式进行了分析,并最终给出了基于预应力受力开裂寿命准则的预应力桥梁耐久性剩余寿命时变可靠度分析方法,通过对30m跨径标准T形PC梁的分析,得到了碳化和氯盐腐蚀环境下结构可靠度指标随继续服役期的变化规律,揭示了腐蚀环境不同运营荷载下桥梁耐久性的变化规律,计算结果定量的解释了目前公路超载和重载交通导致桥梁耐久性下降、服役期急剧减少的事故原因,并验证了该计算方法的有效性。
Because of good performance characteristics and superior spanning capacity, modern prestressed concrete bridge structure are being used at a large-scale in the highway and railway construction areas. Under the influence of natural factors such as climate, environment, the material in prestressed concrete deteriorated gradually. And the structure damage caused by increasing overloading make its mechanical properties has constantly attenuated. High stress state of the high strength prestressed steel aggravates the risk of brittle fracture after stress corrosion. Therefore, through the study for the durability and service life prediction of the prestressed bridge, the PC (prestressed concrete)bridge reliability in the real corrosion environment can be known, the laws of time-dependent reliability can be disclosed. It can present theoretical basis and practice reference for the safty use and durability design, evaluation of the PC bridges.
Considering the characteristics of using environment, mechanics properties and the structure features, some efforts have been made for the durability analysis and life prediction of PC bridge structure based on reliability. The major contents are presents as follows:
1. After comparative study of the common time-dependent reliability methods such as the time comprehensive method, time discrete method and first excursion probability method,it presents the first excursion probability method basing on the time discrete to analysis the time-dependent structure reliability.and a clear solution approach for it is also be given.
2. Presents the concept of the prestressed concrete covering layer system,then taking into consideration of the effect of stress level in concrete diffusion process, the carbonization reaction and diffusion process in the complete carbonated zone and the half-carbonated one under multi factor is analyzed. The carbonization loss-blunt length solving equation is presented frist, and the durability limit state equation for prestressed concrete structures under carbonization condition is proposed, which can determine the depth of the covering layer system for prestressed concrete structures. Then the paper proposes a method for determining covering layer system depth, and the depth of the covering layer system in some representative cities is given. Furthermore considering the effect of stress level in concrete and the non-prestressed reinforcement, it also presents a chloride ingress corrosion model. The durability limit state equation for prestressed concrete structures is established, which can determine the depth of the covering layer system for prestressed concrete structures. The paper then proposes a method for determining covering layer system depth, and the depth of the covering layer system for some representative coastal city in the chloride corrosion environment is even be given.
3. basing on the problem about loss-blunt of the prestressed steel and the corrosion crack caused by steel rust of the common non-prestressed reinforcement structure, it studies the time of the loss-blunt of the prestressed steel and the corrosion crack of non-prestressed steel in the main two kinds of the corrosion environment (carbonization and the chloride ingress) by the method of the durability service life analysis. Therefore the durable life of the prestressed steel and the corrosion cracking span-life of common steel are established and the variation law of the two kinds of service life are obtained, which effected by the corrosion environment, time and position. In the carbonization circumstances, the durable life of the prestressed steel is less than the corrosion cracking span-life of common steel in the north of China, and the law will be in a reversal of phenomenon in the south of China. In the chloride ingress environment, chlorine ion ingressed rapidly, and the both kind of service life is less than common. The corrosion cracking span-life of common steel is less than the service life of prestressed steel, and its durability appearance check assessment can be used as a durability assessment for PC bridge.
4. Using the method of the extreme state design as the durability design of the PC bridge, the durability limit state and service life standards of the PC bridge structure are divided into three categories, the PC bridge beginning rust extreme state of prestressed steel, the PC bridge corrosion cracking limit states of common steel and the load cracking limit states of the PC bridge. Then the three life criterions correspond to the limit states are proposed. Therefore the extreme state equation expression is deduced and the target reliable index values for the three durability of limit state are suggested.
5. After studying the huge geographical differences of the PC bridge disease, it presents the environment zonation of the depth of the covering layer system as the key content of durability environment division. After sensitivity analysis of the effect factors in the environment sensitive factors in different environment is suggested as the index of the environment zonation. Basing on the environment sensitive factors analysis in the carbonization and the chloride ingress environment, the the division regions for the PC bridge covering layer system depth of the different region in China is proposed.
6. After analysis about the variation rule of PC bridge load and time-dependent resistance, the durability service reference period and the assessment reference period of the PC bridge is proposed. The variation rules of the load in different reference period are studied, which are the general run load state and Intensive run load state of the the present standard load in the bridge code and the fitting load state on the basis of statistical analysis load test data on site.The resistance attenuation pattern of the PC bridge cracking extreme state in different environment is analysed and the time-dependent durability for the service life of PC bridge basing on the the load cracking limit states are finally proposed. Through analysis for a30m standard T beam of PC bridge, the variation rule of service life in different environment obtained, and the results show that the overload and the corrsiong condition is the real reason of the bridge durability accident of the rapidly decreased service life. Therefore the computing method of the bridge durability service life is proved to be effective
本文针对预应力混凝土桥梁使用环境特点和结构的力学以及构造特征,在总结已有的耐久性和可靠度研究成果的基础上,基于可靠度对预应力桥梁耐久性及剩余寿命问题进行了深入的研究,主要研究内容为：
1.对时变可靠度常用的时间综合法,时间离散法和首次超越概率法进行对比研究,给出了基于时间离散法的首次超越概率求解时变可靠度的分析方法,阐明了简明的求解思路。
2.提出预应力混凝土结构的保护层体系的概念,通过对应力状态下碳化扩散模型的探讨,对多因素下完全碳化区和部分碳化区的碳化反应和扩散过程进行分析,提出了碳化失钝长度求解方程。建立一般大气环境预应力混凝土结构耐久性极限状态方程,并以之作为结构保护层厚度取值的重要条件。提出了碳化腐蚀条件下预应力混凝土保护体系最小厚度的确定方法,并给出了部分代表城市的推荐预应力混凝土保护体系最小厚度取值。进一步的,对应力状态下氯离子侵蚀和普通钢筋修正模型进行分析,建立氯离子侵蚀环境预应力混凝土结构耐久性极限状态方程,从而导出氯盐侵蚀条件下预应力混凝土保护体系最小厚度的确定方法,并据此给出了部分沿海代表城市的推荐氯盐腐蚀环境预应力混凝土保护体系最小厚度取值。
3.从预应力桥梁结构的预应力钢筋锈蚀脱钝问题和预应力结构中普通钢筋锈胀开裂问题出发,以耐久性寿命时间历程为分析手段,探讨了碳化和氯离子侵蚀两类腐蚀环境下PC桥梁结构的预应力钢筋锈蚀脱钝时间和预应力结构中普通钢筋锈胀开裂时间,建立了与之对应的预应力钢筋的腐蚀耐久寿命和普通钢筋的锈胀开裂寿命,得出了两种耐久性寿命随腐蚀环境和时空特征变化的规律：碳化环境下,北方地区预应力桥梁结构预应力钢筋腐蚀耐久寿命小于其普通钢筋的锈胀开裂寿命,而南方地区由于高温湿热环境的影响,预应力桥梁结构预应力钢筋腐蚀耐久寿命大于其普通钢筋的锈胀开裂寿命。沿海氯盐环境下,氯离子的侵蚀较快,预应力钢筋的初锈时间和普通钢筋的锈胀时间都很短,并且沿海地区预应力结构中的普通钢筋锈胀开裂往往先于预应力钢筋锈蚀,其耐久性外观检查评定可以作为预应力桥梁结构的耐久性评价依据。
4.以概率极限状态设计方法作为耐久性设计的方法,将PC桥梁结构耐久性极限状态和寿命终结标准各划分为三类,即PC桥梁预应力钢筋初锈极限状态、PC桥梁结构普通钢筋锈胀极限状态和预应力结构受力开裂极限状态；相对应的预应力钢筋初锈寿命准则、预应力桥梁普通钢筋锈胀寿命准则和预应力结构受力开裂寿命准则。推导了各腐蚀环境极限状态方程形式,给出了3种耐久性极限状态的目标可靠指标建议值。
5.针对我国桥梁结构尤其是预应力桥梁结构耐久性病害呈现出的巨大的地域差异特征,对桥梁耐久性环境展开研究。通过对预应力桥梁结构耐久性的分析和论证,确定了以预应力保护体系厚度的环境区划作为桥梁耐久性环境区划研究的核心内容,完成了各环境影响因素敏感度因子的求解,确立了混凝土强度,温度和相对湿度作为桥梁耐久性环境区划指标。最后,通过对碳化和氯盐环境中的敏感度因子分析,分别给出了碳化和氯盐环境预应力保护体系厚度全国区划,为不同环境下耐久性设计和评定的开展建立了理论基础。
6.针对预应力结构的荷载和抗力时变规律展开研究,通过对桥梁耐久性寿命基准期和评估基准期的讨论,分析了目前桥梁标准荷载对应的一般运行状态、密集运行状态荷载变化规律,推导了基于实测拟合荷载运行状态的桥上运营荷载在不同评估期内的荷载变化规律(该荷载为桥梁实测通行荷载统计数据分析后仿真模拟而得)。对碳化和氯盐腐蚀环境下预应力受力开裂极限状态对应的抗力衰减模式进行了分析,并最终给出了基于预应力受力开裂寿命准则的预应力桥梁耐久性剩余寿命时变可靠度分析方法,通过对30m跨径标准T形PC梁的分析,得到了碳化和氯盐腐蚀环境下结构可靠度指标随继续服役期的变化规律,揭示了腐蚀环境不同运营荷载下桥梁耐久性的变化规律,计算结果定量的解释了目前公路超载和重载交通导致桥梁耐久性下降、服役期急剧减少的事故原因,并验证了该计算方法的有效性。
Because of good performance characteristics and superior spanning capacity, modern prestressed concrete bridge structure are being used at a large-scale in the highway and railway construction areas. Under the influence of natural factors such as climate, environment, the material in prestressed concrete deteriorated gradually. And the structure damage caused by increasing overloading make its mechanical properties has constantly attenuated. High stress state of the high strength prestressed steel aggravates the risk of brittle fracture after stress corrosion. Therefore, through the study for the durability and service life prediction of the prestressed bridge, the PC (prestressed concrete)bridge reliability in the real corrosion environment can be known, the laws of time-dependent reliability can be disclosed. It can present theoretical basis and practice reference for the safty use and durability design, evaluation of the PC bridges.
Considering the characteristics of using environment, mechanics properties and the structure features, some efforts have been made for the durability analysis and life prediction of PC bridge structure based on reliability. The major contents are presents as follows:
1. After comparative study of the common time-dependent reliability methods such as the time comprehensive method, time discrete method and first excursion probability method,it presents the first excursion probability method basing on the time discrete to analysis the time-dependent structure reliability.and a clear solution approach for it is also be given.
2. Presents the concept of the prestressed concrete covering layer system,then taking into consideration of the effect of stress level in concrete diffusion process, the carbonization reaction and diffusion process in the complete carbonated zone and the half-carbonated one under multi factor is analyzed. The carbonization loss-blunt length solving equation is presented frist, and the durability limit state equation for prestressed concrete structures under carbonization condition is proposed, which can determine the depth of the covering layer system for prestressed concrete structures. Then the paper proposes a method for determining covering layer system depth, and the depth of the covering layer system in some representative cities is given. Furthermore considering the effect of stress level in concrete and the non-prestressed reinforcement, it also presents a chloride ingress corrosion model. The durability limit state equation for prestressed concrete structures is established, which can determine the depth of the covering layer system for prestressed concrete structures. The paper then proposes a method for determining covering layer system depth, and the depth of the covering layer system for some representative coastal city in the chloride corrosion environment is even be given.
3. basing on the problem about loss-blunt of the prestressed steel and the corrosion crack caused by steel rust of the common non-prestressed reinforcement structure, it studies the time of the loss-blunt of the prestressed steel and the corrosion crack of non-prestressed steel in the main two kinds of the corrosion environment (carbonization and the chloride ingress) by the method of the durability service life analysis. Therefore the durable life of the prestressed steel and the corrosion cracking span-life of common steel are established and the variation law of the two kinds of service life are obtained, which effected by the corrosion environment, time and position. In the carbonization circumstances, the durable life of the prestressed steel is less than the corrosion cracking span-life of common steel in the north of China, and the law will be in a reversal of phenomenon in the south of China. In the chloride ingress environment, chlorine ion ingressed rapidly, and the both kind of service life is less than common. The corrosion cracking span-life of common steel is less than the service life of prestressed steel, and its durability appearance check assessment can be used as a durability assessment for PC bridge.
4. Using the method of the extreme state design as the durability design of the PC bridge, the durability limit state and service life standards of the PC bridge structure are divided into three categories, the PC bridge beginning rust extreme state of prestressed steel, the PC bridge corrosion cracking limit states of common steel and the load cracking limit states of the PC bridge. Then the three life criterions correspond to the limit states are proposed. Therefore the extreme state equation expression is deduced and the target reliable index values for the three durability of limit state are suggested.
5. After studying the huge geographical differences of the PC bridge disease, it presents the environment zonation of the depth of the covering layer system as the key content of durability environment division. After sensitivity analysis of the effect factors in the environment sensitive factors in different environment is suggested as the index of the environment zonation. Basing on the environment sensitive factors analysis in the carbonization and the chloride ingress environment, the the division regions for the PC bridge covering layer system depth of the different region in China is proposed.
6. After analysis about the variation rule of PC bridge load and time-dependent resistance, the durability service reference period and the assessment reference period of the PC bridge is proposed. The variation rules of the load in different reference period are studied, which are the general run load state and Intensive run load state of the the present standard load in the bridge code and the fitting load state on the basis of statistical analysis load test data on site.The resistance attenuation pattern of the PC bridge cracking extreme state in different environment is analysed and the time-dependent durability for the service life of PC bridge basing on the the load cracking limit states are finally proposed. Through analysis for a30m standard T beam of PC bridge, the variation rule of service life in different environment obtained, and the results show that the overload and the corrsiong condition is the real reason of the bridge durability accident of the rapidly decreased service life. Therefore the computing method of the bridge durability service life is proved to be effective
引文
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